https://wikiislamica.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Guillotino&feedformat=atomWikiIslam - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T07:34:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.4https://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=133019Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2021-08-22T09:15:50Z<p>Guillotino: /* Argument about the surviving monuments */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=1|References=1}}<br />
In an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation, a Muslim author attempts prove that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad's Example==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammad to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. }}<br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient."<ref>Zeidan, Georgie, ''The History of the Islamic Civilization'', '''III''', pp.42-51</ref> Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Argument about the surviving monuments==<br />
<br />
The above author justifies his argument by saying that the ''sahabah'', Caliphs and their commanders did not feel compelled to destroy some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims. This is an ad hoc hypothesis and it does not mean they are not guilty of the destruction of many other monuments.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=133018Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2021-08-22T09:13:58Z<p>Guillotino: source</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=1|References=1}}<br />
In an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation, a Muslim author attempts prove that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad's Example==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammad to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. }}<br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient."<ref>Zeidan, Georgie, ''The History of the Islamic Civilization'', '''III''', pp.42-51</ref> Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Argument about the surviving monuments==<br />
<br />
The above author justifies his argument by saying that the Caliphs did not feel compelled to destroy some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims. This is an ad hoc hypothesis and it does not mean they are not guilty of the destruction of many other monuments.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=133017Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2021-08-22T09:11:16Z<p>Guillotino: /* Muhammad's Example */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=1|References=1}}<br />
In an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation, a Muslim author attempts prove that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad's Example==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammad to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. }}<br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Argument about the surviving monuments==<br />
<br />
The above author justifies his argument by saying that the Caliphs did not feel compelled to destroy some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims. This is an ad hoc hypothesis and it does not mean they are not guilty of the destruction of many other monuments.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=133016Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2021-08-22T09:11:01Z<p>Guillotino: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=1|References=1}}<br />
In an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation, a Muslim author attempts prove that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad's Example==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammadd to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. }}<br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Argument about the surviving monuments==<br />
<br />
The above author justifies his argument by saying that the Caliphs did not feel compelled to destroy some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims. This is an ad hoc hypothesis and it does not mean they are not guilty of the destruction of many other monuments.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Asmith&diff=133015User talk:Asmith2021-08-22T08:59:05Z<p>Guillotino: /* Request to create an article */</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello. Can you tell me if there is any score guide? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 10:38, 8 August 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thanks ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for making me an editor here Alan. Can I create articles here now?-[[User:Raman|Raman]] ([[User talk:Raman|talk]]) 17:49, 26 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
No problem. Glad to have you on board. You can submit ideas for articles but we will need to see more contributions from you, and then we will grant you that privilege. --[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 22:08, 27 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Possibly incorrect permissions for new users ==<br />
<br />
Hey ASmith. We talked via email a week or two back.<br />
<br />
I'm getting around WikiIslam, and I noticed that the novice users page creation permissions appear to be set up incorrectly.<br />
<br />
Recall [[WikiIslam:Sandbox]],<br />
<br />
<blockquote>You can also create sandboxes under your username such as User:Your username/Sandbox 1 if you expect yourself to be the only editor of the page.</blockquote><br />
<br />
I go to [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]], which I cannot edit. If I go to https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1&action=edit , I get<br />
<br />
<blockquote> You do not have permission to create this page, for the following reason:<br />
<br />
You do not have permission to create new pages.</blockquote><br />
<br />
The same applies for UNcreated (yet) Wiki sandbox pages such as [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Hello]]<br />
<br />
HOWEVER, this isn't the case for,<br />
* [[User_talk:Graves/Sandbox_1]] (user talk sandbox page - NOTICE, not the [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]] )<br />
* [[User_talk:Asmith/Sandbox_1]] (yours, not mine, user talk sandbox page)<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Muslimské_statistiky]] (someone's written, <b>already created</b>, sandbox page)<br />
* [[User:Asmith]] (yes, I can edit your user-page page)<br />
<br />
I think this is a mis-confuration, so I let you know.<br />
<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 17:31, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks for bringing this up. It needs to be fixed and I updated the public sandbox for now to make it clear that new users should request these pages to be made for them for now (once made, new users can edit these without admin approval). I made three of them for you at your preferred url: https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_2, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_3<br />
:Let me know if you need anything else. [[User:IbnPinker|IbnPinker]] ([[User talk:IbnPinker|talk]]) 18:59, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request to upload image to WikiIslam ==<br />
<br />
I need to upload an image for an upcoming article. I cannot upload images directly to WikiIslam (no permissions), so I temporarily mirrored it here, https://ibb.co/KrPWJzm<br />
<br />
Can one of the admins upload it to WikiIslam? Thanks<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 09:40, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Done. The file name is Al-Bari-page.png . Do you have a link to the Discord? The Discord would be the best way to discuss such things imo.--[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 17:04, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
Hi ASmith. I'd be interested in joining the Discord server, but I don't have a link. Can you send one to the email address I registered with (to keep it discreet)? Thanks. <br />
<br />
And thanks for uploading the image.<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 18:13, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request to create an article ==<br />
<br />
Hello. I would like to create an article on Spinning Wheel. Regarding the propaganda claim that Islamic science invented the spinning wheel. I have gathered many source that expose this claim. Can you start a blank article or a sandbox? I am also not able to make a sandbox. [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 18:11, 4 August 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Hi [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]]. Thank you for your idea, but after discussion with out team we came to the conclusion that this does not fit our scope. Please see our page [[WikiIslam:Scope and Article Relevance]]. This is a subject that would be better discussed on our Discord I think, do you have a link?--[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 06:44, 8 August 2021 (UTC)<br />
:No I dont have any Discord link. Can you give it? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 20:40, 14 August 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Can you create an article for Historical Errors? There are many errors. [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 08:59, 22 August 2021 (UTC)</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Asmith&diff=133005User talk:Asmith2021-08-14T20:40:23Z<p>Guillotino: /* Request to create an article */</p>
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<div>Hello. Can you tell me if there is any score guide? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 10:38, 8 August 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thanks ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for making me an editor here Alan. Can I create articles here now?-[[User:Raman|Raman]] ([[User talk:Raman|talk]]) 17:49, 26 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
No problem. Glad to have you on board. You can submit ideas for articles but we will need to see more contributions from you, and then we will grant you that privilege. --[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 22:08, 27 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Possibly incorrect permissions for new users ==<br />
<br />
Hey ASmith. We talked via email a week or two back.<br />
<br />
I'm getting around WikiIslam, and I noticed that the novice users page creation permissions appear to be set up incorrectly.<br />
<br />
Recall [[WikiIslam:Sandbox]],<br />
<br />
<blockquote>You can also create sandboxes under your username such as User:Your username/Sandbox 1 if you expect yourself to be the only editor of the page.</blockquote><br />
<br />
I go to [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]], which I cannot edit. If I go to https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1&action=edit , I get<br />
<br />
<blockquote> You do not have permission to create this page, for the following reason:<br />
<br />
You do not have permission to create new pages.</blockquote><br />
<br />
The same applies for UNcreated (yet) Wiki sandbox pages such as [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Hello]]<br />
<br />
HOWEVER, this isn't the case for,<br />
* [[User_talk:Graves/Sandbox_1]] (user talk sandbox page - NOTICE, not the [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]] )<br />
* [[User_talk:Asmith/Sandbox_1]] (yours, not mine, user talk sandbox page)<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Muslimské_statistiky]] (someone's written, <b>already created</b>, sandbox page)<br />
* [[User:Asmith]] (yes, I can edit your user-page page)<br />
<br />
I think this is a mis-confuration, so I let you know.<br />
<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 17:31, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks for bringing this up. It needs to be fixed and I updated the public sandbox for now to make it clear that new users should request these pages to be made for them for now (once made, new users can edit these without admin approval). I made three of them for you at your preferred url: https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_2, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_3<br />
:Let me know if you need anything else. [[User:IbnPinker|IbnPinker]] ([[User talk:IbnPinker|talk]]) 18:59, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Request to upload image to WikiIslam ==<br />
<br />
I need to upload an image for an upcoming article. I cannot upload images directly to WikiIslam (no permissions), so I temporarily mirrored it here, https://ibb.co/KrPWJzm<br />
<br />
Can one of the admins upload it to WikiIslam? Thanks<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 09:40, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Done. The file name is Al-Bari-page.png . Do you have a link to the Discord? The Discord would be the best way to discuss such things imo.--[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 17:04, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
Hi ASmith. I'd be interested in joining the Discord server, but I don't have a link. Can you send one to the email address I registered with (to keep it discreet)? Thanks. <br />
<br />
And thanks for uploading the image.<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 18:13, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request to create an article ==<br />
<br />
Hello. I would like to create an article on Spinning Wheel. Regarding the propaganda claim that Islamic science invented the spinning wheel. I have gathered many source that expose this claim. Can you start a blank article or a sandbox? I am also not able to make a sandbox. [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 18:11, 4 August 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Hi [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]]. Thank you for your idea, but after discussion with out team we came to the conclusion that this does not fit our scope. Please see our page [[WikiIslam:Scope and Article Relevance]]. This is a subject that would be better discussed on our Discord I think, do you have a link?--[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 06:44, 8 August 2021 (UTC)<br />
:No I dont have any Discord link. Can you give it? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 20:40, 14 August 2021 (UTC)</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&diff=133004Scientific Errors in the Quran2021-08-14T20:39:02Z<p>Guillotino: I dont know why this is blanked out. Please mention in edit summary...</p>
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<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=2|Structure=4|Content=4|Language=3|References=3}}A common criticism of the [[Quran]], [[Scientific Errors in the Hadith|as with the Hadith]], is that it contains numerous [[Islam and Science|scientific]] and historical errors, with no obvious attempts to differentiate its understanding of the natural world and historical events from the common folklore and misconceptions of the people living in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia. Modern responses typically appeal to metaphor, alternative meanings, or phenomenological interpretations of such verses. They also argue that the wording needed to be acceptable to people of its time. Critics typically argue that an all-knowing, perfect communicator would nevertheless have been able to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness.<br />
<br />
==Astronomy==<br />
<br />
===Geocentricism===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an mentions a few times that the sun and the moon travel in an orbit or sphere/hemisphere (fee falakin فِى فَلَكٍ<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000227.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2443 فَلَكٍ] and [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000228.pdf p. 2444]</ref>), but does not mention once that the Earth does too. This is consistent with an Earth-centered (geocentric) view of the cosmos that places a motionless Earth at the center of the universe and all "heavenly bodies" travel around the Earth. This was the prevailing understanding of the universe prior to the 16<sup>th</sup> century when Copernicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. Tellingly, the sun's orbit is almost always mentioned in the context of night and day ({{Quran|13|2}} being the only exception) and is always mentioned with that of the moon (which does in fact orbit the Earth each month), and the sun's orbit likewise appears, to the unaided eye, to traverse the sky each night when it is visible.<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|37|end=40|style=ref}}|<br />
A token unto them is night. We strip it of the day, and lo! they are in darkness. And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old shrivelled palm-leaf. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.}}<br />
{{Quran-range|36|37|40}}, occurring in a passage about night and say, right after describing the change from day to night, states that the sun runs on to a resting place for it (لِمُسْتَقَرٍّ لَّهَا). There are also [[sahih]] [[hadith]] ({{Muslim|1|297}}) that mention the sun's daily cycle using the same Arabic word to mean a resting place, which is underneath Allah's throne, and is where each night the sun prostrates and is asked to go and rise 'from its rising place' (مِنْ مَطْلِعِهَا). This cycle repeats, until one day Allah asks the sun to rise 'from your setting place' (مِنْ َغْرِبِكِ).<br />
<br />
The alternative view among exegetes was that this refers to the sun's final resting on the last day. Other verses talk about the sun swimming for a 'term appointed' (using a different Arabic word). Another version of the above hadith probably supports this view (for details of all these things see footnotes [https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Geocentrism_and_the_Quran#Primary_Evidence in the main article]). Whichever interpretation was intended, the sun's movement is nevertheless mentioned right after describing day and night, just as the next verse mentions the different mansions appointed for the moon each night. The whole passage is about day and night and the sun and moon's movement in that context.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|33}}|And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.}}<br />
<br />
A modern vantage point would explain the above Qur'anic description of the sun moving in an orbit as a reference to our sun orbiting the black hole at the center of the milky way galaxy every 225 million years. Critics argue that this is of no relevance to human time scales, and that nothing from the text implies that the sun is orbiting anything other than the Earth. The Quran never in any way differentiates the sun's orbit from that of the moon and consistently implies that they are of a common nature. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}|'''Hast thou not seen''' how Allah causeth the night to pass into the day and causeth the day to pass into the night, and hath subdued the sun and the moon (to do their work), each running unto an appointed term; and that Allah is Informed of what ye do?}}<br />
Here the sun running / pursuing its course (يَجْرِىٓ)<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000051.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 415 يَجْرِىٓ]</ref> is something that the author expects people to have seen (thus posing another challenge for the galactic orbit interpretation). <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|91|1|end=2|style=ref}}|<br />
By the Sun and his (glorious) splendour; By the Moon as she follows him; }}<br />
The word translated as "follow"<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000350.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 313 تَلَىٰ]</ref> is primarily defined as to follow, go or walk behind, follow in way of imitation, of action etc. and was often used for animals like camels following behind each other. The Moon does not actually follow behind the sun's movement, nor does it provide its own light like the sun. The verse is most suggestive of a worldview in which the moon and sun traverse the same or similar paths after one another, which is what a 7th century person might believe from observing the sky. Critics would expect a less suspicious choice of wording in a perfect book if it merely meant the sun and moon appear one after the other. One day instead of following the sun, the moon will by joined with it according to another verse (see the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#The_similar_size_and_distance_of_the_sun_and_moon Similar Size and Distance of the Sun and Moon] section below).<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|258}}|Abraham said, ‘Indeed Allah brings the sun from the east; now you bring it from the west.’ So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment], and Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.}}<br />
Here the Qur'an quotes a few lines from a debate between Abraham and a disbelieving King, where Abraham replies that Allah 'brings the sun' (''yatee biashshamsi'' يَأْتِى بِٱلشَّمْسِ) from the east. The Arabic verb and preposition indicates that the sun actually moves. The verb means to come<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000052.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 15 يَأْتِى]</ref>, and when it has an object with the bi- preposition it means to bring, as in many other instances in the Qur'an. While the story is quoting a mere human's words, the author apparently believes it to be a good response and sees no problem with it.<br />
<br />
===Setting and rising place of the sun===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One}}<br />
<br />
In these verses, the author presents a version of a popular legend from the 7th century of a man named Dhu'l-Qarnayn who visits the places where the sun sets and rises.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|86}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring, and found a people thereabout. We said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|90}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the rising-place of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had appointed no shelter therefrom. }}<br />
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Centuries after Muhammad lived, people with better astronomical knowledge introduced interpretations of these verses such that Dhu'l-Qarnayn only traveled until he reached "the west" or to a spot "at the time" when the sun set and not the "place" where the sun set. However, these alternative interpretations are severely undermined by the [[Dhul-Qarnayn_and_the_Sun_Setting_in_a_Muddy_Spring_-_Part_One#First_interpretation:_He_reached_the_west_and_east|context and Arabic words used in these verses]], which instead point to physical locations where the sun did its setting and rising. A plethora of evidence shows that the early Muslims understood the verse in this straightforward way.<br />
<br />
===Earth and heavens created in six days===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
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The Qur'an presents the prevailing Middle-Eastern myth that the Earth and heavens were formed in six days. This is in sharp contrast with the findings of modern cosmology which show the Earth to have formed some 9 billion years after the beginning of the universe. <br />
<br />
Unlike the hundreds of other verses where the Arabic word yawm or its plural ayyam (أَيَّامٍ) is understood to mean day or days, when the Quran describes the creation of the world some modern Muslim scholars have appealed to its alternative meaning, 'time period'. The author makes no attempt to convey long time periods or to distinguish his description from the prevailing Middle-Eastern creation myths in this regard (or from his own usage of the term 'yawm' elsewhere in the text), which feature six literal days of creation (for example, the Bible in Genesis 1:5 reads, "Evening came and morning came: The first day.").<br />
<br />
Neither the universe nor Earth were formed in six distinct long periods of time. There is likewise apparently no attempt to indicate, even poetically, the vast duration of time in which the universe has developed, (namely, 13.8 billion years).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
We created the heavens and the earth and all between them in Six Days, nor did any sense of weariness touch Us}}<br />
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The Earth specifically was created in two days according to the Qur'an, and in four days (on days three and four according to the [[Tafsir|tafsirs]]) were created mountains and the sustenance of the Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|9|10}}|Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measure therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (Sustenance).}}<br />
<br />
Mountains nonetheless continue to rise and erode to this day. Similarly, living things and their sustenance continue to evolve, yet the Qur'an says that the creation of mountains and sustenance occurred in a specific period that ended two days before the creation of the universe was completed. See the next section regarding the final two of the six days (from {{Quran-range|41|11|12}}) which immediately follow the verses discussed above.<br />
<br />
===Earth created before stars===<br />
<br />
The [[w:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|elements in the Earth's crust]] and core were first formed in stars by [[w:Nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]]. When those stars exploded as [[w:Supernova|supernovas]], they expelled the elements that were used in future solar systems such as Earth's own. Modern radiometric dating of meteorites and rocks from the Earth and Moon show that these bodies were formed at the same time as the sun and its other planets, [[w:Age_of_the_Earth|4.5 billion years ago]]. The Qur'an, on the other hand, describes the Earth as being fully formed before the stars.<br />
<br />
{{Quran|41|12}} states that lamps (or more specifically, stars in the similar verse {{Quran|37|6}}) were placed in the nearest of the seven heavens. But before there were seven heavens and while heaven was just smoke, the Earth already existed according to the previous verse, {{Quran|41|11}}, and the Earth's creation and completion in the preceding days is described in the verses immediately preceeding that one {{Quran-range|41|9|10}}, discussed in the previous section above. The creation sequence is thus as follows: <br />
<br />
#Heaven and completed Earth;<br />
#Seven heavens;<br />
#The nearest heaven adorned with stars.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. '''Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days''' and inspired in each heaven its mandate; '''and We decked the nether heaven with lamps''', and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quran|2|29}} further confirms that heaven was only made into seven heavens when, according to the Quran, everything on Earth had been created.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|29}}|<br />
He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things.}}<br />
<br />
The word lamps (masabeeha مَصَٰبِيحَ) in {{Quran|41|12}} and {{Quran|67|5}} with which Allah adorns (zayyanna زَيَّنَّا) the lowest heaven would need, of course, to include any luminous bodies such as the stars. These are termed as ''kawakib'' (كَوَاكِبِ) in {{Quran|37|6}}, a word that also appears in Joseph's dream ({{Quran|12|4}}) and the destruction of the heavens ({{Quran-range|82|1|2}}).<br />
<br />
Some modern Muslim scholars attempt to reconcile the Qur'anic description with modern science by arguing that the word 'Then' in the verses above indicate does not indicate sequence, but that it instead means 'moreover'. This argument collides with the fact that these words (thumma in {{Quran|41|11}} and {{Quran|2|29}}, and fa in {{Quran|41|12}} - all translated as 'then') are generally used to indicate sequence. In other contexts, thumma was sometimes used to mean 'moreover'. This alternative usage, however, would always be unambiguous and clear in context, unlike in the passages quoted above, which evidently describe a stepwise process - the creation of the heavens subsequent to that of the Earth.<br />
<br />
In another passage, {{Quran-range|79|28|33}}, the heaven (singular) has already been raised and proportioned as a ceiling before the earth is spread, pastures produced and mountains fixed. Ibn Kathir notes in his tafsir that ibn 'Abbas said the Earth was created first before each of these events and that scholars intepreted the Arabic word dahaha (دَحَىٰهَآ) in verse 79:30 to refer to a specific kind of spreading that occured after everything on Earth had been created.<ref>[https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2.29 Tafsir ibn Kathir 2:29]</ref> However, the passage nevertheless appears to contradict the sequence of {{Quran-range|41|9|12}}, in which the heaven is still "smoke" after Earth's sustinence and mountains have been placed.<br />
<br />
====Earth and heavens torn apart====<br />
<br />
Modern Muslim scholars generally maintain that the following verse is compatible with and even predictive of the Big Bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe was formed 13.8 billion years ago due to a rapid expansion from singularity. The earth was then formed, 4.54 billion years ago, from accretion of debris that surrounded the precursor of the Sun. There was at no stage a "separation" of the "joined" earth and heavens. In cosmic egg myths, an egg-like structure was split into two halves, the lower half forming the earth and the upper half forming the heaven. {{Quran|21|30}} and similar verses assume that listeners are familiar with the basic outlines of this myth which was extremely wide-spread at the time of [[Muhammad]] and his [[Sahabah|companions]].<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|30}}|<br />
Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? }}<br />
<br />
The word translated "joined together" is ratqan (رَتْقًا)<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000193.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1027 رَتْقًا] </ref> meaning closed up or sewn up, also used metaphorically in terms of reconciling people, but does not imply a homogenous mass or state.<br />
<br />
The separation of the heavens and earth can be read in the context of verses that mention something "between" their fully formed state (which seems to be occupied by the clouds {{Quran|2|164}} and birds {{Quran|24|41}}).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us.}}<br />
<br />
There is no scientific theory in which the Earth and heavens were torn apart from each other. The verse states that "We clove them" (dual pronoun 'huma'), not "We clove it", thereby indicating that the Earth and heavens are distinct after the cloving. If one holds that {{Quran|21|30}} describes the big bang, the atomic particles that would later form the Earth would at the beginning would have to be separated from those that would go on to form everything else in the universe. This, however, bears no resemblance to modern scientific cosmology, wherein the material that forms the Earth passed through at least one earlier generation of stars, and more recently was part of various asteroids, comets and planetesimals orbiting the sun (which could all be described as being in the 'heavens') that sometimes collided and merged with each other, sometimes split apart, and gradually coalesced under gravity to form the Earth and other planets.<br />
<br />
The very next verse {{Quran|21|31}} speaks of mountains being placed on the Earth. Here, 'the Earth' must mean an actual world, yet modern interpretations of the previous verse hold that 'the Earth' refers merely to atomic particles at the time of the big bang.<br />
<br />
====Heaven made from smoke====<br />
{{main|Quran and a Universe from Smoke}}<br />
<br />
There is no stage in the formation of the universe that involved smoke (carbon particles suspended as a result of combustion; the word translated smoke is the noun dukhan دُخَانٍ, which means literal smoke of the sort that rises from a fire<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000027.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 861 دُخَانٍ]</ref>). Similarly, the Earth and heavens did not each "come" as separate entities at any point in time. Rather, the Earth is a part of this universe and has developed within it. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
Some modern Muslim scholars nevertheless interpret 'smoke' as the primordial state of the universe after the big bang. It is worth noting, however, that the verse indicates a time when heaven alone, but not the Earth, was smoke. This is especially challenging when one considers that the Earth and its mountains are described as already existing in the previous two verses ({{Quran-range|41|9|10}}, discussed above).<br />
<br />
===Seven Earths===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
{{Quran|65|12}} plainly states that there exist seven earths. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|65|12}}|<br />
Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
A hadith in [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]] reveals that these seven Earths are stacked above each other.<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|43|634}}| The Prophet said, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, '''he will sink down the seven earths''' on the Day of Resurrection.}}<br />
<br />
The number, like seven heavens, might have come from a misunderstanding or indigenous interpretation of mythology from classical antiquity in which there were seven moving planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the sun and moon). The number seven, however, does not accord with the findings of modern astronomers, which know there to be eight ordinary planets and five dwarf planets, making for a grand total of thirteen in our solar system. Modern astronomy also has found many thousands of planets in other solar systems and Cosmologists estimate that hundreds of billions of stars and planets exist in the universe at large.<br />
<br />
===Seven heavens===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The universe consists of hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars. The Quran states that beyond our heaven which contains the stars, there exist another six heavens. The myth of seven heavens was a common idea prevalent in the Middle East during the time when the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|15}}|<br />
See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}<br />
<br />
Some modern Islamic scholars have argued that these verses refer to the seven layers of the atmosphere. However, {{Quran|37|6}} states that stars occupy the nearest heaven. Additionally, there are 5 rather than 7 principal layers to the [[W:Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], and likewise only 5 rather than 7 major layers to the [[w:Structure_of_Earth|Earth itself]].<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}<br />
<br />
===Similar size and distance of the sun and moon===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
In a passage about events on the day of resurrection, the Qur'an implies that the sun and moon are of comparable size and distance. While such a perspective is intuitive for one in seventh century Arabia viewing the sun and moon with their unaided eye and observing eclipses, modern science has revealed that 64.3 million moons could fit in the sun.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|75|8}}|And the moon darkens And the sun and the moon are joined,}}<br />
<br />
The Arabic word translated as "are joined" is ''jumi'a'', a verb which means to collect together, gather together, bring together.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000091.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 455 جُمِعَ]</ref><br />
<br />
===Moon split in two===<br />
{{Main|Moon Split Miracle}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and Hadith State that the moon was miraculously split into two pieces and then, presumably, put back together again. There is, however, no scientific evidence suggesting that the moon was ever been split into two parts. Critics have pointed out that since the moon is visible to half the planet at any given time, there should exist numerous accounts from different parts of the world attesting to the event if it in fact happened. The Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese and Indians had avid astronomers who, critics maintain, should have seen this event and recorded it in their histories. The complete absence of any such historical record from other civilizations contemporary to Muhammad is thus presented as a strong indication that the event described in scripture never happened.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|54|1-3}}|The hour drew nigh and the moon did rend asunder. }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|831}}|Narrated Anas: "That the Meccan people requested Allah's Apostle to show them a miracle, and so he showed them the splitting of the moon."}}<br />
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===Nature of the moon's light===<br />
<br />
Modern Muslim scholars have sometimes argued that the Qur'an predicted the realization that the moon does not emit its own light, but simply reflects light coming from the Sun. The Arabic word for reflected (''in`ikaas'') does not appear in the two Qur'anic verses that say the Moon is a "light". Instead, the word ''noor'' (nooran نُورًا) is used, which simply means "a light", and, in another verse, the word ''muneer'' (''muneeran'' مُّنِيرًا) is used, which means "giving light" and is from the same root as ''noor''. Nonetheless, the usage of these words is vague and appears to permit alternative interpretations.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|10|5}}|<br />
He it is Who appointed the sun a splendour and the moon a light, and measured for her stages, that ye might know the number of the years, and the reckoning. Allah created not (all) that save in truth. He detaileth the revelations for people who have knowledge.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|71|16}}|<br />
And hath made the moon a light therein, and made the sun a lamp?}}<br />
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''Noor'' appears again (this time as a participle muneeran مُّنِيرًا) in a similar verse about the moon:<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|25|61}}|<br />
Blessed be He Who hath placed in the heaven mansions of the stars, and hath placed therein a great lamp and a moon giving light!"}}<br />
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{{Quran-range|33|45|46}} most clearly displays the meaning of ''noor'' to be "light" rather than "reflected light". A lamp is described as "shining light" with the same Arabic word used in {{Quran|25|61}} (muneeran مُّنِيرًا):<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|45|46}}|<br />
O Prophet! Lo! We have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner. And as a summoner unto Allah by His permission, and as a lamp '''that giveth light'''.}}<br />
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In Lane's Lexicon of classical arabic, the word ''muneer'' (مُّنِيرً) is defined as 'Giving light, shining bright, bright, or shining brightly'.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000120.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2866 مُّنِيرً]</ref> ''Noor'' is defined on the previous page as 'Light; whatever it may be; and the rays thereof'.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000119.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2865 نُورًا]</ref> In reference to {{Quran|10|5}} (quoted above) which describe the moon with this word, Lane writes, 'In the Kur. x. 5, the sun is termed ضياء and the moon نور and it is said that ضياء is ''essential'', but نور is ''accidental'' [light]'. The notion of essential and accidental light and its application to the sun and moon originates not from the Arabs at the time of the Qur'an, but rather from the book ''Kitab al-Manazir'', commonly known as 'Optics', published in 1572 by the great polymath and optics pioneer al-Hazen. Lane goes on to say, citing the highly regarded Taj al-Arus classical dictionary, 'it [light] is of two kinds, the light of the present world and that of the world to come; and the former is either perceived sensibly, by the eye, and this is what diffuses itself from luminous bodies, as the sun and moon and stars, and is mentioned in the Kur. x. 5 referred to above'.<br />
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The word ''noor'' is also used in {{Quran|24|35}} to show that Allah is the "light" of the universe. The author does not imply that Allah reflects light from another source, but rather that he is the ultimate source of all light.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|35}}|<br />
Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The Parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp: the Lamp enclosed in Glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from a blessed Tree, an Olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth Parables for men: and Allah doth know all things.}}<br />
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===Meteors as stars fired at devils===<br />
{{Main|Mistranslations_of_Islamic_Scripture_(English)#.2867:5.29_Shooting_stars|l1=Mistranslations of Qur'an 67:5}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states that stars (''kawakib'' ٱلْكَوَاكِبِ) and/or lamps (''masabih'' مَصَٰبِيحَ) adorn the heavens and guard against devils. While stars are giant balls of gas thousands of times larger than the earth, meteors are small rocky masses or grains of debris which burn up after entering the earth's atmosphere. Many ancient people confused the two, as meteors look like stars that are streaking across the sky; this is why they were often called [[w:Meteoroid|shooting stars]] or falling stars. In the following verse, the Qur'an asserts that Allah uses stars as missiles to ward away devils. This draws on an Arab myth that was common at the time the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|37|6|10}}|<br />
We have indeed decked the lower heaven with beauty (in) the stars, (For beauty) and for guard against all obstinate rebellious evil spirits, (So) they should not strain their ears in the direction of the Exalted Assembly but be cast away from every side, Repulsed, for they are under a perpetual penalty, Except such as snatch away something by stealth, and they are pursued by a flaming fire, of piercing brightness.}}<br />
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The same Arabic words are used at the start of {{Quran|67|5}} as in {{Quran|37|6}} (زَيَّنَّا ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلدُّنْيَا), except that in {{Quran|67|5}} the word lamps is used instead of stars. The lamps that 'beautify the heaven' refer to stars (and perhaps also the 5 visible planets), which are always there. Meteors, on the other hand, are now known to be distinct from the distant stars. They are often not much larger than grains of sand and only become visible for a second when they burn up, generating light in the Earth's atmosphere.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|67|5}}|<br />
And verily We have beautified the world's heaven with lamps, and We have made them missiles for the devils, and for them We have prepared the doom of flame.}}<br />
<br />
A hadith in [[Sahih Muslim]] confirms that the 'pursuant flames / missiles' in the two verses refer to meteors which they saw shooting across the sky.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5538}}|'Abdullah. Ibn 'Abbas reported:<br />
A person from the Ansar who was amongst the Companions of Allah's Messenger (pbuh reported to me: As we were sitting during the night with Allah's Messenger (pbuh), a meteor shot gave a dazzling light. Allah's Messenger (pbuh) said: What did you say in the pre-Islamic days when there was such a shot (of meteor)? They said: Allah and His Messenger know best (the actual position), but we, however, used to say that that very night a great man had been born and a great man had died, whereupon Allah's Messenger pbuh) said: (These meteors) are shot neither at the death of anyone nor on the birth of anyone. Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, issues Command when He decides to do a thing. Then (the Angels) supporting the Throne sing His glory, then sing the dwellers of heaven who are near to them until this glory of God reaches them who are in the heaven of this world. Then those who are near the supporters of the Throne ask these supporters of the Throne: What your Lord has said? And they accordingly inform them what He says. Then the dwellers of heaven seek information from them until this information reaches the heaven of the world. In this process of transmission (the jinn snatches) what he manages to overhear and he carries it to his friends. And when the Angels see the jinn they attack them with meteors. If they narrate only which they manage to snatch that is correct but they alloy it with lies and make additions to it.}}<br />
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===The sky/heaven as a ceiling===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran}}<br />
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A common myth at the time of the Quran's composition was that the sky or heavens were held up with pillars, which is also a Biblical motif. While classical Muslim scholars often believed in a dome shaped heaven, some academics have argued that the Quranic heavens are flat, stacked expanses. These heavens are like roofs ({{Quran|2|22}}, {{Quran|21|32}}, {{Quran|40|64}}), in layers ({{Quran|71|15}} and {{Quran|67|3}}, while {{Quran|13|2}} further emphasizes this image by pointing out that, unlike what one would expect with an Arabian tent, the roof that is the sky needs no 'pillars' to hold it up. {{Quran|81|11}} adds that the sky is like a covering that can be 'stripped away', while {{Quran|21|104}} states that it will eventually be rolled or folded up.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|71|15}}|Do you not consider how Allah has created seven heavens in layers}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|78|12}}|And We have built above you seven strong (heavens)}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}|<br />
Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|81|11}}|<br />
And when the sky is stripped away}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|21|104}}|The Day when We will fold the heaven like the folding of a [written] sheet for the records. As We began the first creation, We will repeat it. [That is] a promise binding upon Us. Indeed, We will do it.}}<br />
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===The sky as a guarded ceiling===<br />
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{{Quran|21|32}} relates to the verses about devils chased by shooting stars (meteors) that guard the lowest heaven. {{Quran-range|37|6|10}}, discussed above, which contains a noun meaning "guard" from the same Arabic root (hafiza) as the verb in this verse.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000237.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 601 حفظ]</ref> Interestingly, modern science has revealed that the things guarding the sky / heaven can also pose a threat to living things on Earth - asteroids and meteorites have penetrated the atmosphere and hit the earth throughout the course of history. This includes the [[w:Chicxulub crater|massive meteorite]] that hit near the [[w:Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán Peninsula]] 65 million years which killed off numerous species, including most dinosaurs. The guarded ceiling does not, it appears, protect one from these apocalyptic intruders.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|21|32}}|<br />
And We made the sky a protected ceiling, but they, from its signs, are turning away.}}<br />
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===The sky as something that can fall===<br />
<br />
The Quran describes the sky/heaven as a roof held up by Allah that can fall or fragments of which may break off and fall upon unfortunate individuals. This is challenging in light of the modern realization that the sky is simply a conglomeration of various gasses.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|52|44}}|And if they were to see a fragment of the heaven falling, they would say: A heap of clouds.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|34|9}}|See they not what is before them and behind them, of the sky and the earth? If We wished, We could cause the earth to swallow them up, or cause a piece of the sky to fall upon them. Verily in this is a Sign for every devotee that turns to Allah (in repentance).}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|22|65}}|Hast thou not seen how Allah hath made all that is in the earth subservient unto you? And the ship runneth upon the sea by His command, and He holdeth back the heaven from falling on the earth unless by His leave. Lo! Allah is, for mankind, Full of Pity, Merciful.}}<br />
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===Heavens to be rolled up===<br />
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{{Quran|21|104}} and {{Quran|39|67}} state that the heavens will be 'rolled up' come the day of judgement, implying the corporeality and 'flatness' of space.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|104}}|The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolleth up a written scroll. }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|39|67}}|No just estimate have they made of Allah, such as is due to Him: On the Day of Judgment the whole of the earth will be but His handful, and the heavens will be rolled up in His right hand: Glory to Him! High is He above the Partners they attribute to Him!}}<br />
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===Stars as something that fall===<br />
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The Qur'an says that the stars will fall (inkadarat ٱنكَدَرَتْ) as one of many dramatic events surrounding the last day. The word كدر in the form used in this verse (form VII) meant 'to dart down', as is said of a bird or hawk, or to fall and scatter.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000124.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2596 ٱنكَدَرَتْ]</ref><br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|81|2}}|And when the stars fall}}<br />
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The structure of space-time is such that nothing, not even stars, can move faster than the velocity of light. That is, even if the stars were to move close to light speed across the sky, their apparent motion would be so slight relative to their distance that it would nonetheless be imperceptible to the naked eye. Moreover, as many visible stars are hundreds of light years away (the nearest star is more than four light years away), the light from such events would take years to reach our eyes. Indeed, many stars still visible in the sky ceased to exist centuries ago and it is only their light which is just now reaching the Earth.<br />
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===The cause of shadows changing length===<br />
Shadows are produced when the sun's light is obstructed. The Earth's rotation causes these shadows to change size and lengthen. {{Quran-range|25|45|46}} states that the reason shadows fluctuate in size rather than being stationary is because Allah has made the sun their guide. This appears to confirm the geocentric outlook widely evidenced elsewhere in the Qur'an, for it is only on a geocentric view that shadows would be of fixed length if the sun (rather than the Earth) were not made to do something.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|25|45-46}}|<br />
Hast thou not turned thy vision to thy Lord?- How He doth prolong the shadow! If He willed, He could make it stationary! then do We make the sun its guide; Then We draw it in towards Ourselves,- a contraction by easy stages.}}<br />
<br />
Interestingly, {{Quran|25|46}} follows up by stating that Allah 'draws the shadows towards himself'. The exact meaning of this verse is unclear, but if it regards the retraction of an object's shadow 'back onto itself' - that is, to a state where there is no shadow or the shadow is at its shortest - then perhaps it can be interpreted to describe the gradual 'pointing of the shadow towards heaven' or 'upwards towards Allah'. Even this reading is difficult to justify, however, and the verse is perhaps best regarded as having lost intelligibility beyond the vague spiritual sense in which it may be read.<br />
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===Disregard of North and South Poles===<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
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In polar regions, the longevity of day and night vary during summer and winter. The day gets shorter and shorter in winter until there are days or weeks of uninterrupted night. At the poles themselves, day and night alternately last for six months and all phases of the moon occur several times between sunrise and sunset. These circumstances render many of the most important Islamic rituals impracticable and suggest that the author(s) of the Qur'an and hadith, in so far as they aspired to produce a religion of global practicability, were not aware of the extreme distortions to the day length that take place near the poles.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|36|40}}|<br />
It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit. }}<br />
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When reading this verse one may also wonder in what sense day and night each have an orbit (See [[Geocentrism and the Quran]]).<br />
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See also the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#Fasting_and_Prayer_Requirements_Near_the_Poles Fasting and Prayer Requirements Near the Poles] section below.<br />
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==Biology==<br />
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===Evolution===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an takes what is perhaps best described as the creationist view of the origins and history of life on earth. This diverges sharply from the overwhelming scientific evidence that humans have evolved from prior life forms, over the course of millions of years and through natural selection.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence</ref> Consequently, while some Muslim scholars reinterpret the Quran in order that they may accept the theory of evolution, most reject it in favor of a creationist world view. Opinion polls show that the majority of Muslims agree Islam and evolution are not compatible. <br />
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====Humans created from clay====<br />
{{Main|Creation of Humans from Clay}}<br />
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The Qur’an states that man was created instantaneously from clay (''salsalin'' صَلْصَٰلٍ) / ''mud'' (hamain حَمَإٍ). There is no indication that the author is aware of the evolution of human life over millions of years or our common ancestry with apes and primates. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|15|26}}|<br />
We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape; }}<br />
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The Quran also states, in a similar vein, that the first man was created from dust (''turabin'' تُرَابٍ).<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|3|59}}|<br />
Lo! the likeness of Jesus with Allah is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust, then He said unto him: Be! and he is.}}<br />
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====Adam and Eve====<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
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The Qur’an contains stories concerning the 'first humans' which detail, among other matters, how all people are descended from Adam and Eve (called ''Hawa'' in Arabic), the two earliest ancestors. These humans were created in a garden (the word for paradise in Arabic is ''jannah'', which literally means 'garden') and then brought to Earth fully formed (Sahih Hadiths say Adam was 60 cubits - or 90 feet - tall). This view of the origins of human life is directly challenged by overwhelming DNA evidence and the numerous fossils of pre-Homo sapiens species that lived on earth for millions of years prior to the evolution modern humans.<ref>http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence</ref> Powerful DNA evidence that humans have common ancestry with other primates include endogenous retroviruses<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXfDF5Ew3Gc DNA Evidence That Humans & Chimps Share A Common Ancestor: Endogenous Retroviruses] - Youtube.com</ref> and the fusion of chromosomes<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK3O6KYPmEw Professor Ken Miller on DNA fusion events]- Youtube.com</ref> in the exact same genetic locations.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|7|189}}|<br />
"He it is Who created you from a single being, and of the same (kind) did He make his mate,"}}<br />
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Another verse describes the literal descent of humanity from one man with reference to the sexual means by which it was achieved (i.e. 'his seed') after Allah had created him out of clay.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|32|7|8}}|Who made all things good which He created, and He began the creation of man from clay; Then He made his seed from a draught of despised fluid;}}<br />
The word translated “seed” in the Pickthall translation is nasl نسل, which means progeny (i.e. descendants).<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000286.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 3032 نسل]</ref><br />
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Some modern Muslim scholars argue that the notion of two ancestral “parents” is consistent with recent scientific findings that show a common female and male ancestor of all modern humans. This results, however, from a confusion with the nicknames (Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam) by which scientists have referred to human's earliest genetic ancestors. These two individuals, however, are distinct from the Quranic characters as they are simply the last common male and female ancestors of everyone alive today and not of all humans in history. More importantnly, whereas the Qur'an describes Eve as Adam's wife (who, notably, was created ''after'' him), Mitochondrial Eve lived some 50,000 to 80,000 years earlier than Y-chromosomal Adam.<ref>http://biologos.org/blog/does-genetics-point-to-a-single-primal-couple</ref> Genetic evidence also overwhelmingly indicates that humans diverged from earlier species as a population rather than as a single couple.<ref>http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/09/18/how-big-was-the-human-population-bottleneck-not-anything-close-to-2/</ref><br />
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===Embryology===<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an contain descriptions regarding bodily fluids and the stages of development of the human embryo. Many of these descriptions are extremely vague and most bear a telling resemblance to [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|similar descriptions]] found in the [[w:Talmud|Jewish Talmud]] as well as the ideas of ancient Greeks, [[History of Embryology|such as Galen]]. These descriptions do not accord with the findings of modern science and are generally considered unremarkable in the seventh-century Arabian context wherein the Quran was first recited.<br />
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====Sperm originating between the backbone and ribs====<br />
{{Main|Quran and Semen Production|l1=Qur'an and Semen Production}}<br />
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The Qur'an states, that semen originates from somewhere between the backbone and ribs. While this aligns with the views of the physicians of antiquity, modern science has shown that sperm comes from the [[w:testicle|testicles]] and semen from various glands behind and below the bladder, which is not between the backbone and ribs.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|86|6|7}}|<br />
He is created from a drop emitted- Proceeding from '''between the backbone and the ribs''' }}<br />
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====Embryo forming from semen====<br />
{{Main|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith}}<br />
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The Qur'an describes the initial formation of a human embryo out of fluid emanating from the man (and possibly also of the woman), which has been placed in the womb. This reflects the widespread contemporary view that semen is the material from which the embryo is initially formed, as taught by Hippocrates, Galen, and the Jewish Talmud. By contrast, modern science has shown that semen is the vehicle for the sperm cells, one of which fuses with a woman's [[w:ovum|ovum]] in her [[w:fallopian tube|fallopian tube]], and that the resulting cell divides (rather than the seminal medium) and travels back into the womb for implantation. <br />
<br />
While many English translations mention a "drop of seed", or "drop of sperm", the Arabic word used in the Quran is ''nutfah'', which literally means a small amount of liquid and was a euphemism for semen.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|77|20|22}}|<br />
Did We not create you from a '''liquid disdained'''? And '''We placed it''' in a firm lodging For a known extent.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|13}}|'''Then placed him as''' a drop (of seed) [nutfah] in a safe lodging;}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|80|18|19}}|<br />
'''From what thing''' doth He create him? From a drop of seed [nutfah]. He createth him and proportioneth him}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|76|2}}|Indeed, We created man from a sperm-drop mixture [nutfatin amshajin] that We may try him; and We made him hearing and seeing.}}<br />
<br />
====Disregard of female ovum====<br />
<br />
The Quran's, in all its discussion of human reproduction, does not mention the role of the ovum, implying instead that reproduction is caused simply by storage of the male semen in the female womb. Although visible to the human eye, the female ovum is very small and it's purpose wasn't understood in the 7th century - this appears to explain its omission in the Quran.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|86|6}}|He is created from a drop emitted}}<br />
<br />
====Humans created from a clot of blood====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an describes humans as being formed from a clot of blood after an initial semen stage. By contrast, modern science has revealed that there is no stage in embryonic development where the relevant material is a clot of blood. The Quranic description is likely influenced by a simplistic attempt at explaining human reproduction based on unaided-eye observations of an early-term miscarriage and a woman's menstrual cycle. While in modern times some Muslims scholars have advanced alternative meanings for the relevant word, the historical certainty that the word can mean clotted blood (also the unanimous understanding in the classical tafsirs), which has a clear biological meaning, while being used in the Qur'an in the context of a biological description (formation of a baby), renders the modern reinterpretations extremely challenging.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood...}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|2}}|<br />
Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
“Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a '''clot of thick blood for a similar period''', and then a piece of flesh for a similar period.”}}<br />
<br />
====Gender decided at clot stage====<br />
The Qur'an states that an embryo is transformed from semen into a clot, shaped (presumably into a human mold), and then determined into either the male or female sex. Modern genetics, on the other hand, has shown that the sex of a human is decided at the moment of conception.<ref>{{cite book|first=eds.: Anthony S. Fauci [et al.] ; eds. of previous ed.: T. R. Harrison [et al.]|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York [etc.]|isbn=978-0-07-147693-5|pages=2339–2346|edition=17th ed.}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|75|37|39}}|Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth? Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned And made of him a pair, the male and female.}}<br />
<br />
While translators mostly use "And" in verse 39, the Arabic particle is ''fa'', as also in the previous conjunction, which indicates sequence (i.e. 'and then').<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000105.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2321 ف]</ref> Classical tafsirs share this reading, and the same reading is reflected in a sahih hadith found in both Bukhari and Muslim:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|315}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "At every womb Allah appoints an angel who says, 'O Lord! A drop of semen, O Lord! A clot. O Lord! A little lump of flesh." Then if Allah wishes (to complete) its creation, the angel asks, (O Lord!) Will it be a male or female, a wretched or a blessed, and how much will his provision be? And what will his age be?' So all that is written while the child is still in the mother's womb."}}<br />
<br />
====Bones formed before flesh====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states that the bones of a human embryo are formed first and then covered up with flesh. By contrast, modern science has shown that muscles and the cartilage 'models' of the future bones start to form at the same time and in parallel. Muscles have started to form before the cartilage models start to be replaced with actual bone.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones then (not and) clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create!}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an again parallels the influential Greek physician Galen, who says:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=Galen, ''On semen'', p.101|2=And now the third period of gestation has come. After nature has made outlines of all the organs and the substance of the semen is used up, the time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones...}}<br />
<br />
===All organisms created in pairs===<br />
The Quran states that all beings are created in pairs. However, modern science has revealed that not every creature procreates or reproduces through a male and female sexual relationship. The [[w:Desert grassland whiptail lizard|whiptail lizard]] in the U.S. Southwest, Mexico, and South America, for instance, is an all-females species which reproduces by [[w:parthenogenesis|parthenogenesis]]. [[w:virus|Viruses]] (if considered a life form) reproduce using a host's DNA and are neither female nor male. [[w:Bacteria|Bacteria]] reproduce by cell division. [[w:Fungus|Fungus]] can reproduce either asexually or sexually with thousands of genders. Many species of plants also reproduce either asexually or through [[w:Pollination|pollination]]. Hermaphrodites of all species also do not appear to fit in to this dichotomy. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|49}}|<br />
And of '''every thing''' We have created pairs: That ye may receive instruction. }}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|36|36}}|<br />
Glory to Allah, Who created in pairs '''all things''' that the earth produces, as well as their own (human) kind and (other) things of which they have no knowledge. }}<br />
<br />
===Fetus in three layers of darkness===<br />
<br />
The word ''butun'' (بطن) means belly/abdomen/midriff, though some translators have opted to use the more specific (and evocative) word "womb".<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000257.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 220 بطن]</ref> Classical tafsirs interpreted the "three darknesses" as the placenta, womb (uterus), and belly. Modern science has revealed there to be many more such layers in the human body, such as the endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, peritoneum, besides the cervix uteri, corpus uteri, abdomen (with walls), and placenta (with layers). In terms of extra-embryonic membranes, there is also the allantois, which is a sac-like structure and does not surround the embryo, but becomes part of the umbilical cord and is not in any real sense 'a darkness' viz-a-viz the embryo. The other two membranes, the chorion and amnion, together form the [[w:Amniotic_sac|amniotic sac]], which is quite thin and transparent. The idea of three membranes around the fetus ([[w:Chorion|chorion]], [[w:Allantois|allantois]], and [[w:Amnion|amnion]]) was taught by the highly influential Greek physician, Galen, and the description found in the Quran in all likelihood draws on Galen's widespread influence in the late antique world.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one soul. Then He made from it its mate, and He produced for you from the grazing livestock eight mates. He creates you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, within three darknesses. That is Allah, your Lord; to Him belongs dominion. There is no deity except Him, so how are you averted?}}<br />
<br />
===Functions of the heart===<br />
The Quran describes the heart as a locus of contemplation, thought, and even decision outside of the brain.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|46}}|And We place upon their hearts veils lest they should understand it, and in their ears a deafness; and when thou makest mention of thy Lord alone in the Qur'an, they turn their backs in aversion. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|5}}|Lo! now they fold up their breasts that they may hide (their thoughts) from Him. At the very moment when they cover themselves with their clothing, Allah knoweth that which they keep hidden and that which they proclaim. Lo! He is Aware of what is in the breasts (of men). }}<br />
<br />
===Source and purity of Milk===<br />
The Qur'an states that milk is produced in the body somewhere between excretions and blood. The mammary glands, where milk is produced and stored, are, however, not located near the intestines, which is where excrement is stored. Many kinds of cattle and goat milk needs processing or pasteurization before they can safely be consumed; the milk is often infected with bacteria and other micro-organisms. A significant number of humans are lactose intolerant and unable to digest milk without experiencing abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. These realities appear to challenge the Qur'anic notion that milk is 'pure' and 'agreeable'.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|66}}|<br />
And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies '''between excretions and blood''', We produce, for your drink, milk, '''pure and agreeable''' to those who drink it. }}<br />
<br />
==Geology and meteorology==<br />
<br />
===Flat Earth===<br />
{{Main|Flat Earth and the Quran|l1=Flat Earth and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
====Facing toward Mecca====<br />
<br />
The Qur'an instructs Muslims to face the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca when they pray. In consideration of the roundness of the Earth, scholars developed the great circle method to carry out this instruction. However, a number of problems have been suggested: one facing Mecca also necessarily has their back turned to it (a display of disrespect which is roundly prohibited in Islam), and one directly opposite Mecca on the globe may pray in any direction. A similar consideration leads North American Muslims, who live in the hemisphere of this antipode of Mecca, to instead prefer the rhumb-line technique since the great circle method would cause people north and south in the Americas to face away from each as they pray (great circle lines from this antipode diverge cross the continent before they start to converge again when they enter the hemisphere of Mecca). Finally, Astronauts in Earth's orbit or on the Moon and Mars would are essentially unable to follow these instructions (suggesting that the author of the Qur'an did not have such future realities in mind).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|149}}|<br />
From whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque; that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do.}}<br />
<br />
====Fasting and prayer requirements near the Poles====<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an instructs Muslims to fast by abstaining from food and drink from sunrise till sunset during Ramadan. In the polar regions there are six months of sunlight and six months of perpetual night during Summer and Winter. Such fasting is not practicable for anyone living in the polar regions, and very easy (depth of Winter) or extremely hard (height of Summer) in places within around 40 degrees latitude of the poles. Various rules have been contrived by Muslim scholars for those at such latitudes to try to accommodate the (here inconvenient) fact that we live on a round Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|187}}|<br />
...Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall...}}<br />
<br />
A similar issue emerges for the five daily prayers. Persons living in the polar region would not be able to make a sunset or sunrise prayer for much of the year. Even in less extreme contextxs, for cities further south like Aberdeen in Scotland, the gap between the night prayer (Isha) and the dawn prayer (Fajr) is still around 4 and a half hours in June, so a person praying five times a day is required to interrupt their sleep around 3.20am, then go back to sleep before getting up for the day. These challenges would likely not have been on the mind of the author of the Quran during the 7th century in Arabia.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|78}}|<br />
Establish regular prayers - at the sun's decline till the darkness of the night, and the morning prayer and reading: for the prayer and reading in the morning carry their testimony.}}<br />
<br />
====Earth as spread out and flat====<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an mentions that the Earth is 'spread out' and laid flat. The Arabic word here (sataha) was used to describe making the flat top or roof of a house or chamber and making a top surface flat.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000081.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1357 سُطِحَ]</ref> Words from the same root mean the flat top surface or roof of a house or chamber, a bounded flat plane in geometry, a level place upon which dates can be spread, a rolling pin (which expands the dough), plane or flat.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|88|20}}|And at the Earth, how it is spread out?}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'anic commentary of al-Jalalayn agrees with this understanding of the verse saying that legal scholars at his time agree that the earth is flat and not spherical.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=88&tAyahNo=20&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn for verse 88:20]|2=And the earth, how it was laid out flat?, and thus infer from this the power of God, exalted be He, and His Oneness? The commencing with the [mention of] camels is because they are closer in contact with it [the earth] than any other [animal]. As for His words sutihat, 'laid out flat', this on a literal reading suggests '''that the earth is flat, which is the opinion of most of the scholars''' of the [revealed] Law, and '''not a sphere as astronomers (ahl al-hay'a) have it''', even if this [latter] does not contradict any of the pillars of the Law.}}<br />
<br />
====Earth as like carpet====<br />
<br />
The Arabic word (''bisaatan'') used here means a thing that is spread or spread out or forth, and particularly a carpet.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 204 بِسَاطًا]</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|19}}|And Allah has made the earth for you as a carpet (spread out)}}<br />
<br />
====Earth as like a couch====<br />
<br />
The Earth is described using an Arabic word (''firashan'') that means a thing that is spread on the ground to sit or lay upon.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000155.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2371 فِرَٰشًا]</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|<br />
[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].}}<br />
<br />
The same root word for couch in {{Quran|2|22}} is used as a verb in {{Quran|51|48}} in the sense of to spread (the first word translated spread here).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, '''We have spread it'''; how excellent (are) the Spreaders!}}<br />
<br />
====Earth as like a bed====<br />
<br />
The Earth is described as a 'bed' (or 'carpet' in the Yusuf Ali translation) in verse {{Quran|20|53}}, and similarly {{Quran|43|10}}. The Arabic word (''mahdan'') suggests something completely flat and spread out on the ground (and not, for instance, 'rolled up' for storage).<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000267.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2739 مَهْدًا]</ref> <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|53}}|<br />
Who hath appointed the earth '''as a bed''' and hath threaded roads for you therein and hath sent down water from the sky and thereby We have brought forth divers kinds of vegetation}}<br />
<br />
Sometimes the same Arabic word is translated as expanse, as in {{Quran-range|78|6|7}}. Together with the next verse, the Earth is here a thing spread out and pegged down by mountains.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|78|6|7}}|Have We not made the earth as a '''wide expanse''', And the mountains as pegs?}}<br />
<br />
The same root word is used as a participle at the end of {{Quran|51|48}}.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, We have spread it; how excellent (are) '''the Spreaders!'''}}<br />
<br />
====Earth stretched out====<br />
<br />
In the verse below, as also in {{Quran|13|3}} and {{Quran|50|7}}, the Qur'an uses a verb (''madadna'') that meant to extend by drawing or pulling, stretch out, expand.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000223.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2695 مدد]</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|15|19}}|And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.}}<br />
<br />
====Earth as a level plain====<br />
<br />
The Qur'an describes a time in the future when mountains will be removed. {{Quran|18|47}} uses an Arabic word (''baarizatan'') that means "entirely apparent" to describe the Earth at this time.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000224.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 187 بَارِزَةً]</ref> {{Quran|20|106}} uses words (''qa'an'' and ''safsafan'') that mean a level plain.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000248.pdf Lane's Lexicon, Suppliment p. 2994 قَاعًا], [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000418.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1694 صَفْصَفًا]</ref> This description implies the Earth is flat and level and that it is the mountains which give it shape.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|47}}|And (bethink you of) the Day when we remove the hills and ye see the earth emerging, and We gather them together so as to leave not one of them behind.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|20|105|107}}|They will ask thee of the mountains (on that day). Say: My Lord will break them into scattered dust. And leave it as '''an empty plain''', Wherein thou seest neither curve nor ruggedness.}}<br />
<br />
===Permanent barrier between fresh and salt water===<br />
When a fresh water river flows into the sea or ocean, there is a transition region in between. This transition region is called an estuary where the fresh water remains temporarily separated from the salt water. However, this separation is not absolute, is not permanent, and the different salinity levels between the two bodies of water eventually homogenize. The Qur'an, by contrast, suggests that the separation between the two types of water is absolute, permanent, and maintained by some sort of divine barrier placed between them. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|53}}| It is He Who has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable and sweet, and the other salt and bitter; yet has He made a barrier between them, '''a partition that is forbidden to be passed'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Mountains prevent the earth from shaking===<br />
Modern geology has discovered that large plates in the crust of the earth are responsible for the formation of mountains. Called plate tectonics, the slow movement of these massive plates meet and the pressure between them pushes up the crust, forming mountains while also causing earthquakes and faults in the Earth's surface. The formation of mountains and occurance of earthquakes are thus both largely the result of destabilizing tectonic activity. They are part of the same ongoing process and one cannot exist without the other. The Qur'an, by contrast, holds that mountains are like pegs in the ground, stabilizing the Earth which would shake without them.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and rivers and roads; that ye may guide yourselves}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|78|6|7}}|Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse, And the mountains as pegs?}}<br />
<br />
===Mountains cast upon Earth===<br />
<br />
Mountains are usually formed through the movement and collision of lithospheric (tectonic) plates. This is an ongoing process that continues to this day as the plates slowly move. The Quran, by contrast, states that the mountains on Earth's surface were cast upon it by God. The imagery is clear when one considers the above verses which describe the Mountains as 'pegs' which stabilize the Earth (which is itself compared to a carpet and bed roll).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He has cast into the earth firmly set mountains, lest it shift with you, and [made] rivers and roads, that you may be guided,}}<br />
<br />
The word 'he has cast' is ''alqa'' (lam-qaf-ya), which in this form (Arabic verb form IV) is frequently used elsewhere in the Quran to mean throw or cast. It is the same word as is used in {{Quran|3|44}} when lots are cast using pens (it would be easy to imagine that mountains were similarly scattered), and {{Quran|12|10}} when the prophet Yusuf is cast down into the well, and in {{Quran|20|20}} when Moses casts down his staff, which becomes a snake.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000266.pdf Lane's Lexicon, Suppliment p. 3012 أَلْقَىٰ]</ref><br />
<br />
===Chests contract with altitude===<br />
{{Quran|6|125}} states that a person's chest cavity gets smaller at higher altitude. Modern science, by contrast, has revealed that the opposite is the case.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|125}}|Those whom Allah (in His plan) willeth to guide,- He openeth their breast to Islam; those whom He willeth to leave straying,- He maketh their breast close and constricted, as if they had to climb up to the skies: thus doth Allah (heap) the penalty on those who refuse to believe.}}<br />
<br />
===Earthquakes as a punishment===<br />
The Quran describes Earthquakes, blizzards, hurricanes, and other destructive natural activity as being a sort of punishment for the people they inflict. Research, however, has not found any correlation between civilizations' irreligiosity and their susceptibility to these or other type of natural disaster. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|45}}|<br />
Do then those who devise evil (plots) feel secure that Allah will not cause the earth to swallow them up, or that the Wrath will not seize them from directions they little perceive?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|37}}|<br />
But they denied him, and the dreadful earthquake took them, and morning found them prostrate in their dwelling place. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|68}}|<br />
Do ye then feel secure that He will not cause you to be swallowed up beneath the earth when ye are on land, or that He will not send against you a violent tornado (with showers of stones) so that ye shall find no one to carry out your affairs for you}}<br />
<br />
===Disregard of evaporation in water cycle===<br />
Some modern Muslim scholars argue that the water cycle is described in the Qur'an. Every verse about rain in the Qur'an implies that rain comes either directly from the sky or from Allah. The crucial step of evaporation of water into the air is never mentioned. That Quran describes a linear process orchestrated by Allah rather than a cyclical process (as with the water cycle) renders these modern reinterpretations challenging.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|11}}|<br />
That sends down (from time to time) rain from the sky in due measure;- and We raise to life therewith a land that is dead; even so will ye be raised (from the dead)}}<br />
<br />
===Mountains of hail in the sky===<br />
<br />
Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds when updrafts raise water droplets to an altitude where they freeze. The Qur'an, by contrast, describes mountain-like masses of hail in the sky / heaven.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|43}}|<br />
Hast thou not seen how Allah wafteth the clouds, then gathereth them, then maketh them layers, and thou seest the rain come forth from between them; '''He sendeth down from the heaven mountains wherein is hail''', and smiteth therewith whom He will, and averteth it from whom He will. The flashing of His lightning all but snatcheth away the sight.<br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' wayunazzilu (and he sends down) mina (from) alssamai (the sky) min (from) jibalin (mountains) feeha (in it ['it' is feminine here so must refer to the sky]) min (of) baradin (hail)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Tafsirs such as al-Jalalayn and the one attributed to Ibn Abbas say that this means mountains in the sky.<ref>[https://tafsir.app/jalalayn/24/43 Tafsir al-Jalalayn 24:43]</ref> Ibn Kathir notes two views, that these are literally mountains of hail in the sky, or that they are a metaphor for clouds.<ref>[https://tafsir.app/ibn-katheer/24/43 Tafsir Ibn Kathir 24:43]</ref> Clouds could poetically be described as mountains in the sky, but the verse says "mountains of hail in the sky", which critics would say strongly suggests large masses of ice (in the clouds or otherwise), and it was sometimes understood in this literal way as evidenced in tafsirs.<br />
<br />
===Allah smites with thunderbolts===<br />
<br />
The Quran describes thunder and lightning in a manner typical of ancient mythology. Allah, in a manner evocative of the legends most famously regarding Zeus, smites persons he wishes to punish with thunderbolts. A hadith, graded hasan (good) by Dar-us-Salam, further states that Muhammad believed the sound of thunder was an angel striking the clouds, which the angel drives along with a piece of fire (evoking the image of a whip of fire).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|13}}|<br />
And the thunder declares His glory with His praise, and the angels too for awe of Him; and He sends the thunderbolts and smites with them whom He pleases, yet they dispute concerning Allah, and He is mighty in prowess.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi|44|5|44|3117}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
"The Jews came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: 'O Abul-Qasim! Inform us about the thunder, what is it?' He said: 'An angel among the angels, who is responsible for the clouds. He has a piece of fire wherever that he drives the clouds wherever Allah wills.' They said: 'Then what is this noise we hear?' He said: 'It is him, striking the clouds when he drives them on, until it goes where it is ordered.' They said: 'You have told the truth.'}}<br />
<br />
==Zoology==<br />
<br />
===Ants converse and recognize humans===<br />
<br />
Ants primarily communicate with each other using pheromones (chemical signals). While scientists have discovered that ants make some noises, nothing has ever indicated that the brains of ants could produce anything approximating complex speech. By contrast, the Qur'an recounts the story of an ant warning her fellow ants of the approach of Solomon's large army of humans. Solomon is able to understand her speech and proceeds, presumably, to leave the ants be. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|27|18|19}}|<br />
At length, when they came to a (lowly) valley of ants, '''one of the ants said: "O ye ants, get into your habitations, lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it." So he smiled, amused at her speech;''' and he said: "O my Lord! so order me that I may be grateful for Thy favours, which thou hast bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may work the righteousness that will please Thee: And admit me, by Thy Grace, to the ranks of Thy righteous Servants." }}<br />
<br />
===Four types of cattle===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states that Allah has provided four kinds of cattle (eight including male and female). There exist, however, many more than four species of cattle. The word "cattle" in {{Quran|39|6}} is ''al-ana'ami'', from a root meaning plentiful subsistence and in this form meant pasturing (i.e. grazing) animals.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000289.pdf Lane's Lexicon, Suppliment p. 3035 أَنْعَٰمِ]</ref> The word ''azwajin'' ("kinds" in the translation of 39:6 below) generally means "mate" or "member of a pair".<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000432.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1266 أَزْوَٰجٍ]</ref> {{Quran|6|143-144}} clarifies that this refers to male and female pairs of sheep, goats, oxen, and camels, suggesting that the author of the Qur'an was aware of four kinds of grazing animals useful for humans (horses, mules and donkeys are considered a separate category from al-ana'ami, see {{Quran-range|16|5|8}}). This does not include many other types of cattle from the regions outside of Arabia, such as reindeer, which were and remain important to people in northern latitudes. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one being, then from that (being) He made its mate; and He hath provided for you of '''cattle eight kinds'''. He created you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, in a threefold gloom. Such is Allah, your Lord. His is the Sovereignty. There is no Allah save Him. How then are ye turned away}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|142-144}}|'''And of the cattle (He produceth) some for burdens, some for food.''' Eat of that which Allah hath bestowed upon you, and follow not the footsteps of the devil, for lo! he is an open foe to you. '''Eight pairs: Of the sheep twain, and of the goats twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain? Expound to me (the case) with knowledge, if ye are truthful. '''And of the camels twain and of the oxen twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain; or were ye by to witness when Allah commanded you (all) this? Then who doth greater wrong than he who deviseth a lie concerning Allah, that he may lead mankind astray without knowledge. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.}}<br />
<br />
===Horses created as transportation===<br />
<br />
After thousands of years of domestication and cross-breeding, horses were domesticated approximately 4,000 years ago in East Europe and Central Asia. Prior to this, horses were wild animals not yet suitably bred for this purpose. Today feral horses are descendants of once domesticated horses that aren't tamed or used for human transportation. By contrast, the Qur'an appears to suggest that horses were created by Allah already prepared to serve human purposes. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|8}}|<br />
And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which ye have no knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
===All animals live in communities===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an emphatically states that all animals live in "communities". Many animals, such as the jaguar or leopard, are however well known for being solitary creatures, rarely meeting in pairs and then only to mate. Animals of these kinds do not live in communities and rather tend to resort to violence when their solitude is disturbed (the opposite, some argue, of what it means to live in a community). There also exist species whose young are not raised as family and which lay eggs and abandon them before hatching. Sea Turtles, for instance, bury their eggs on a beach and leave them. When an egg hatches the baby turtle must dig to the surface and make a sprint to the sea or perish. Some reptiles behave similarly. The Carolina anole, which is a lizard species, is another such example. These anoles lay a single egg every 2 weeks, around 10 in total, each taking 5 to 7 weeks to hatch. Anole hatchlings must fend for themselves and are by nature solitary creatures from birth.<br />
<br />
One modern translation of the Quran interprets ''umamun'' (community / nation) to mean "genus" (group of species, plural: genera). This interpretation appears difficult, however, for while today we categorize species into genera, families, and other taxonomic ranks within evolutionary tree (phylogenetic) models, such categories are understood as an evolutionary process in which, even now, sub-groups of many species are diverging and gradually evolving into new species.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|38}}|<br />
'''There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book''', and they (all) shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.}}<br />
<br />
===Bird flight as a miracle===<br />
<br />
Modern science has revealed the aerodynamic properties of birds' anatomy which enable them to fly. Bird flight essentially functions by creating a difference in the air pressure between the lower and upper part of the wing and this creates lift that pushes the bird upward. The wings of birds have evolved over millions of years and have thereby refined birds' flight abilities. By contrast, the Quran states that 'nothing' holds birds in the air, except for the miraculous power of Allah.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|79}}|<br />
Do they not look at the birds, held poised in the midst of (the air and) the sky? Nothing holds them up but (the power of) Allah. Verily in this are signs for those who believe}}<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Massive wall of iron===<br />
{{Main|Category:Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an presents a version of the Syrian legend of Alexander the Great as a great king who helps a tribe of people build a massive wall of iron between two mountains. The Quran then states, along with the hadith, that this wall and the tribes it traps will remain in place until the Day of Judgement. Modern satellites and near comprehensive exploration of the Earth's surface, however, have yet to reveal any trace of such massive structure.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|96|97}}|<br />
"Bring me blocks of iron." At length, when he had '''filled up the space between the two steep mountain-sides''', He said, "Blow (with your bellows)" Then, when he had made it (red) as fire, he said: "Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten lead." Thus were they made powerless to scale it or to dig through it.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|21|96}}|Until the Gog and Magog (people) are let through (their barrier), and they swiftly swarm from every hill.}}<br />
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===Mary as part of the Trinity===<br />
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Mainstream Christian doctrine has never held Mary to be a part of the Trinity. The Qur'an, however, plainly states as much, leading some to conclude that Muhammad misunderstood Christian doctrine.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|116}}|<br />
And behold! Allah will say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Didst thou say unto men, '''worship me and my mother as gods''' in derogation of Allah'?" He will say: "Glory to Thee! never could I say what I had no right (to say). Had I said such a thing, thou wouldst indeed have known it. Thou knowest what is in my heart, Thou I know not what is in Thine. For Thou knowest in full all that is hidden}}<br />
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This alternative formulation of the trinity is present even more clearly in {{Quran-range|5|72|75}}, which makes no mention of the holy spirit and takes measure to disprove the divinity of Jesus and his mother by pointing out that they, like normal human beings, also ate food.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|72|75}}|They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary. The Messiah (himself) said: O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord. Lo! whoso ascribeth partners unto Allah, for him Allah hath forbidden paradise. His abode is the Fire. For evil-doers there will be no helpers. '''They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the third of three'''; when there is no Allah save the One Allah. If they desist not from so saying a painful doom will fall on those of them who disbelieve. Will they not rather turn unto Allah and seek forgiveness of Him? For Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. '''The Messiah, son of Mary, was no other than a messenger''', messengers (the like of whom) had passed away before him. '''And his mother was a saintly woman. And they both used to eat (earthly) food.''' See how We make the revelations clear for them, and see how they are turned away!}}<br />
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===Mary as Miriam===<br />
{{main|Mary the sister of Aaron in the Quran}}<br />
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Mary the mother of Jesus was born in the first century BCE and was not related to Moses and his family whose story is set 1500 years earlier. Miriam was the sister of Moses and Aaron and daughter of Amram (Imran). The Quran appears to confuse these two characters, as it describes Mary, the mother of Jesus, as the "Sister of Aaron" and her mother as the "wife of Imran" in context where the "Imran" being discussed is evidently Miriam's father. A possible source of this confusion is the fact that both Miriam and Mary had the same name in Arabic, or were at least similar enough sounding for the original distinction to have been lost or neglected (the word used in either case in the Quran is the same and is pronounced ''maryam'').<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|19|27-28}}|Then she brought him to her own folk, carrying him. They said: O Mary! Thou hast come with an amazing thing. '''O sister of Aaron!''' Thy father was not a wicked man nor was thy mother a harlot.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|66|12}}|And Mary, '''daughter of 'Imran''', whose body was chaste, therefor We breathed therein something of Our Spirit. And she put faith in the words of her Lord and His scriptures, and was of the obedient.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|3|33-36}}| Lo! Allah preferred Adam and Noah and the Family of Abraham '''and the Family of 'Imran''' above (all His) creatures. They were descendants one of another. Allah is Hearer, Knower. (Remember) when the '''wife of 'Imran''' said: My Lord! I have vowed unto Thee that which is in my belly as a consecrated (offering). Accept it from me. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Hearer, the Knower! And when she was delivered she said: My Lord! Lo! I am delivered of a female - Allah knew best of what she was delivered - the male is not as the female; and lo! I have named her Mary, and lo! I crave Thy protection for her and for her offspring from Satan the outcast.}}<br />
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===Ezra as the son of God in Jewish doctrine===<br />
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Historically, Judaism has been a strict form of monotheism. The Quran, by contrast, describes the Jews as practitioners of polytheism by stating that they hold ''Uzair'' (Ezra) to be the son of God. This is compared directly with the Christian doctrine which hold Jesus to be the son of God. This appears to be a confusion resulting from conflating the alternative senses in which Jewish and Christian theologians have employed and understood the word "son".<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|<br />
The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth! }}<br />
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===David invented coats of mail===<br />
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Historians commonly credited the invention of coat mail (not to be confused with scale armor) to the Celts in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="books.google.com">Richard A. Gabriel, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&pg=PA79 ''The ancient world''], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 P.79</ref>. Mail has also been found in a 5th century BCE Scythian grave, and there is a cumbersome Etruscan pattern mail artifact from the 4th century BCE.<ref>Robinson, H. R., [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BaDMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 ''Oriental Armour''], New York:Dover Publications, 1995, pp.10-12</ref> The nature of coat mail is such that it should persist for several millennia, and such advantageous military technologies would spread rapidly, so it is unlikely that coat mail would have originated much earlier, undiscovered by archaeologists. While, older translations of the Bible mention Goliath and David wearing a "coat of mail" in 1 Samuel 17:5 and 17:38 respectively, this is a well known mistranslation for a word meaning armor in general.<br />
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In the Qur'an, by contrast, David in the 10th century BCE is taught by Allah how to make coats of iron chainmail (''sabighatin'' سَٰبِغَٰتٍ) and to measure the chainmail links (''as-sardi'' ٱلسَّرْدِ) thereof.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000022.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1298 سَٰبِغَٰتٍ], [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000071.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 1347 ٱلسَّرْدِ]</ref> Another passage adds that people should be thankful for this knowledge which has since passed down from David. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|34|10|11}}| And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him, Saying: Make thou long coats of mail and measure the links (thereof). And do ye right. Lo! I am Seer of what ye do. }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|21|79|80}}| And We made Solomon to understand (the case); and unto each of them We gave judgment and knowledge. And we subdued the hills and the birds to hymn (His) praise along with David. We were the doers (thereof). And We taught him the art of making garments (of mail) to protect you in your daring. Are ye then thankful?}}<br />
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===Crucifixions in ancient Egypt===<br />
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The first historical reference to crucifixion as a method of execution is from 500 BCE, when the technique began being used in several middle eastern cultures. The Qur'an, by contrast, tells of crucifixions at the time of Moses (approximately 1500 BCE) as well as Joseph (approximately 2000 BCE). <br />
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Ancient Egypt has been subjected to extensive study by archaeologists. While there exists hieroglyphic evidence of people impaled through upright stakes in ancient Egypt, this remains distinct from the Palm-tree crucifixions described in the Quran, as Palm trees are of too great girth to be used to vertically impale an individual.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|12|41}}|<br />
O two companions of prison, as for one of you, he will give drink to his master of wine; but as for the other, he will be crucified, and the birds will eat from his head. The matter has been decreed about which you both inquire." }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|21|71}}|<br />
(Pharaoh) said: Ye put faith in him before I give you leave. Lo! he is your chief who taught you magic. Now surely I shall cut off your hands and your feet alternately, and '''I shall crucify you on the trunks of palm trees''', and ye shall know for certain which of us hath sterner and more lasting punishment.}}<br />
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===Samaritans in ancient Egypt===<br />
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The Qu'ran states that Moses dealt with a Samaritan during his time, however the Samaritans did not exist until well over half a millennium after Moses is supposed to have existed. The term s''amari'' itself comes from the city of Samaria, an archaeologically evidenced city built by King Omri around 870BC, nearly 700 years after Moses is supposed to have existed. The likely source of this confusion is the story in the Bible in Hosea 8:5-6 where there is mentioned a golden calf worshipped by Samaritans after the time of Solomon.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|20|85}}|“( Allah) said; ‘We have tested thy people in thy absence: the Samiri has led them astray’.” }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|20|95}}|“( Moses) said, ‘What then is thy case, O Samiri?’”}}<br />
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===The singular Pharaoh===<br />
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Geographically, the Coptic land of Egypt is adjacent to Arabia. Thus, most Arabs were aware of the preservation method applied by the ancient Egyptian to their pharaohs. Pharaohs were preserved intact using methods such as salt to dry the body (hence, salt in the body of Ramesses II does not suggest that he drowned in the dead sea). There were many pharaohs from numerous dynasties who were preserved in this way. The Qur'an, by contrast, only speaks of "Pharaoh" (''Firaun'') singularly, as a proper noun without the definite article, suggesting that its author was unaware of the multiplicity of pharaohs.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|10|92}}|<br />
This day shall We save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a sign to those who come after thee! but verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our Signs!" }}<br />
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===Noah's worldwide flood===<br />
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The Quran contains a version of the worldwide-flood story widespread in ancient near-Eastern mythology and most famously found in the Bible. Since geological evidence suggests such a flood never took place, some modern Muslim scholars have reinterpreted the account in the Quran as referring to a more limited, local flood. Several elements in the tale, however, militate against this rereading. Elsewhere in the Quran whenever the heavens and earth are mentioned together, it means in their entirety. In this story waters are released from both of them. Another such detail is the storage of "two of each kind" of animal aboard the ship, since it is not clear what purpose this would serve if the flood were local. Similarly, the purpose of the boat itself appears unclear in this reading - as with the ample warning time that Noah was given, he and his family could have simply evacuated the area that was to be flooded. The relevant passage also states plainly that nothing, not even a tall mountain, could save an individual from drowning on that day except for Allah - this seems to contradict the idea that individuals and animals could have escaped the flood simply by evacuating the flooded area. Noah is recorded praying to God, "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers [kuffar], a single one on Earth!" - the flood is an answer to this prayer, which likewise suggests that the flood described is a global flood that drowns all those not chosen by Allah to persist aboard the ark.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|54|11|12}}|Then opened We the gates of heaven with pouring water And caused the earth to gush forth springs, so that the waters met for a predestined purpose.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! '''We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female''', and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|43}}|The son replied: "I will betake myself to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: '''"This day nothing can save''', from the command of Allah, any but those on whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|71|26}}|And Noah, said: "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers, a single one on earth!}}<br />
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===Flood waters boiled from an oven===<br />
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The Qur'an further describes the flood waters as boiling from an oven. There is no scientific nor historical evidence for a large flood of this nature. This element is not found even in more ancient versions of the story (Epic of Gilgamesh, Atra hasis, and Ziusudra). Its ultimate origin appears to be a highly tenuous rabbinical exergisis in the Babylonian Talmud, based on a word in an unrelated verse that means heat or wrath.<ref>[https://biblehub.com/lexicon/esther/7-10.htm biblehub.com]</ref><br />
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{{Quote|1=[https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.12a.4?lang=bi Tracate Rosh Hashanah]|2=The Gemara answers: Even according to Rabbi Eliezer a change was made, in accordance with the statement of Rav Ḥisda, as Rav Ḥisda said: They sinned with boiling heat, and they were punished with boiling heat; they sinned with the boiling heat of the sin of forbidden sexual relations, and they were punished with the boiling heat of scalding waters. This is derived from a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to the flood: “And the waters abated” (Genesis 8:1), and it is written elsewhere, with regard to King Ahasuerus: “And the heated anger of the king abated” (Esther 7:10), which implies that the word “abated” means cooled. This indicates that at first the waters of the flood had been scalding hot.}}<br />
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Note that in his translation, Yusuf Ali mistranslates the Aramaic loan word for the oven (alttannooru ٱلتَّنُّورُ)<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000355.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 318 تَّنُّورُ]</ref> as "fountains". The Arabic verb translated "gushed forth" (fara فَارَ) means "boiled" in the context of water in a cooking pot<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2457 فور]</ref>, as well as in the other verse where it is used, {{Quran|67|5}}.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|<br />
(Thus it was) till, when Our commandment came to pass '''and the oven gushed forth water''', We said: Load therein two of every kind, a pair (the male and female), and thy household, save him against whom the word hath gone forth already, and those who believe. And but a few were they who believed with him.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|27}}|<br />
Then We inspired in him, saying: Make the ship under Our eyes and Our inspiration. Then, when Our command cometh '''and the oven gusheth water''', introduce therein of every (kind) two spouses, and thy household save him thereof against whom the Word hath already gone forth. And plead not with Me on behalf of those who have done wrong. Lo! they will be drowned.}}<br />
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===Noah's ark holding every species===<br />
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Part of the legend of Noah's Ark is that a pair of every living species was stored on board. Modern science has revealed, however, that there are over a hundred thousand species of animals including penguins, polar bears, koala bears, and kangaroos that live spread across the entire planet and each of which require different climates, habitats, and diets. These discoveries appear to render the idea that all animals could have been kept on board a single ship impossible.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|<br />
(Thus it was) till, when Our commandment came to pass and the oven gushed forth water, We said: Load therein two of every kind, a pair (the male and female), and thy household, save him against whom the word hath gone forth already, and those who believe. And but a few were they who believed with him.}}<br />
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===John the Baptist's original name===<br />
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The name "John" comes from the Hebrew name ''Yohanan''. Several figures in the Old Testament bore this name. The name has also appeared throughout history. There existed a high priest named Johanan in the 3rd century BCE and a ruler named John Hyrcanus who died in 104 BC. These people existed before John the Baptist, who was a contemporary of Jesus. The Qur'an, by contrast, asserts that nobody before John the Baptist (''Yahya'' in Arabic) bore his name.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|19|7}}|(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; '''we have given the same name to none before (him).''' }}<br />
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===Supernatural destruction of cities===<br />
The Quran state that outside the vicinity of Arabia there existed cities and tribes destroyed by Allah for rejecting his messengers and Islam. In each specific example presented in the Qur'an (the people of ''A'ad'', ''Thamud'', ''Midian'', [[Lut|''Lut'' (Lot)]], and the Pharoah's army), the destruction of the disbelievers is sudden and total. Archeological research, by contrast, has revealed that historical cities and tribes were only gradually ruined by natural disasters, famine, wars, migration, or neglect, often taking years or decades to unfold. In this respect, the Quran appears to have adopted and adapted contemporary Arabian myths regarding the destruction of neighboring cities, some of which may not have existed.<br />
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In the Qur'an, the people of ''Thamud'' are killed instantly by an earthquake {{Quran|7|78}} or thunderous blast {{Quran|11|67}}, {{Quran-range|41|13|17}}, {{Quran|51|44}}, {{Quran|69|5}}. The people of ''A'ad'' are killed by a fierce wind that blew for 7 days {{Quran-range|41|13|16}},{{Quran-range|46|24|35}},{{Quran|51|41}}, {{Quran-range|69|6|7}}. The people of Midian (''Midyan'') are killed overnight by an earthquake {{Quran|7|91}}, {{Quran|29|36}}. The towns of Lot (''Lut'') are destroyed by a storm of stones from the sky {{Quran|54|32}}, {{Quran|29|34}}. The actual locations of these towns or tribes is unknown. Midian in particular was a wide geographical desert region rather than a particular location or city, which makes archeological investigation difficult.<br />
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Critics have also asked why it is that various other polytheistic cultures worldwide dis not encounter similar fates as those outlined in the Quran.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|22|45}}|And how many a township have We destroyed because it had been immersed in evildoing - and now they [all] lie deserted, with their roofs caved in! And how many a well lies abandoned, and how many a castle that [once] stood high!}}<br />
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The suddenness of Allah's punishment is stressed repeatedly in Surah al-A'raf:<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|7|4}}|How many a township have We destroyed! As a raid by night, or while they slept at noon, Our terror came unto them.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|7|34}}|And every nation hath its term, and when its term cometh, they cannot put it off an hour nor yet advance (it).}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|97|98}}|Are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them as a night-raid while they sleep? Or are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them in the daytime while they play?}}<br />
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===Humans lived for hundreds of years===<br />
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The oldest verified human life was a little over 120 years. Based on fossil records and testing on human remains, anthropologists have concluded that human life spans are increasing rather than decreasing in both the long- and short- run. By contrast, the Qur'an states that Noah lived for almost 1,000 years. The idea of humans living for hundreds of years in the past is accompanied by the many hadiths, including accounts in Sahih Bukhari, which describe Adam as being 90 feet tall. The general doctrine appears to be that ancient humans were both gigantic as well as long-living.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|29|14}}|<br />
We (once) sent Noah to his people, and he tarried among them '''a thousand years less fifty''': but the Deluge overwhelmed them while they (persisted in) sin. }}<br />
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===Ancient Mosque in Jerusalem===<br />
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Muslim scholars maintain that a long extant, ancient mosque was present in Jerusalem during Muhammad's life time. Historical research has, however, found this not to be the case.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
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==Sociology==<br />
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===Linguistics===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|31}}|And He taught Adam the names - all of them. Then He showed them to the angels and said, "Inform Me of the names of these, if you are truthful."}}<br />
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The Qur'an, in multiple instances, states that the first humans "Adam and Eve" spoke to each other in some kind of language, and that God told them the names of 'all things'. Modern linguistics has revealed, however, that the type of sentences constructed in the Qur'an were not spoken by humans until over 100,000 years after the first humans evolved. The language of the first humans would be incomprehensible to us and they would not be able to express the kinds of sentences that Adam and Eve do in the Qur'an. The earliest forms of human communication were entirely different in nature from the sorts of languages humans have used in the last several thousands of years.<br />
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Some 1.9 million species of plants and animals have been identified and named, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist<ref name="plos">{{cite journal | author= Mora, C.| title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|date=August 23, 2011|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127|display-authors=etal}}</ref>. Millions more have become extinct. Far more numerous are the living objects, galaxies, the countless stars and planets of the universe. In light of this, it is not clear what is meant by the idea that Allah taught Adam 'all the names', especially since the first humans do not appear to have been extremely knowledgeable.<br />
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===Protection of Mecca===<br />
{{Main|Hajj}}<br />
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The Qur'an states that Allah has made Mecca and the [[Ka'bah]] a place of safety. However, historically the Ka'bah has been attacked time and again and witnessed several battles. Juhayman al-Otaybi, Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and Abu Tahir al-Janabi, for instance, are reported to have killed thousands of Muslim pilgrims in Mecca. Yazid Bin Muawiya sent an army battalion to attack Mecca and which desecrated the Ka'aba. Historical accounts such as these reveal that Mecca has as a result of centrality in Islam attracted, in fact, a disproportionate number of conflicts.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|125}}|<br />
Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and '''a place of safety'''; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma'il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer). }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|97}}|<br />
Allah made '''the Ka'ba, the Sacred House, an asylum of security for men''', as also the Sacred Months, the animals for offerings, and the garlands that mark them: That ye may know that Allah hath knowledge of what is in the heavens and on earth and that Allah is well acquainted with all things. }}<br />
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===Arabic as eminently accessible===<br />
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Fewer than 4% of the world's population grows up speaking Arabic. The Arabic of this 4%, however, is not the Arabic of the Quran and is instead comprised of various regional dialects of modern colloquial Arabic. The text of the Quran is thus directly accessible only to a small portion of the world's population. Additionally, there are present in the Quran many words, phrases, and references whose original 7th century Arabic meaning, being unrecorded, has been entirely lost to history or, in some cases, has remained subject to inconclusive debates. Consequently, while Muslims are obligated to pray and recite the Quran in Arabic, it is only a small proportion of the Muslim population that can claim to have some sense of what they recite on a daily basis. These circumstances are difficult to reconcile with the Quran's assertion that the Quran was 'revealed in Arabic so that people may understand it'.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|43|3}}|<br />
We have made it a Qur'an in Arabic, that ye may be able to understand (and learn wisdom). }}<br />
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==Miracles and myths==<br />
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===Humans turned apes===<br />
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The Qur'an records a miraculous event where Sabbath breakers are transformed into apes. There is, however, no scientific evidence that humans were ever transformed into apes.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|65}}|<br />
And well ye knew those amongst you who transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath: We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected." }}<br />
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===Mooing statue===<br />
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The Qur'an describes a statue of a calf that was capable of mooing.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|88}}|So he brought forth for them a calf, a (mere) body, which had a mooing sound, so they said: This is your god and the god of Musa, but he forgot.}}<br />
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===Hordes trapped by iron wall===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance}}<br />
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The Quran states that two massive tribes of beasts (Gog and Magog) were and will continue until the Day of Judgement to be trapped behind a massive wall of Iron erected by Dhul-Qarnayn. According to the Qur'an, these two tribes were trapped by Dhul-Qarnayn behind this metal wall and will only be let free on the day of Judgement. However, no such wall or tribes have ever been found despite the advent of global satellite imagery.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|21|96}}|<br />
Until the Gog and Magog (people) are let through (their barrier), and they swiftly swarm from every hill. }}<br />
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===Supernatural food===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}<br />
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The Qur'an states Mary received food sent down from heaven. There have, however, never been any scientifically verified accounts of food descending from heaven.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|114}}|<br />
Jesus, son of Mary, said: O Allah, Lord of us! '''Send down for us a table spread with food from heaven, that it may be a feast for us''', for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee. Give us sustenance, for Thou art the Best of Sustainers.}}<br />
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===Stick turned serpent===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}The Quran states that Moses' staff transformed into a serpent. There is no scientific evidence that suggests such a transformation would be possible.{{Quote|{{Quran|7|107}}|<br />
Then (Moses) threw his rod, and behold! it was a serpent, plain (for all to see)! }}<br />
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===Army of genies and birds===<br />
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A story in the Qur'an, drawing on Jewish folklore, states that Solomon commanded a massive army comprised of 'Jinns and men and birds'. Solomon is described as speaking with a Hoopoe bird and thereafter desiring to execute the bird when it is tardy to his assembly. The Hoopoe bird, it is then revealed, was only delayed because it had been spying on a beautiful female ruler, Queen Sheba, who Solomon subsequently insists is misguided and must be conquered. At this point, Solomon assigns a Jinn from his assembly the task of stealing Queen Sheba's magnificent throne. There is, however, no scientific evidence that Jinn exist, that birds can be commanded as soldiers, or that birds can engage in elaborate conversations with humans.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|27|16-17}}|<br />
And Solomon was David's heir. He said: "O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed (a little) of all things: this is indeed Grace manifest (from Allah.)And before Solomon were marshalled his hosts― of Jinns and men and birds, and they were all kept in order and ranks.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|20-22}}|<br />
And he took a muster of the Birds; and he said: "Why is it I see not the Hoopoe? Or is he among the absentees? I will certainly punish him with a severe Penalty, or execute him, unless he bring me a clear reason (for absence).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|23}}|<br />
I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.}}<br />
<br />
===Living inside a big fish===<br />
<br />
The Quran presents a version of the Biblical tale in which Jonah is swallowed by a whale ('the big Fish') and then lives in the whale for some time while praying. Scientific research, however, suggests that a person could not persist long inside a whale's digestive tract and, if not crushed by the whale or by water pressure, would almost immediately suffocate. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|142}}|Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah, He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection. But We cast him forth, on the naked shore in a state of sickness}}<br />
<br />
===Buraq, the winged horse===<br />
{{Main|Buraq}}<br />
<br />
While it took one week to travel from Mecca to Jerusalem (the location of the alleged 'farthest Mosque') by camel, the Qur'an states that a magical winged horse, called the Buraq, transported Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem in a matter of minutes. While creatures like the Buraq were common characters in near Easter myths, scientific research has not found any evidence that flying horses exist.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
<br />
===Speaking body parts===<br />
<br />
The Quran states that human organs will, on the Day of Judgement, testify against their own persons. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|24}}|<br />
On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions. }}<br />
<br />
===Sea split in half===<br />
<br />
The Quran present a version of the story where Moses splits the sea and crosses it with the Israelites. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|50}}|<br />
And remember '''We divided the sea for you''' and saved you and drowned Pharaoh's people within your very sight. }}<br />
<br />
===Manipulating the wind===<br />
<br />
The Quran says that Solomon had the power to control the wind and traditional sources elaborate that Solomon could use this wind to fly upon a gigantic wooden carpet to wherever he pleased. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible. Historical research also fails to find any real record of a king traveling the earth upon a m flying carpet.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|38|36}}|<br />
Then We subjected the wind to his power, to flow gently to his order, Whithersoever he willed }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Ibn-Kathir on 21:81 | A flying carpet made from wood, on top of which he could carry everything in his kingdom including chairs, to wherever Solomon wants to go, whilst flocks of birds would fly over to give shade }}<br />
<br />
===Testimony of a dead man===<br />
<br />
The Quran states that Allah instructed a group of people to strike a murdered man with a piece of a heifer (young female cow that has not yet borne a calf) in order to temporarily resurrect him and discover the identity of the murderer. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|73}}|<br />
And We said: Smite him with some of it. Thus Allah bringeth the dead to life and showeth you His portents so that ye may understand. }}<br />
<br />
===Mountains and birds sing psalms===<br />
The Qur'an states that hills and birds would sing the psalms with David. Scientific research does not suggest that hills can sing, and no birds living the proximity of David were or are capable of imitating human sounds.{{Quote|{{Quran|34|10}}|<br />
And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him}}<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
<br />
===Nonmathematical hereditary laws===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|11-12}}|<br />
4.11: Allah (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. For parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased Left brothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases ('s) after the payment of legacies and debts. Ye know not whether your parents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Al-wise. <br />
<br />
4.12: In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or woman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth; but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to any one). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Most Forbearing. }}The shares of inheritance outlined in the Quran do not add up to one, and there is no way to reconcile the shares presented.<ref>http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/i001.html</ref> By contrast, the Quran states that the rules it contains are perfect.<br />
<br />
*Wife: 1/8 = 3/24,<br />
*Daughters: 2/3 = 16/24,<br />
*Father: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
*Mother: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
*'''Total''' = 27/24=1.125<br />
<br />
===Lying forelocks===<br />
The Quran describes liars as possessing 'lying, sinful forelocks'. The forelock, however, is not a part of brain and hosts no neural activity. While some Muslim scholars have argued that this is a prophetic reference to the prefrontal cortex, the verse does not appear to be describing the individual's brain, but rather appears to make metaphorical metonymic use of the word 'forelock' to refer to the 'lying, sinful' person themselves. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|15-16}}|<br />
Let him beware! If he desist not, We will drag him by the forelock. A lying, sinful forelock.}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Islam and Science]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}\<br />
[[Category:Apologetics]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Cosmology]]<br />
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Biology]]<br />
[[Category:Reproductive sciences]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132993User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-10T17:09:31Z<p>Guillotino: /* Kashmir */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
* First of all, the inventor of the spinning wheel is unknown. He or she could have been any person of any religion within the Muslim world. Propaganda generelly ignores this fact.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Kashmir===<br />
[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/who-is-tolerant-ask-kashmiri-pandits-whose-only-eleven-families-survived-after-the-onslaught/ Who is tolerant? Ask Kashmiri Pandits whose only eleven families survived after the onslaught]<br />
<br />
He went to the extent of banning Hindus from putting on even their customary tilak. Hindu religious texts were collected and disposed by either throwing into Dal Lake or burying.<br />
<br />
"Besides Martand, the other temples of note which were either completely demolished or damaged beyond repair included Chakradhara, Tripureshwara, Sureshwara, Awantipur and Paraspor. The material of these temples was used for embankments of the city and for laying the foundation of Jama Masjid."<br />
<br />
==Wahhabism==<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132992User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-10T17:08:10Z<p>Guillotino: /* Kashmir */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
* First of all, the inventor of the spinning wheel is unknown. He or she could have been any person of any religion within the Muslim world. Propaganda generelly ignores this fact.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Kashmir===<br />
[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/who-is-tolerant-ask-kashmiri-pandits-whose-only-eleven-families-survived-after-the-onslaught/ Who is tolerant? Ask Kashmiri Pandits whose only eleven families survived after the onslaught]<br />
<br />
He went to the extent of banning Hindus from putting on even their customary tilak. Hindu religious texts were collected and disposed by either throwing into Dal Lake or burying.<br />
<br />
==Wahhabism==<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132991User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-10T16:58:07Z<p>Guillotino: /* India */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
* First of all, the inventor of the spinning wheel is unknown. He or she could have been any person of any religion within the Muslim world. Propaganda generelly ignores this fact.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Kashmir===<br />
[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/who-is-tolerant-ask-kashmiri-pandits-whose-only-eleven-families-survived-after-the-onslaught/ Who is tolerant? Ask Kashmiri Pandits whose only eleven families survived after the onslaught]<br />
<br />
==Wahhabism==<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132936User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:35:26Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
* First of all, the inventor of the spinning wheel is unknown. He or she could have been any person of any religion within the Muslim world. Propaganda generelly ignores this fact.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132935User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:34:07Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132934User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:33:44Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1<nowiki>]<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132933User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:33:31Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/ 1<nowiki>]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132932User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:33:18Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of looms made by the British [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805193138/https://lancashiremuseumsstories.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/the-power-loom/<nowiki>]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132931User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:32:29Z<p>Guillotino: /* WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
Claims of islamic science are popular and very often. spinning wheel is credited as a "Muslim invention". They even say it "automated" cotton spinning. <br />
<br />
<br />
Now we will analyze how much Muslims contributed to the development of spining wheel and the development of the overall textiles industry.<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org<br />
<references /></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132930User:Guillotino/Dump2021-08-05T19:30:07Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>==[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]==<br />
<br />
[]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==India ==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Asmith&diff=132919User talk:Asmith2021-08-04T18:11:57Z<p>Guillotino: /* Request to create an article */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello. Can you tell me if there is any score guide? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 10:38, 8 August 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thanks ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for making me an editor here Alan. Can I create articles here now?-[[User:Raman|Raman]] ([[User talk:Raman|talk]]) 17:49, 26 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
No problem. Glad to have you on board. You can submit ideas for articles but we will need to see more contributions from you, and then we will grant you that privilege. --[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 22:08, 27 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Possibly incorrect permissions for new users ==<br />
<br />
Hey ASmith. We talked via email a week or two back.<br />
<br />
I'm getting around WikiIslam, and I noticed that the novice users page creation permissions appear to be set up incorrectly.<br />
<br />
Recall [[WikiIslam:Sandbox]],<br />
<br />
<blockquote>You can also create sandboxes under your username such as User:Your username/Sandbox 1 if you expect yourself to be the only editor of the page.</blockquote><br />
<br />
I go to [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]], which I cannot edit. If I go to https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1&action=edit , I get<br />
<br />
<blockquote> You do not have permission to create this page, for the following reason:<br />
<br />
You do not have permission to create new pages.</blockquote><br />
<br />
The same applies for UNcreated (yet) Wiki sandbox pages such as [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Hello]]<br />
<br />
HOWEVER, this isn't the case for,<br />
* [[User_talk:Graves/Sandbox_1]] (user talk sandbox page - NOTICE, not the [[User:Graves/Sandbox_1]] )<br />
* [[User_talk:Asmith/Sandbox_1]] (yours, not mine, user talk sandbox page)<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Muslimské_statistiky]] (someone's written, <b>already created</b>, sandbox page)<br />
* [[User:Asmith]] (yes, I can edit your user-page page)<br />
<br />
I think this is a mis-confuration, so I let you know.<br />
<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 17:31, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks for bringing this up. It needs to be fixed and I updated the public sandbox for now to make it clear that new users should request these pages to be made for them for now (once made, new users can edit these without admin approval). I made three of them for you at your preferred url: https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_1, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_2, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/User:Graves/Sandbox_3<br />
:Let me know if you need anything else. [[User:IbnPinker|IbnPinker]] ([[User talk:IbnPinker|talk]]) 18:59, 2 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request to upload image to WikiIslam ==<br />
<br />
I need to upload an image for an upcoming article. I cannot upload images directly to WikiIslam (no permissions), so I temporarily mirrored it here, https://ibb.co/KrPWJzm<br />
<br />
Can one of the admins upload it to WikiIslam? Thanks<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 09:40, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Done. The file name is Al-Bari-page.png . Do you have a link to the Discord? The Discord would be the best way to discuss such things imo.--[[User:Asmith|Asmith]] ([[User talk:Asmith|talk]]) 17:04, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
Hi ASmith. I'd be interested in joining the Discord server, but I don't have a link. Can you send one to the email address I registered with (to keep it discreet)? Thanks. <br />
<br />
And thanks for uploading the image.<br />
[[User:Graves|Graves]] ([[User talk:Graves|talk]]) 18:13, 27 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request to create an article ==<br />
<br />
Hello. I would like to create an article on Spinning Wheel. Regarding the propaganda claim that Islamic science invented the spinning wheel. I have gathered many source that expose this claim. Can you start a blank article or a sandbox? I am also not able to make a sandbox. [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 18:11, 4 August 2021 (UTC)</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam_talk:Sandbox&diff=132910WikiIslam talk:Sandbox2021-07-29T13:20:05Z<p>Guillotino: Created page with "How to create an article? I dont know what has happened to several articles.. Help! ~~~~"</p>
<hr />
<div>How to create an article? I dont know what has happened to several articles.. Help! [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 13:20, 29 July 2021 (UTC)</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132909User:Guillotino/Dump2021-07-29T13:18:36Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Spinning wheel]]<br />
<br />
==India ==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132908User:Guillotino/Dump2021-07-29T13:17:55Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[WikiIslam/Sandbox:Spinning wheel]]<br />
<br />
==India ==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132907User:Guillotino/Dump2021-07-29T13:17:25Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Draft:Spinning wheel]]<br />
<br />
==India ==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User:Guillotino/Dump&diff=132906User:Guillotino/Dump2021-07-29T13:17:03Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Spinning wheel]]<br />
<br />
==India ==<br />
<br />
===Mahmud of Ghazni===<br />
<br />
"Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." Alberuni's India, p.22.<br />
<br />
===1576===<br />
An interesting incident during the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar sent Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576. There were Rajput soldiers (Hindu) on both sides; those under Rana Pratap were fighting the ones under Raja Man Singh. At one stage in the fierce struggle, Badaoni asked Asaf Khan how he could distinguish between the friendly and the enemy Rajputs. Asaf Khan replied: "Shoot at whomsoever you like, on whichever side they may be killed, it will be a gain to Islam."<br />
<br />
Smith, Akbar the Great Mogul, pp.108-109.<br />
<br />
Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, pp.171-172.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
Saudi is called a Wahhabi state. But is does not call itself Wahhabi. Have we ever heard it say so? The media call terrorists Wahhabis, but the terrorists do not call themselves Wahhabis, just Muslims. <br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore what is the significance of this term today? It's the sycophancy and political correctness of media and doctorate scholars and rookie scholars; they just don't want to call Muslims who commit Islamic crimes as "Muslims".<br />
<br />
This same thing is true for people who the media describe as "Salafis", "Salafists", Islamists, "jihadists", "radical Islamic extremists", "radical Islamist extremists" which is full of redundant terms, or ultimately "violent extremists" to get rid of the I-word completely.<br />
<br />
===Wahhabism===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Contraceptives===<br />
This issue has some contradictions in sharia. <br />
<br />
*there is no blame to use condoms, but with wife's consent and as long as such a use will not make harm. As for using other contraceptives such as tablets, injections and loops, those are not to be used except in case of proven or semi-proven necessity.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090123/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/84240/use-of-condoms-and-oral-contraceptives</ref><br />
<br />
*Darul Uloom issued a fatwa that a condom can be used by a man only if his wife is unwell or too weak to bear a child.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-scholars-question-relevance-of-fatwas/687218</ref><br />
<br />
===Score Guide===<br />
<br />
Hi Guillotino, I am Alan Smith head editor here at WikiIslam. We here at Ex-Muslims of North America are currently doing a complete overhaul of all of the articles here on WikiIslam and part of that is the scoring rubric you've seen. We do have a guide however it is currently only for internal consumption as it is subject to constant change. If you have any thoughts, comments, suggestions or insights though I would love to hear them, please feel free to reach out to me at asmith@exmuslims.org</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122854Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:53:05Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' (1292–1350 CE) is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam. He was the best known student of the famous Ibn Taymiyah.<br />
<br />
He made the following judgement about women: If a non-Muslim woman married to non-Muslim converts to Islam, the marriage is suspended until her husband also converts to Islam. However the woman has the option to wait for her husband to convert, or to end her marriage and marry another man after her waiting period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ibn al-Qayyim<br />
|volume=2<br />
|pages=645-650}}</ref> This divisive law is based on Quran {Surah 60:10}.<br />
<br />
He was also very harsh on Christians. He wrote:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>“The Christians are misguided cross worshippers. They are those who swear at Allah (swt) the Creator in a way no other human has sworn at Allah (swt).<br />
<br />
They are like those before who did not believe that Allah is unique as stated in Surah Ikhlas, nor do they make him greater than everything; rather they say, “the heaven and earth will crack and the mountains will fall down.”<br />
<br />
The base of their Aqeedah and their biggest curse against Allah (swt) is the Trinity. According to the Christians Mariam (as) is the lover of Allah (swt) and Isa (as) is His son. They claim the Almighty Allah came down from His great chair and melted in the womb of Mariam (as), until He was killed and buried at the hands of man.<br />
<br />
Its Deen is the worship of the cross; its supplication is for the images that are drawn on the wall, in red and yellow colours. They say in their prayer “O mother of God provide for us, forgive us and have mercy on us.”<br />
<br />
Their Deen is to drink alcohol, eat pork, desert circumcision, worship with impurity and eat everything, even if it is filthy, whether that be the elephant or the mosquito. What is lawful and unlawful is what their priests say; the priests can take them to heaven and forgive their sins."<ref>https://duaat.wordpress.com/2010/06/18/ibn-qayyims-description-of-the-jews-and-christians/</ref></blockquote></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122853Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:50:35Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' (1292–1350 CE) is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam. He was the best known student of the famous Ibn Taymiyah.<br />
<br />
He made the following judgement about women: If a non-Muslim woman married to non-Muslim converts to Islam, the marriage is suspended until her husband also converts to Islam. However the woman has the option to wait for her husband to convert, or to end her marriage and marry another man after her waiting period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ibn al-Qayyim<br />
|volume=2<br />
|pages=645-650}}</ref> This divisive law is based on Quran {Surah 60:10}.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122852Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:39:32Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' (1292–1350 CE) is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam.<br />
<br />
He made the following judgement about women: If a non-Muslim woman married to non-Muslim converts to Islam, the marriage is suspended until her husband also converts to Islam. However the woman has the option to wait for her husband to convert, or to end her marriage and marry another man after her waiting period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ibn al-Qayyim<br />
|volume=2<br />
|pages=645-650}}</ref> This divisive law is based on Quran {Surah 60:10}.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122851Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:36:22Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' (1292–1350 CE) is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam.<br />
<br />
He made the following judgement about women: If a non-Muslim woman married to non-Muslim converts to Islam, the marriage is suspended until her husband also converts to Islam. However the woman has the option to wait for her husband to convert, or to end her marriage and marry another man after her waiting period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ibn al-Qayyim<br />
|volume=2<br />
|pages=645-650}}</ref></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122850Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:30:11Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' (1292–1350 CE) is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayyim&diff=122849Ibn Qayyim2020-08-09T10:29:36Z<p>Guillotino: Created page with "'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya''' or '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' is regarded as one of the most important thinkers Hanbali school of Sunni Islam.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Early_Conversions_to_Islam&diff=122814Early Conversions to Islam2020-08-08T10:59:20Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=2|References=3}}<br />
'''Historical:<br />
<br />
In the 9th century, Samaritans of [[Palestine]] faced persecution and forced conversion at the hands of a rebel leader ibn Firāsa, against whom they were defended by Abbasid caliphate troops.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA822|publisher=CUP Archive|page=822|year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an invasion of the Kashmir valley in 1015, Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the valley, took many prisoners and carried out conversions to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|authorlink=|year=1951|page=12}}</ref> In his later campaigns, in Mathura, Baran and Kanauj, again, many conversions took place. Those soldiers who surrendered to him were converted to Islam. In Baran (Bulandshahr) alone 10,000 persons were converted to Islam including the king. Al Qazwini writes that "when Mahmud went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans."<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=29|author=Catherine B. Asher|publisher=South Asia Publicaitons}}</ref> Tarikh-i-Yamini, Rausat-us-Safa and Tarikh-i-Ferishtah speak of construction of mosques and schools and appointment of preachers and teachers by Mahmud and his successor Masud. Wherever Mahmud went, he insisted on the people to convert to Islam. <ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref> The raids by Muhammad Ghori and his generals brought in thousands of slaves in the late 12th century, most of whom were compelled to convert as one of the preconditions of their freedom.<ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref><ref>Habibullah, ''The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India'', (Allahabad, 1961), pp.69 and 334</ref><ref>Hasan Nizami, ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', II, p.216</ref><ref>Titus, Murray. ''Islam in India and Pakistan'', ([[Calcutta]], 1959), p.31</ref> Qutb ud-Din Aibak is said to have demolished almost 1,000 temples and built mosques on their foundations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|page=72|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Sikandar Butshikan (reigned 1394-1417) demolished Hindu temples and forcefully converted Hindus in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1997|page=70}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, decreed Twelver Shia Islam to be the official religion of state and ordered executions of a number of Sunni intellectuals who refused to accept Shiism.<ref>{{Cite book|authors=Savory, R.M., Gandjeï, T.| year=2012 | title=Ismāʿīl I|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|volume=4|page=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author=H.R. Roemer| entry=The Safavid Period |title=The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv |year=1986 |editors=William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|page=218}}</ref> Non-Muslims faced frequent persecutions and at times forced conversions under the rule of his successors.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}}. p.52</ref> After the capture of the Hormuz Island, [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] required local Christians to convert to Islam, [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] granted his ministers authority to force Jews to become Muslims, and Sultan Husayn decreed forcible conversion of Zoroastrians.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | authorlink=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | pages=385–386}}</ref> In 1839, during the [[Qajar]] era the Jewish community in the city of Mashhad was attacked by a mob and subsequently forced to convert to Islam.<ref name="JadidAlIslam">{{cite web|first=Jaleh |last=Pirnazar |url=http://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community |title=The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad |work=Foundation for Iranian Studies |location=Bethesda, MD, USA |publisher=Foundation for Iranian Studies |accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Bagrat V was an Eastern Orthodox Christian. Timur invaded Georgia and defeated and captured him. Bagrat agreed to convert to Muslim.<ref>'': At the Crossroads of Empires : 14th - 15th Century Eastern Anatolia''. {{cite book | author=Andrew Peacock | title=Between Georgia and the Islamic World : The Atabegs of Samc'xe and the Turks | location=Istanbul | page=55}}</ref> Only after this, he was released. [[Timur]] plundered state of Jammu in 1399. He forced the Hindu ruler of Jammu to become a Muslim.<ref>Bawa Satinder Singh. The Jammu Fox. A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792-1857. Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Life and Times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1830-1885). Jay Kay Book House, Jammu-Tawi, 1985.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Maharaja Ranjitdev and the rise and fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. The Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra, Pathankot, 1971.</ref><br />
<ref>Sorabji Jehangir and F.S. Jehangir Taleyarkhan. Princes and Chiefs of India: A Collection of Biographies, with Portraits of the Indian Princes and Chiefs and Brief Historical Surveys of their Territories. Waterlow and Sons Limited, London, 1903.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. M.L.Kapur (ed.). Maharaja Hari Singh (1895-1961). Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1995.</ref><br />
<ref>Revised List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages of the Jammu and Kashmir State and the Gilgit Agency. The Manager of Publications, Delhi, 1939.</ref><br />
<ref>Karan Singh. Autobiography 1931-1967. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1994.</ref><br />
<ref>Mohinder Singh. Raja Ram Singh, the forgotten prince and his times (1861-1899). Gajral Printers, Sanyaj Gandhi Nagar, Jammu, 1990.</ref><br />
<ref>G.M.D. Sufi. Kashīr, Being a History of KashmirFrom the Earliest Times to Our Own. 2 Vols. Light & Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1974.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Modern:<br />
<br />
In 2017, many members of the Orang Rimba tribe in Indonesia, especially children, were being forced to renounce their folk religion and convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430 |title=Indonesia's Orang Rimba: Forced to renounce their faith |first=Rebecca |last=Henschke |work=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117121109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430|archivedate=17 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Kurdish Christians were being forced to convert to Islam.<ref>https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/104214/kurdish-christians-facing-forced-conversions-in-syrias-afrin-province/#47q2s7QPq4kewUxx.97</ref><br />
<br />
==References==</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Early_Conversions_to_Islam&diff=122813Early Conversions to Islam2020-08-08T10:58:17Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=2|References=3}}<br />
'''Historical:<br />
<br />
In the 9th century, Samaritans of [[Palestine]] faced persecution and forced conversion at the hands of a rebel leader ibn Firāsa, against whom they were defended by Abbasid caliphate troops.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA822|publisher=CUP Archive|page=822|year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an invasion of the Kashmir valley in 1015, Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the valley, took many prisoners and carried out conversions to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|authorlink=|year=1951|page=12}}</ref> In his later campaigns, in Mathura, Baran and Kanauj, again, many conversions took place. Those soldiers who surrendered to him were converted to Islam. In Baran (Bulandshahr) alone 10,000 persons were converted to Islam including the king. Al Qazwini writes that "when Mahmud went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans."<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=29|author=Catherine B. Asher|publisher=South Asia Publicaitons}}</ref> Tarikh-i-Yamini, Rausat-us-Safa and Tarikh-i-Ferishtah speak of construction of mosques and schools and appointment of preachers and teachers by Mahmud and his successor Masud. Wherever Mahmud went, he insisted on the people to convert to Islam. <ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref> The raids by Muhammad Ghori and his generals brought in thousands of slaves in the late 12th century, most of whom were compelled to convert as one of the preconditions of their freedom.<ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref><ref>Habibullah, ''The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India'', (Allahabad, 1961), pp.69 and 334</ref><ref>Hasan Nizami, ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', II, p.216</ref><ref>Titus, Murray. ''Islam in India and Pakistan'', ([[Calcutta]], 1959), p.31</ref> Qutb ud-Din Aibak is said to have demolished almost 1,000 temples and built mosques on their foundations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|page=72|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Sikandar Butshikan (reigned 1394-1417) demolished Hindu temples and forcefully converted Hindus in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1997|page=70}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, decreed Twelver Shia Islam to be the official religion of state and ordered executions of a number of Sunni intellectuals who refused to accept Shiism.<ref>{{Cite book|authors=Savory, R.M., Gandjeï, T.| year=2012 | title=Ismāʿīl I|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|volume=4|page=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author=H.R. Roemer| entry=The Safavid Period |title=The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv |year=1986 |editors=William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|page=218}}</ref> Non-Muslims faced frequent persecutions and at times forced conversions under the rule of his successors.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}}. p.52</ref> After the capture of the Hormuz Island, [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] required local Christians to convert to Islam, [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] granted his ministers authority to force Jews to become Muslims, and Sultan Husayn decreed forcible conversion of Zoroastrians.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | authorlink=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | pages=385–386}}</ref> In 1839, during the [[Qajar]] era the Jewish community in the city of Mashhad was attacked by a mob and subsequently forced to convert to Islam.<ref name="JadidAlIslam">{{cite web|first=Jaleh |last=Pirnazar |url=http://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community |title=The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad |work=Foundation for Iranian Studies |location=Bethesda, MD, USA |publisher=Foundation for Iranian Studies |accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Bagrat V was an Eastern Orthodox Christian. Timur invaded Georgia and defeated and captured him. Bagrat agreed to convert to Muslim.<ref>'': At the Crossroads of Empires : 14th - 15th Century Eastern Anatolia''. {{cite book | author=Andrew Peacock | title=Between Georgia and the Islamic World : The Atabegs of Samc'xe and the Turks | location=Istanbul | page=55}}</ref> Only after this, he was released. [[Timur]] plundered state of Jammu in 1399. He forced the Hindu ruler of Jammu to become a Muslim.<ref>Bawa Satinder Singh. The Jammu Fox. A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792-1857. Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Life and Times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1830-1885). Jay Kay Book House, Jammu-Tawi, 1985.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Maharaja Ranjitdev and the rise and fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. The Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra, Pathankot, 1971.</ref><br />
<ref>Sorabji Jehangir and F.S. Jehangir Taleyarkhan. Princes and Chiefs of India: A Collection of Biographies, with Portraits of the Indian Princes and Chiefs and Brief Historical Surveys of their Territories. Waterlow and Sons Limited, London, 1903.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. M.L.Kapur (ed.). Maharaja Hari Singh (1895-1961). Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1995.</ref><br />
<ref>Revised List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages of the Jammu and Kashmir State and the Gilgit Agency. The Manager of Publications, Delhi, 1939.</ref><br />
<ref>Karan Singh. Autobiography 1931-1967. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1994.</ref><br />
<ref>Mohinder Singh. Raja Ram Singh, the forgotten prince and his times (1861-1899). Gajral Printers, Sanyaj Gandhi Nagar, Jammu, 1990.</ref><br />
<ref>G.M.D. Sufi. Kashīr, Being a History of KashmirFrom the Earliest Times to Our Own. 2 Vols. Light & Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1974.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Modern:<br />
<br />
In 2017, many members of the Orang Rimba tribe in Indonesia, especially children, were being forced to renounce their folk religion and convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430 |title=Indonesia's Orang Rimba: Forced to renounce their faith |first=Rebecca |last=Henschke |work=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117121109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430|archivedate=17 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Kurdish Christians were being forced to convert to Islam.<ref>https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/104214/kurdish-christians-facing-forced-conversions-in-syrias-afrin-province/#47q2s7QPq4kewUxx.97</ref></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Early_Conversions_to_Islam&diff=122812Early Conversions to Islam2020-08-08T10:56:05Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=2|References=3}}<br />
'''Historical:<br />
<br />
In the 9th century, Samaritans of [[Palestine]] faced persecution and forced conversion at the hands of a rebel leader ibn Firāsa, against whom they were defended by Abbasid caliphate troops.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA822|publisher=CUP Archive|page=822|year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an invasion of the Kashmir valley in 1015, Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the valley, took many prisoners and carried out conversions to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|authorlink=|year=1951|page=12}}</ref> In his later campaigns, in Mathura, Baran and Kanauj, again, many conversions took place. Those soldiers who surrendered to him were converted to Islam. In Baran (Bulandshahr) alone 10,000 persons were converted to Islam including the king. Al Qazwini writes that "when Mahmud went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans."<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=29|author=Catherine B. Asher|publisher=South Asia Publicaitons}}</ref> Tarikh-i-Yamini, Rausat-us-Safa and Tarikh-i-Ferishtah speak of construction of mosques and schools and appointment of preachers and teachers by Mahmud and his successor Masud. Wherever Mahmud went, he insisted on the people to convert to Islam. <ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref> The raids by Muhammad Ghori and his generals brought in thousands of slaves in the late 12th century, most of whom were compelled to convert as one of the preconditions of their freedom.<ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref><ref>Habibullah, ''The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India'', (Allahabad, 1961), pp.69 and 334</ref><ref>Hasan Nizami, ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', II, p.216</ref><ref>Titus, Murray. ''Islam in India and Pakistan'', ([[Calcutta]], 1959), p.31</ref> Qutb ud-Din Aibak is said to have demolished almost 1,000 temples and built mosques on their foundations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|page=72|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Sikandar Butshikan (reigned 1394-1417) demolished Hindu temples and forcefully converted Hindus in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1997|page=70}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, decreed Twelver Shia Islam to be the official religion of state and ordered executions of a number of Sunni intellectuals who refused to accept Shiism.<ref>{{Cite book|authors=Savory, R.M., Gandjeï, T.| year=2012 | title=Ismāʿīl I|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|volume=4|page=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author=H.R. Roemer| entry=The Safavid Period |title=The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv |year=1986 |editors=William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|page=218}}</ref> Non-Muslims faced frequent persecutions and at times forced conversions under the rule of his successors.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}}. p.52</ref> After the capture of the Hormuz Island, [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] required local Christians to convert to Islam, [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] granted his ministers authority to force Jews to become Muslims, and Sultan Husayn decreed forcible conversion of Zoroastrians.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | authorlink=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | pages=385–386}}</ref> In 1839, during the [[Qajar]] era the Jewish community in the city of Mashhad was attacked by a mob and subsequently forced to convert to Islam.<ref name="JadidAlIslam">{{cite web|first=Jaleh |last=Pirnazar |url=http://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community |title=The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad |work=Foundation for Iranian Studies |location=Bethesda, MD, USA |publisher=Foundation for Iranian Studies |accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Bagrat V was an Eastern Orthodox Christian. Timur invaded Georgia and defeated and captured him. Bagrat agreed to convert to Muslim.<ref>'': At the Crossroads of Empires : 14th - 15th Century Eastern Anatolia''. {{cite | author=Andrew Peacock | title=Between Georgia and the Islamic World : The Atabegs of Samc'xe and the Turks | location=Istanbul | page=55}}</ref> Only after this, he was released. [[Timur]] plundered state of Jammu in 1399. He forced the Hindu ruler of Jammu to become a Muslim.<ref>Bawa Satinder Singh. The Jammu Fox. A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792-1857. Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Life and Times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1830-1885). Jay Kay Book House, Jammu-Tawi, 1985.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Maharaja Ranjitdev and the rise and fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. The Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra, Pathankot, 1971.</ref><br />
<ref>Sorabji Jehangir and F.S. Jehangir Taleyarkhan. Princes and Chiefs of India: A Collection of Biographies, with Portraits of the Indian Princes and Chiefs and Brief Historical Surveys of their Territories. Waterlow and Sons Limited, London, 1903.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. M.L.Kapur (ed.). Maharaja Hari Singh (1895-1961). Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1995.</ref><br />
<ref>Revised List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages of the Jammu and Kashmir State and the Gilgit Agency. The Manager of Publications, Delhi, 1939.</ref><br />
<ref>Karan Singh. Autobiography 1931-1967. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1994.</ref><br />
<ref>Mohinder Singh. Raja Ram Singh, the forgotten prince and his times (1861-1899). Gajral Printers, Sanyaj Gandhi Nagar, Jammu, 1990.</ref><br />
<ref>G.M.D. Sufi. Kashīr, Being a History of KashmirFrom the Earliest Times to Our Own. 2 Vols. Light & Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1974.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Modern:<br />
<br />
In 2017, many members of the Orang Rimba tribe in Indonesia, especially children, were being forced to renounce their folk religion and convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430 |title=Indonesia's Orang Rimba: Forced to renounce their faith |first=Rebecca |last=Henschke |work=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117121109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430|archivedate=17 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Kurdish Christians were being forced to convert to Islam.<ref>https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/104214/kurdish-christians-facing-forced-conversions-in-syrias-afrin-province/#47q2s7QPq4kewUxx.97</ref></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Early_Conversions_to_Islam&diff=122811Early Conversions to Islam2020-08-08T10:47:21Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=2|Language=2|References=3}}<br />
'''Historical:<br />
<br />
In the 9th century, Samaritans of [[Palestine]] faced persecution and forced conversion at the hands of a rebel leader ibn Firāsa, against whom they were defended by Abbasid caliphate troops.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA822|publisher=CUP Archive|page=822|year=1992}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an invasion of the Kashmir valley in 1015, Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the valley, took many prisoners and carried out conversions to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|authorlink=|year=1951|page=12}}</ref> In his later campaigns, in Mathura, Baran and Kanauj, again, many conversions took place. Those soldiers who surrendered to him were converted to Islam. In Baran (Bulandshahr) alone 10,000 persons were converted to Islam including the king. Al Qazwini writes that "when Mahmud went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans."<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=29|author=Catherine B. Asher|publisher=South Asia Publicaitons}}</ref> Tarikh-i-Yamini, Rausat-us-Safa and Tarikh-i-Ferishtah speak of construction of mosques and schools and appointment of preachers and teachers by Mahmud and his successor Masud. Wherever Mahmud went, he insisted on the people to convert to Islam. <ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref> The raids by Muhammad Ghori and his generals brought in thousands of slaves in the late 12th century, most of whom were compelled to convert as one of the preconditions of their freedom.<ref name=imwat-1>{{cite book| title=Indian Muslims:Who Are They| first=K.S. |last=Lal |chapter=1 |year=2004 |isbn=978-8185990101 |asin=B003DRH2FI}}</ref><ref>Habibullah, ''The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India'', (Allahabad, 1961), pp.69 and 334</ref><ref>Hasan Nizami, ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', II, p.216</ref><ref>Titus, Murray. ''Islam in India and Pakistan'', ([[Calcutta]], 1959), p.31</ref> Qutb ud-Din Aibak is said to have demolished almost 1,000 temples and built mosques on their foundations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|page=72|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Sikandar Butshikan (reigned 1394-1417) demolished Hindu temples and forcefully converted Hindus in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|author=Shiri Ram Bakshi|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1997|page=70}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, decreed Twelver Shia Islam to be the official religion of state and ordered executions of a number of Sunni intellectuals who refused to accept Shiism.<ref>{{Cite book|authors=Savory, R.M., Gandjeï, T.| year=2012 | title=Ismāʿīl I|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|volume=4|page=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author=H.R. Roemer| entry=The Safavid Period |title=The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv |year=1986 |editors=William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|page=218}}</ref> Non-Muslims faced frequent persecutions and at times forced conversions under the rule of his successors.<ref>Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00807-8}}. p.52</ref> After the capture of the Hormuz Island, [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] required local Christians to convert to Islam, [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] granted his ministers authority to force Jews to become Muslims, and Sultan Husayn decreed forcible conversion of Zoroastrians.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | authorlink=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | pages=385–386}}</ref> In 1839, during the [[Qajar]] era the Jewish community in the city of Mashhad was attacked by a mob and subsequently forced to convert to Islam.<ref name="JadidAlIslam">{{cite web|first=Jaleh |last=Pirnazar |url=http://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community |title=The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad |work=Foundation for Iranian Studies |location=Bethesda, MD, USA |publisher=Foundation for Iranian Studies |accessdate=2012-11-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Timur]] plundered state of Jammu in 1399. He forced the Hindu ruler of Jammu to become a Muslim.<ref>Bawa Satinder Singh. The Jammu Fox. A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792-1857. Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Life and Times of Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1830-1885). Jay Kay Book House, Jammu-Tawi, 1985.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. Sukhdev Singh Charak. Maharaja Ranjitdev and the rise and fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. The Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra, Pathankot, 1971.</ref><br />
<ref>Sorabji Jehangir and F.S. Jehangir Taleyarkhan. Princes and Chiefs of India: A Collection of Biographies, with Portraits of the Indian Princes and Chiefs and Brief Historical Surveys of their Territories. Waterlow and Sons Limited, London, 1903.</ref><br />
<ref>Prof. M.L.Kapur (ed.). Maharaja Hari Singh (1895-1961). Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1995.</ref><br />
<ref>Revised List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages of the Jammu and Kashmir State and the Gilgit Agency. The Manager of Publications, Delhi, 1939.</ref><br />
<ref>Karan Singh. Autobiography 1931-1967. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1994.</ref><br />
<ref>Mohinder Singh. Raja Ram Singh, the forgotten prince and his times (1861-1899). Gajral Printers, Sanyaj Gandhi Nagar, Jammu, 1990.</ref><br />
<ref>G.M.D. Sufi. Kashīr, Being a History of KashmirFrom the Earliest Times to Our Own. 2 Vols. Light & Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1974.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Modern:<br />
<br />
In 2017, many members of the Orang Rimba tribe in Indonesia, especially children, were being forced to renounce their folk religion and convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430 |title=Indonesia's Orang Rimba: Forced to renounce their faith |first=Rebecca |last=Henschke |work=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117121109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430|archivedate=17 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Kurdish Christians were being forced to convert to Islam.<ref>https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/104214/kurdish-christians-facing-forced-conversions-in-syrias-afrin-province/#47q2s7QPq4kewUxx.97</ref></div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Asmith&diff=122810User talk:Asmith2020-08-08T10:38:32Z<p>Guillotino: Created page with "Hello. Can you tell me if there is any score guide? ~~~~"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello. Can you tell me if there is any score guide? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 10:38, 8 August 2020 (UTC)</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Sexuality&diff=121338Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Sexuality2020-01-15T22:28:11Z<p>Guillotino: /* Muhammad liked kissing Fatima's throat */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}<br />
== Sexual acts which necessitate Ghusl ==<br />
<br />
The following narration does not exist in the English translations of Sahih Muslim, but a similar (but sanitized version) appears in: {{muslim|3|684}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
و حدثني زهير بن حرب وأبو غسان المسمعي ح و حدثناه محمد بن المثنى وابن بشار قالوا حدثنا معاذ بن هشام قال حدثني أبي عن قتادة ومطر عن الحسن عن أبي رافع عن أبي هريرة <br />
أن نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إذا جلس بين شعبها الأربع ثم جهدها فقد وجب عليه الغسل <br />
وفي حديث مطر وإن لم ينزل قال زهير من بينهم بين أشعبها الأربع حدثنا محمد بن عمرو بن عباد بن جبلة حدثنا محمد بن أبي عدي ح و حدثنا محمد بن المثنى حدثني وهب بن جرير كلاهما عن شعبة عن قتادة بهذا الإسناد مثله غير أن في حديث شعبة ثم اجتهد ولم يقل وإن لم ينزل }} <br />
<br />
Narrated by Zuhair Ibn Harb, narrated by Ghasan Al-Masma’i, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Ibn Bashar, who said that it was narrated by Muath Ibn Hisham, narrated by Abu Qatada, narrated by Mattar, narrated by Al-Hassan, narrated by Abu Rab’i, narrated by Abu Huraira who said:<br />
<br />
"The prophet – peace be upon him – said, ‘If one sits between a woman’s four parts (shu’biha Al-arba’) and then fatigues her, then it necessitates that he wash.’<br />
<br />
In the hadith of Mattar it is added ‘even if he does not ejaculate (yunzil).’ Zuhair narrated among them using the phrase ‘Ashba’iha Al-arba’. It was also narrated by Muhammad Ibn Umar Ibn Ibad Ibn Jablah, narrated Muhammad Ibn Abi Uday, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Wahb Ibn Jarir who both related from Shu’bah who narrated from Qatada who gave this same chain of transmission, except that in the hadith of Shu’bah it has the phrase ‘then he labored’ but did not have the phrase ‘even if he does not ejaculate.’ }}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Commentary ===<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525 - Commentary]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
صحيح مسلم بشرح النووي<br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو غَسَّان الْمِسْمَعِيّ ) <br />
هُوَ بِفَتْحِ الْغَيْن الْمُعْجَمَة وَتَشْدِيد السِّين الْمُهْمَلَة , وَيَجُوز صَرْفه وَتَرْكُ صَرْفه . وَالْمِسْمَعِيّ بِكَسْرِ الْمِيم الْأُولَى وَفَتْح الثَّانِي , وَاسْمه مَالِك بْن عَبْد الْوَاحِد , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَانه مَرَّات , لَكِنِّي أُنَبِّه عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى مِثْله لِطُولِ الْعَهْد بِهِ , كَمَا شَرَطْتهُ فِي الْخُطْبَة . <br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو رَافِع عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة ) <br />
اِسْم أَبِي رَافِع : ( نُفَيْع ) وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَيْضًا . <br />
قَوْله صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( إِذَا قَعَدَ بَيْن شُعَبهَا الْأَرْبَع ثُمَّ جَهَدهَا ) <br />
وَفِي رِوَايَة ( أَشْعُبهَا ) اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِي الْمُرَاد بِالشُّعَبِ الْأَرْبَع , فَقِيلَ : هِيَ الْيَدَانِ وَالرِّجْلَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالْفَخِذَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالشَّفْرَانِ , وَاخْتَارَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض أَنَّ الْمُرَاد شُعَب الْفَرْج الْأَرْبَع , وَالشُّعَب النَّوَاحِي وَاحِدَتهَا شُعْبَة , وَأَمَّا مَنْ قَالَ : ( أَشْعُبِهَا ) , فَهُوَ جَمْع شُعَب . وَمَعْنَى ( جَهَدَهَا ) حَفَرَهَا كَذَا قَالَهُ الْخَطَّابِيُّ وَقَالَ غَيْره : بَلَغَ مَشَقَّتهَا , يُقَال : جَهِدْته وَأَجْهَدْته بَلَغْت مَشَقَّته , قَالَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض رَحِمَهُ اللَّه تَعَالَى : الْأَوْلَى أَنْ يَكُون جَهَدَهَا بِمَعْنَى بَلَغَ جَهْده فِي الْعَمَل فِيهَا , وَالْجَهْد الطَّاقَة , وَهُوَ إِشَارَة إِلَى الْحَرَكَة وَتَمَكُّن صُورَة الْعَمَل , وَهُوَ نَحْو قَوْله مِنْ حَفَرَهَا أَيْ كَدّهَا بِحَرَكَتِهِ . وَإِلَّا فَأَيّ مَشَقَّة بَلَغَ بِهَا فِي ذَلِكَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . وَمَعْنَى الْحَدِيث أَنَّ إِيجَاب الْغُسْل لَا يَتَوَقَّف عَلَى نُزُول الْمَنِيّ بَلْ مَتَى غَابَتْ الْحَشَفَة فِي الْفَرْج وَجَبَ الْغُسْل عَلَى الرَّجُل وَالْمَرْأَة , وَهَذَا لَا خِلَاف فِيهِ الْيَوْم , وَقَدْ كَانَ فِيهِ خِلَاف لِبَعْضِ الصَّحَابَة وَمَنْ بَعْدهمْ , ثُمَّ اِنْعَقَدَ الْإِجْمَاع عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَان هَذَا . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ الْحَشَفَة فِي دُبُر اِمْرَأَة , أَوْ دُبُر رَجُل , أَوْ فَرْج بَهِيمَة , أَوْ دُبُرهَا , وَجَبَ الْغُسْل سَوَاء كَانَ الْمَوْلَج فِيهِ حَيًّا أَوْ مَيِّتًا , صَغِيرًا أَوْ كَبِيرًا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ قَصْد أَمْ عَنْ نِسْيَان , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مُخْتَارًا أَوْ مُكْرَهًا , أَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَهُ وَهُوَ نَائِم , وَسَوَاء اِنْتَشَرَ الذَّكَر أَمْ لَا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مَخْتُونًا أَمْ أَغْلَف , فَيَجِب الْغُسْل فِي كُلّ هَذِهِ الصُّوَر عَلَى الْفَاعِل وَالْمَفْعُول بِهِ إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَ الْفَاعِل أَوْ الْمَفْعُول بِهِ صَبِيًّا أَوْ صَبِيَّة فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُقَال وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مُكَلَّفًا , وَلَكِنْ يُقَال صَارَ جُنُبًا فَإِنْ كَانَ مُمَيِّزًا وَجَبَ عَلَى الْوَلِيّ أَنْ يَأْمُرهُ بِالْغُسْلِ كَمَا يَأْمُرهُ بِالْوُضُوءِ , فَإِنْ صَلَّى مِنْ غَيْر غُسْلٍ لَمْ تَصِحّ صَلَاته , وَإِنْ لَمْ يَغْتَسِل حَتَّى بَلَغَ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْغُسْل , وَإِنْ اِغْتَسَلَ فِي الصِّبَى ثُمَّ بَلَغَ لَمْ يَلْزَمهُ إِعَادَة الْغُسْل . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَالِاعْتِبَار فِي الْجِمَاع بِتَغْيِيبِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْ صَحِيح الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ , فَإِذَا غَيَّبَهَا بِكَمَالِهَا تَعَلَّقَتْ بِهِ جَمِيع الْأَحْكَام , وَلَا يُشْتَرَط تَغْيِيب جَمِيع الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ . وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ بَعْض الْحَشَفَة لَا يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام بِالِاتِّفَاقِ إِلَّا وَجْهًا شَاذًّا ذَكَرَهُ بَعْض أَصْحَابنَا أَنَّ حُكْمه حُكْم جَمِيعهَا , وَهَذَا الْوَجْه غَلَط مُنْكَر مَتْرُوك , وَأَمَّا إِذَا كَانَ الذَّكَر مَقْطُوعًا فَإِنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُ دُون الْحَشَفَة لَمْ يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام , وَإِنْ كَانَ الْبَاقِي قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَحَسْب تَعَلَّقَتْ الْأَحْكَام بِتَغْيِيبِهِ بِكَمَالِهِ , وَإِنْ كَانَ زَائِدًا عَلَى قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَفِيهِ وَجْهَانِ مَشْهُورَانِ لِأَصْحَابِنَا أَصَحّهمَا أَنَّ الْأَحْكَام تَتَعَلَّق بِقَدْرِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْهُ , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَتَعَلَّق شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام إِلَّا بِتَغْيِيبِ جَمِيع الْبَاقِي . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ لَفَّ عَلَى ذَكَرِهِ خِرْقَة وَأَوْلَجَهُ فِي فَرْج اِمْرَأَة فَفِيهِ ثَلَاثَة أَوْجُه لِأَصْحَابِنَا مِنْهَا وَالْمَشْهُور أَنَّهُ يَجِب عَلَيْهِمَا الْغُسْل , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَجِب لِأَنَّهُ أَوْلَجَ فِي خِرْقَة , وَالثَّالِث إِنْ كَانَتْ الْخِرْقَة غَلِيظَة تَمْنَع وُصُول اللَّذَّة وَالرُّطُوبَة لَمْ يَجِب الْغُسْل . وَإِلَّا وَجَبَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَ بَهِيمَة وَجَبَ عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل , وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت ذَكَرًا مَقْطُوعًا فَوَجْهَانِ أَصَحّهمَا يَجِب عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل<br />
}}<br />
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Commentary of Imam Al-Nawawi on the Hadith<br />
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The saying of the prophet – peace be upon him- ‘When he sits between a her fours parts) mostly its home animal (shu’biha Al-arba) and has intercourse with her then fatigues her’<br />
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In another narration the word ‘Ashu’biha’ is used. The scholars have disagreed about the intended meaning of ‘shu’biha Al-arba’ (the fours) for some said that it means the arms and the legs, while others have said that it refers to the legs and thighs, and other said it means the legs and the edge of the pubic area. Al-Qadi Ayad chose the meaning of the four areas surrounding the vagina. The word (Shu’b) means areas, its singular form being (Shu’bah). As for those who say (Ashba’iha) that is the plural of the word (Shu’b).<br />
'''<br />
The word Aj-hada-ha (fatigue her) means to plow her''', which was also stated by Al-Khatabi. Others have said it means to make her reach exhaustion as in the phrase ‘she made him toil and labor till he was exhausted’. Al-Qadi Ayad – may Allah rest his soul- said ‘Primarily, the word (Jahada’ha) means that the man exerted his effort working in a woman, where the word (Juh’d) means energy and refers to motion by describing the type of work. This is similar to his (the prophet) saying ‘he who plowed her’ meaning he who penetrated her by his motion. Otherwise, what other fatigue could a man experience because of her, and Allah knows best.<br />
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The meaning of the hadith is that the necessity to wash is not limited to when semen is ejaculated, rather it is when the penile head (Hash-fa, lit. “the head of the male member,” i.e. head of the penis) penetrates the vagina, then it is necessary for the man and the woman to wash. There is no disagreement on this today, even though there was disagreement on this by some of the early companions and others later. However, an agreement was later reached and this is what we have shown and presented previously.<br />
<br />
Our companions have said that if the penile head has penetrated '''a woman's anus''', or '''a man's anus''', or '''an animal's vagina''' or '''its anus''' then it is necessary to wash '''whether the one being penetrated is alive '''or dead''', '''young or old''', whether it was done intentionally or absentmindedly, whether it was done willfully or forcefully. '''This also applies if the woman places the male member inside her while the man is asleep, whether the penis is erect or not''', whether the penis is circumcised or uncircumcised. All these situations require that the person committing the act and the one the act is committed on must wash themselves, unless the person committing the act or the person the act is committed on is a young male or female. In that case it cannot be said that the person must wash, for they do not have the responsibility, rather it is said that this person is in a state of impurity. If that person can discern (the sexual act) then his guardian can command him to wash just as he commands him to perform the ablution washing for prayers. For if he prays without washing, his prayer has not been performed correctly; likewise if he doesn’t wash after he reaches puberty he must be forced to wash. If he washed as a youth and then reaches puberty, then he does not have to repeat the washing.<br />
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Our companions have said that intercourse occurs when a healthy male’s penile head completely penetrates (an orifice), as has been unanimously agreed. Thus, when the penile head has completely disappeared (inside the orifice), then all the regulations concerning washing apply. It is unanimously agreed that it is not necessary that the entire penile shaft penetrate to apply the regulations of washing. If part of the penile head penetrates, then the regulations of washing are not imposed as is agreed, except by an odd few of our companions who said that even in this case all the regulations of washing apply. However, this opinion is wrong, rejected and abandoned. If the male member was severed and what remained was less than the length of the penile head, then none of the washing regulations apply. If the part remaining was equal in length to the penile head length then that part must completely penetrate for the regulation of washing to apply. If the part remaining was greater in length to the penile head length then there are two famous opinions for our companions. The most correct is that if the portion that penetrates is equal to the length of the penile head, then the regulations for washing apply. The other opinion is that none of the regulations for washing apply until the entire remaining length of the penile shaft completely penetrates and Allah knows best.<br />
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If a man wraps a sheath around his male member and then ejaculates inside a woman’s vagina, then there are three opinions from our companions. The most famous is that the man must wash. The second is that he does not have to wash because he ejaculated inside the sheath. The third is that if the sheath is thick and prevents climax and wetness (in the vagina) then washing is not necessary, otherwise it is necessary and Allah knows best.<br />
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If a woman inserts (in her vagina) '''an animal's penis''' she must wash, and if she inserts '''a detached penis''' (thakaran maktu-an, lit. “a severed male member”) there are two opinions; the most correct is that she must wash. }}<br />
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==Rape==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Rape}}<br />
===Men can rape female slaves and captives===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|6}}| Those who humble themselves in their prayers; Who avoid vain talk; Who are active in deeds of charity; Who abstain from sex, Except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, '''or (the captives) whom their right hands possess,'''- for (in their case) they are free from blame.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}| O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and '''those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee;'''}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, '''except those whom your right hands possess'''. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}<br />
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===Men can rape female captives even if they have husbands===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|2|2150}}| Abu Sa’id Al Khudri said “The Apostle of Allaah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of Apostle of Allaah were reluctant to have relations with the female captives because of their pagan husbands. So, Allaah the exalted sent down the Qur’anic verse “And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hand posses.” This is to say that they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period. [The Quran verse is 4:24]}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, '''the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands''' being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" '''And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess''' (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}<br />
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==Al-'Azl (coitus interruptus)==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Al-'Azl}}<br />
===When having sex with captives, it's better if you don't pull out at the end===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|3|46|718}}|2=Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I saw Abu Said and asked him about '''coitus interruptus'''. Abu Said said, "We went with Allah's Apostle, in the Ghazwa of Barli Al-Mustaliq and we captured some of the 'Arabs as captives, and the long separation from our wives was pressing us hard and '''we wanted to practice coitus interruptus'''. We asked Allah's Apostle (whether it was permissible). He said, "It is better for you not to do so. No soul, (that which Allah has) destined to exist, up to the Day of Resurrection, but will definitely come, into existence."}} <br />
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===It's okay to practice 'azl when having sex with your slave-girl===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Abudawud|11|2166}}|2=Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: A man said: Apostle of Allah, I have a slave-girl and I withdraw the penis from her (while having intercourse), and I dislike that she becomes pregnant. I intend (by intercourse) what the men intend by it. The Jews say that withdrawing the penis (azl) is burying the living girls on a small scale. He (the Prophet) said: The Jews told a lie. If Allah intends to create it, you cannot turn it away.}}<br />
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==Marital Relations==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Women}}<br />
===Men can have sex with their wives as they desire===<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|222}}| They ask thee concerning women's courses. Say: They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified themselves, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|223}}| Your women are a tilth for you (to cultivate) '''so go to your tilth as ye will'''…}}<br />
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===A wife must not withhold from her husband===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|121}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
The Prophet said, "If a man invites his wife to sleep with him and she refuses to come to him, then the angels send their curses on her till morning."}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3366}}|Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: When a woman spends the night away from the bed of her husband, the angels curse her until morning.}}<br />
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{{Quote|''Mishkat Al-Masabih: volume 2, p. 691''|alq b. `Ali reported God's messenger as saying, "When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven."}} <br />
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===What to say during intercourse===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|493}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
<br />
The Prophet said, "If anyone of you, when having sexual relation with his wife, say:'In the name of Allah. O Allah! Protect us from Satan and prevent Satan from approaching our offspring you are going to give us,' and if he begets a child (as a result of that relation) Satan will not harm it."}}<br />
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{{Quote|[[Compendium of Muslim Texts|Sahih Bukhari]] [{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.074i 4:52:74i]|Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
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Allah's Apostle said, "Once Solomon, son of David said, '(By Allah) Tonight I will have sexual intercourse with one hundred (or ninety-nine) women each of whom will give birth to a knight who will fight in Allah's Cause.' On that a (i.e. if Allah wills) but he did not say, Allah willing.' Therefore only one of those women conceived and gave birth to a half-man. By Him in Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, if he had said, "Allah willing', (he would have begotten sons) all of whom would have been knights striving in Allah's Cause."}}<br />
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==Paradise==<br />
{{Main|72 Virgins}}<br />
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===Men can enter if they give Muhammad what is between their legs===<br />
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{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?hnum=6309&doc=0&IMAGE Sahih Bukhari 6309]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
حدثنا محمد بن أبي بكر حدثنا عمر بن علي ح و حدثني خليفة حدثنا عمر بن علي حدثنا أبو حازم عن سهل بن سعد الساعدي <br />
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من توكل لي ما بين رجليه وما بين لحييه توكلت له بالجنة }}<br />
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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Umar ibn Ali narrated and told me Khalifa Umar ibn al-Ali told us told us Abu Hazim from Sahl bin Saad Al-Saadi:<br />
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The Prophet peace be upon him said: Whoever entrusts to me what is '''between his legs''' and what is between his lips will be granted paradise.}}<br />
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===Men are rewarded with undefiled virgins===<br />
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{{Quote|{{cite quran|56|35|end=36|style=ref}}|[For the Companions of the Right Hand] We have created (their Companions) of special creation. And '''made them virgin''' - pure (and undefiled)}}<br />
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===Men will have 72 virgins each===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 4, Ch. 21, No. 2687|"It was mentioned by Daraj Ibn Abi Hatim, that Abu al-Haytham 'Adullah Ibn Wahb narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudhri, who heard the Prophet Muhammad PBUH saying, 'The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and '''seventy-two houri''', over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a."<ref>[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/sp2-gfh_e.html#9 How Many Wives Will The Believers Have In Paradise?] - Questions answered by Islamic scholar Gibril Haddad</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/islamqa/8511|2=2011-11-21}} The six blessings of the martyrs]<BR>Shaykh Waleed al-Firyaan, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 8511|2=It was reported in the hadeeth of al-Miqdaam ibn Ma’di Karb that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: <br />
<br />
“The martyr (shaheed) has seven blessings from Allaah: he is forgiven from the moment his blood is first shed; he will be shown his place in Paradise; he will be spared the trial of the grave; and he will be secure on the Day of the Greatest Terror (the Day of Judgement); there will be placed on his head a crown of dignity, one ruby of which is better than this world and all that is in it; '''he will be married to seventy-two of al-hoor al-‘iyn'''; and he will be permitted to intercede for seventy of his relatives.” <br />
<br />
According to another report, the martyr has six blessings from Allaah. According to other reports (the number is) six, or nine, or ten. <br />
<br />
('''Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, who said it is a hasan hadeeth'''. Also narrated by Ibn Maajah in al-Sunan, by Ahmad, by ‘Abd al-Razzaaq in al-Musannaf, by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer, and by Sa’eed ibn Mansoor in al-Sunan).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fcgi-bin%2Faskimam%2Fask.pl%3Fq%3D7007%26act%3Dview&date=2012-01-09<!-- http://www.islam.tc/cgi-bin/askimam/ask.pl?q=7007&act=view --> The number of Hoors (70 or more) in Jannah for a Shaheed or a Jannathi is fixed by which hadeeth, and in which book]<BR>Mufti Ebrahim Desai, Ask-Imam, Fatwa No. 7007, October 29, 2002|2=The mention of '''70 or more Hoors for the Shaheed is reported by several Sahaaba''' (Radhiallaahu Anhum), of them are: <br />
<br />
1. Sayyiduna Miqdaad ibn Ma?adikarib (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Tirmidhi in his Sunan (Hadith1663). '''Imam Tirmidhi has classified this Hadith as Sahih''' (authentic). <br />
<br />
2. Sayyiduna Ubaadah ibn Thaabit (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Ahmad in his Musnad (Hadith17117), Imaam Bazzaar in hi Musnad and Imaam Tabrani in his al-Majmu?al Kabir. (Majma-uz-zawaaid vol.5 pg.293). Hafiz Munzhiri (ra) has classified the chain of narrators of Musnad Ahmad as Hasan'''Bold text''' (sound). (al-Targheeb vol.2 pg.320). And Haafiz al-Haythami (ra) has mentioned that '''the narrators of Musnad Ahmad and Tabrani are all reliable'''. <br />
<br />
and Allah Ta'ala Knows Best <br />
<br />
Moulana Muhammad ibn Moulana Haroon Abbassommar <br />
FACULTY OF SPECIALTY IN HADITH <br />
<br />
CHECKED AND APPROVED: Mufti Ebrahim Desai}}<br />
<br />
===But the number of virgins in paradise is limitless===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|402}}|Allah’s Apostle (The blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "In Paradise there is a pavilion made of a single hollow pearl sixty miles wide, in each corner of which there are wives who will not see those in the other corners; and the believers will visit and enjoy them."}}<br />
<br />
===The virgins will have firm breasts===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|78|31|end=33|style=ref}} |Verily for the Righteous there will be a fulfilment of (the heart's) desires; Gardens enclosed, and grapevines; And '''voluptuous women''' of equal age;}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-universe.com/tafsir_ibn_kathir/78.56825.html|2=2011-11-21}} The Great Success will be for Those Who have Taqwa]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=[كَواعِبَ]<br />
<br />
<br />
(Kawa`ib) "This means '''round breasts'''. They meant by this that '''the breasts of these girls will be fully rounded and not sagging''', because they will be virgins, equal in age. This means that they will only have one age.'' The explanation of this has already been mentioned in Surat Al-Waqi`ah. Concerning Allah's statement,}}<br />
<br />
===And appetizing vaginas===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, p. 351|"Each time we sleep with a Houri we find her virgin. Besides, '''the penis of the Elected never softens. The erection is eternal'''; the sensation that you feel each time you make love is utterly delicious and out of this world and were you to experience it in this world you would faint. Each chosen one [i.e. Muslim] will marry '''seventy''' [sic] '''houris''', besides the women he married on earth, and all '''will have appetizing vaginas'''."}}<br />
<br />
===Men will be given the sexual strength of 100 persons===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Mishkat al-Masabih, Book 4, Ch. 42, No. 24|The Holy Prophet said: 'The believer will be given such and such '''strength in Paradise for sexual intercourse'''. It was questioned: O prophet of Allah! can he do that? He said: "He will be given the '''strength of one hundred persons'''.}}<br />
<br />
===A man's penis will remain 'ever-erect'===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Sunan Ibn Maja, Zuhd (Book of Abstinence) 39|Abu Umama narrated: "The Messenger of God said, 'Everyone that God admits into paradise will be married to 72 wives; two of them are houris and seventy of his inheritance of the [female] dwellers of hell. All of them will have '''libidinous sex organs''' and he will have an '''ever-erect penis'''.' "}}<br />
<br />
===Detailed appearance of the virgins===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Jami al-Tirmidhi<ref>''Jami al-Tirmidhi''. Vol. II pp.35-40. (Karachi:Muhammad Ali) and ''Mishka Sharif'' (Lahore: Farid) Vol. 3 pp 83-97. Translated by Anwar Shaikh ''Islam: Sex and Violence'', Cardiff: Principality Publishers (1999).</ref>|<br />
A houri is a most beautiful young woman with a transparent body. The marrow of her bones is visible like the interior lines of pearls and rubies. She looks like red wine in a white glass. She is of white color, and free from the routine physical disabilities of an ordinary woman such as menstruation, menopause, urinal and offal discharge, child bearing and the related pollution. A houri is a girl of tender age, having large breasts which are round (pointed), and not inclined to dangle. Houris dwell in palaces of splendid surroundings.}}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad}}<br />
<br />
===Has sex with 11 wives in 1 night===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that '''the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)'''." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}}<br />
<br />
===Was given the sexual power of 40 men===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol. 8, p. 200|Waqidi said: “The prophet of Allah used to say that I was among those who have little strength for intercourse. Then Allah sent me a pot with cooked meat. After I ate from it, I found strength any time I wanted to do the work.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol., p. 139|He [The prophet] once said of himself that he had been given the power of forty men in sex.}}<br />
<br />
For quotes on Muhammad's extramarital pedophilic tendencies, see: [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Aisha==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha}}<br />
===Muhammad has sex with her aged only 9===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3310}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad sucks her tongue===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|13|2380}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) used to '''kiss her and suck her tongue''' when he was fasting.}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad surprises her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|90}}|Narrated Aisha: When the Prophet married me, my mother came to me and made me enter the house (of the Prophet) and '''nothing surprised me but the coming of Allah's Apostle to me in the forenoon'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad fondles her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|298}}| Narrated 'Aisha:<br />
The Prophet and I used to take a bath from a single pot while we were Junub. During the menses, '''he used to order me to put on an Izar (dress worn below the waist) and used to fondle me.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad 'thighs' her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Fatwa on 'thighing'|....As for the prophet, peace and prayer of Allah be upon him, thighing his fiancée Aisha. She was six years of age and he could not have intercourse with her due to her small age. That is why [the prophet] peace and prayer of Allah be upon him '''placed his [male] member between her thighs and massaged it softly,''' as the apostle of Allah had control of his [male] member not like other believers.<ref>(Audio) http://www.sout-al-haqe.com/pal/musical/mofakhaza.ram</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Fatima==<br />
===Muhammad liked kissing Fatima's throat===<br />
{{Quote|Fatima The Gracious, by Abu Mohammed Ordoni. Lulu Press Inc, 22-Sep-2014.|According to Dhakhear al-Uqbi, Aisha said:<br />
<br />
"Once the Messenger of Allah kissed Fatima's throat so I said, Messenger of Allah! You have done something which you have not done before!"<br />
<br />
The Prophet (S) answered: "Aisha, whenever I long for Paradise, I kiss Fatima's throat."}}<br />
<br />
==Homosexuals==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality}}<br />
===Are ignorant and do what is shameful===<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Quran|27|54}}|(We also sent) Lut (as a messenger): behold, He said to his people, "'''Do ye do what is shameful though ye see (its iniquity)? Would ye really approach men in your lusts rather than women? Nay, ye are a people (grossly) ignorant!''' But his people gave no other answer but this: they said, "Drive out the followers of Lut from your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure!" Then We saved him and his household save his wife; We destined her to be of those who stayed behind. And '''We rained down on them a shower (of brimstone): and evil was the shower on those who were admonished (but heeded not)!'''}}<br />
<br />
===They must be stoned to death===<br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Abudawud|38|4448}} | Narated By Abdullah ibn Abbas : If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy, '''he will be stoned to death'''.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pedophilia==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia}}<br />
===Is permitted by the Qur'an===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Bukhari (Chapter 39)|Giving one’s young children in marriage (is permissible) by virtue of the Statement of Allah: ‘And for those who have courses’ (i.e. they are still immature) (Sura 65:4) And the ‘Iddat [waiting period for a woman before lawful sexual intercourse] '''for the girl before puberty is three months''' (in the above Verse).}}<br />
<br />
===Pre-pubescent widows===<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Muwatta|29|33|108|}}|<br />
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."<br />
<br />
'''Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies." '''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
<br />
===Companions of Muhammad masturbated during Jihad===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Qayyim, Bada'i al-Fuwa'id, p. 129|"If a man is torn between continued desire or releasing it, and if this man does not have a wife or he has a slave-girl but he does not marry, then if a man is overwhelmed by desire, and he fears that he will suffer because of this (someone like a prisoner, or a traveller, or a pauper), then it is permissible for him to masturbate, and Ahmad (ibn Hanbal) is explicit on this. Furthermore, '''it is narrated that the Companions of the Prophet (s) used to masturbate while they were on military expeditions or travelling'''".}}<br />
<br />
===Anal sex is forbidden===<br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Abudawud|11|2157}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: <br />
<br />
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: He who has intercourse with his wife through her anus is accursed.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1924|It was narrated from Khuzaimah bin Thabit:<br />
<br />
that the Messenger of Allah said: “Allah is not too shy to tell the truth,” three times. ” Do not have intercourse with women in their buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1923|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah:<br />
<br />
that the Prophet said: “Allah will not look at a man who has intercourse with his wife in her buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Musnad Ahmed Vol. 1, P. 86|The Holy Prophet said, “Anyone who goes to a soothe sayer and believes in him or enters a women in the anus has rejected faith in what was revealed unto Muhammad.”<ref>Referenced by Shaikh Abdullah Faisal in "100 Fabricated Hadiths" Pg. 85, as sahih.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ahmad, 5/213|Khuzaymah Ibn Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah is not too shy to tell you the truth: Do not have sex with your wives in the anus."<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543832 Fatwa: Islamic Ruling on Anal Sex] - IslamOnline, February 22, 2010</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://web.archive.org/web/20020422171727/www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/NHMK_RT/Default.htm Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller|'''SODOMIZING ONE'S WIFE'''<br />
<br />
'''p75.20''' The Prophet (Allah Bless him and give him peace) said,<br />
"He who sodomizes a woman is accursed."}}<br />
<br />
===No prescribed punishment for zoophilia===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|38|4450}} |Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:<br />
<br />
There is no prescribed punishment for one who has sexual intercourse with an animal.}}<br />
<br />
===Masturbating while imagining mother-in-law does not affect marriage===<br />
{{Quote| [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/324526/masturbating-while-imagining-mother-in-law-does-not-affect-marriage islamweb.net Fatwa No: 324526] |This action has no effect on the marriage bond; the wife is not declared unlawful to the husband because of his looking lustfully at his mother-in-law or having sexual fantasies about her. So he should disregard such doubts about his marriage, but he must repent to Allaah and resolve never to do this again in the future, especially given that his mother-in-law is his mahram (unmarriageable to him), and that masturbation itself is prohibited.}}<br />
<br />
==Shia hadith==<br />
===Premarital and extramarital sex lead to enormous punishment===<br />
{{Quote|Kitab Tafsir Surah Najm, p.270; Gunahan-e-Kabira, Vol. 1 p.202 |The fifth Imam has also said, “Whoever commits Fornication with a Muslim, Jew, Christian or Magian woman, whether she is a slave or a free woman; and dies without repenting of his sin, then the Almighty Allah opens Three hundred doors of punishment in his grave. From each door many snakes, scorpions and pythons emerge from the fire and burn and torment him till the Day of Judgement."}}<br />
<br />
===Virgins and sex in paradise===<br />
{{Quote|Ayatullah Dastaghaib Shirazi. ''Heart of the Qur'an: A Commentary to Sura al Yasin.'' Ansariyan Publications (Qum). Ayat no. 53-57.| Copulation in this world, besides carrying uncleanness at the time of gratification, also makes people neglectful. But, an intercourse in paradise makes one mindful and aware... A faithful man will enjoy a hundred virgins in a day in paradise and the astonishing fact is that they would again become virgins immediately thereafter.}}<br />
<br />
==See Also== <br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Women (Primary Sources)|Women (Primary Sources)}} <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:QHS]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Women]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Sexuality&diff=121337Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Sexuality2020-01-15T22:22:07Z<p>Guillotino: /* Fatima */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}<br />
== Sexual acts which necessitate Ghusl ==<br />
<br />
The following narration does not exist in the English translations of Sahih Muslim, but a similar (but sanitized version) appears in: {{muslim|3|684}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
و حدثني زهير بن حرب وأبو غسان المسمعي ح و حدثناه محمد بن المثنى وابن بشار قالوا حدثنا معاذ بن هشام قال حدثني أبي عن قتادة ومطر عن الحسن عن أبي رافع عن أبي هريرة <br />
أن نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إذا جلس بين شعبها الأربع ثم جهدها فقد وجب عليه الغسل <br />
وفي حديث مطر وإن لم ينزل قال زهير من بينهم بين أشعبها الأربع حدثنا محمد بن عمرو بن عباد بن جبلة حدثنا محمد بن أبي عدي ح و حدثنا محمد بن المثنى حدثني وهب بن جرير كلاهما عن شعبة عن قتادة بهذا الإسناد مثله غير أن في حديث شعبة ثم اجتهد ولم يقل وإن لم ينزل }} <br />
<br />
Narrated by Zuhair Ibn Harb, narrated by Ghasan Al-Masma’i, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Ibn Bashar, who said that it was narrated by Muath Ibn Hisham, narrated by Abu Qatada, narrated by Mattar, narrated by Al-Hassan, narrated by Abu Rab’i, narrated by Abu Huraira who said:<br />
<br />
"The prophet – peace be upon him – said, ‘If one sits between a woman’s four parts (shu’biha Al-arba’) and then fatigues her, then it necessitates that he wash.’<br />
<br />
In the hadith of Mattar it is added ‘even if he does not ejaculate (yunzil).’ Zuhair narrated among them using the phrase ‘Ashba’iha Al-arba’. It was also narrated by Muhammad Ibn Umar Ibn Ibad Ibn Jablah, narrated Muhammad Ibn Abi Uday, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Wahb Ibn Jarir who both related from Shu’bah who narrated from Qatada who gave this same chain of transmission, except that in the hadith of Shu’bah it has the phrase ‘then he labored’ but did not have the phrase ‘even if he does not ejaculate.’ }}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Commentary ===<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525 - Commentary]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
صحيح مسلم بشرح النووي<br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو غَسَّان الْمِسْمَعِيّ ) <br />
هُوَ بِفَتْحِ الْغَيْن الْمُعْجَمَة وَتَشْدِيد السِّين الْمُهْمَلَة , وَيَجُوز صَرْفه وَتَرْكُ صَرْفه . وَالْمِسْمَعِيّ بِكَسْرِ الْمِيم الْأُولَى وَفَتْح الثَّانِي , وَاسْمه مَالِك بْن عَبْد الْوَاحِد , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَانه مَرَّات , لَكِنِّي أُنَبِّه عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى مِثْله لِطُولِ الْعَهْد بِهِ , كَمَا شَرَطْتهُ فِي الْخُطْبَة . <br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو رَافِع عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة ) <br />
اِسْم أَبِي رَافِع : ( نُفَيْع ) وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَيْضًا . <br />
قَوْله صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( إِذَا قَعَدَ بَيْن شُعَبهَا الْأَرْبَع ثُمَّ جَهَدهَا ) <br />
وَفِي رِوَايَة ( أَشْعُبهَا ) اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِي الْمُرَاد بِالشُّعَبِ الْأَرْبَع , فَقِيلَ : هِيَ الْيَدَانِ وَالرِّجْلَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالْفَخِذَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالشَّفْرَانِ , وَاخْتَارَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض أَنَّ الْمُرَاد شُعَب الْفَرْج الْأَرْبَع , وَالشُّعَب النَّوَاحِي وَاحِدَتهَا شُعْبَة , وَأَمَّا مَنْ قَالَ : ( أَشْعُبِهَا ) , فَهُوَ جَمْع شُعَب . وَمَعْنَى ( جَهَدَهَا ) حَفَرَهَا كَذَا قَالَهُ الْخَطَّابِيُّ وَقَالَ غَيْره : بَلَغَ مَشَقَّتهَا , يُقَال : جَهِدْته وَأَجْهَدْته بَلَغْت مَشَقَّته , قَالَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض رَحِمَهُ اللَّه تَعَالَى : الْأَوْلَى أَنْ يَكُون جَهَدَهَا بِمَعْنَى بَلَغَ جَهْده فِي الْعَمَل فِيهَا , وَالْجَهْد الطَّاقَة , وَهُوَ إِشَارَة إِلَى الْحَرَكَة وَتَمَكُّن صُورَة الْعَمَل , وَهُوَ نَحْو قَوْله مِنْ حَفَرَهَا أَيْ كَدّهَا بِحَرَكَتِهِ . وَإِلَّا فَأَيّ مَشَقَّة بَلَغَ بِهَا فِي ذَلِكَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . وَمَعْنَى الْحَدِيث أَنَّ إِيجَاب الْغُسْل لَا يَتَوَقَّف عَلَى نُزُول الْمَنِيّ بَلْ مَتَى غَابَتْ الْحَشَفَة فِي الْفَرْج وَجَبَ الْغُسْل عَلَى الرَّجُل وَالْمَرْأَة , وَهَذَا لَا خِلَاف فِيهِ الْيَوْم , وَقَدْ كَانَ فِيهِ خِلَاف لِبَعْضِ الصَّحَابَة وَمَنْ بَعْدهمْ , ثُمَّ اِنْعَقَدَ الْإِجْمَاع عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَان هَذَا . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ الْحَشَفَة فِي دُبُر اِمْرَأَة , أَوْ دُبُر رَجُل , أَوْ فَرْج بَهِيمَة , أَوْ دُبُرهَا , وَجَبَ الْغُسْل سَوَاء كَانَ الْمَوْلَج فِيهِ حَيًّا أَوْ مَيِّتًا , صَغِيرًا أَوْ كَبِيرًا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ قَصْد أَمْ عَنْ نِسْيَان , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مُخْتَارًا أَوْ مُكْرَهًا , أَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَهُ وَهُوَ نَائِم , وَسَوَاء اِنْتَشَرَ الذَّكَر أَمْ لَا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مَخْتُونًا أَمْ أَغْلَف , فَيَجِب الْغُسْل فِي كُلّ هَذِهِ الصُّوَر عَلَى الْفَاعِل وَالْمَفْعُول بِهِ إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَ الْفَاعِل أَوْ الْمَفْعُول بِهِ صَبِيًّا أَوْ صَبِيَّة فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُقَال وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مُكَلَّفًا , وَلَكِنْ يُقَال صَارَ جُنُبًا فَإِنْ كَانَ مُمَيِّزًا وَجَبَ عَلَى الْوَلِيّ أَنْ يَأْمُرهُ بِالْغُسْلِ كَمَا يَأْمُرهُ بِالْوُضُوءِ , فَإِنْ صَلَّى مِنْ غَيْر غُسْلٍ لَمْ تَصِحّ صَلَاته , وَإِنْ لَمْ يَغْتَسِل حَتَّى بَلَغَ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْغُسْل , وَإِنْ اِغْتَسَلَ فِي الصِّبَى ثُمَّ بَلَغَ لَمْ يَلْزَمهُ إِعَادَة الْغُسْل . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَالِاعْتِبَار فِي الْجِمَاع بِتَغْيِيبِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْ صَحِيح الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ , فَإِذَا غَيَّبَهَا بِكَمَالِهَا تَعَلَّقَتْ بِهِ جَمِيع الْأَحْكَام , وَلَا يُشْتَرَط تَغْيِيب جَمِيع الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ . وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ بَعْض الْحَشَفَة لَا يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام بِالِاتِّفَاقِ إِلَّا وَجْهًا شَاذًّا ذَكَرَهُ بَعْض أَصْحَابنَا أَنَّ حُكْمه حُكْم جَمِيعهَا , وَهَذَا الْوَجْه غَلَط مُنْكَر مَتْرُوك , وَأَمَّا إِذَا كَانَ الذَّكَر مَقْطُوعًا فَإِنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُ دُون الْحَشَفَة لَمْ يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام , وَإِنْ كَانَ الْبَاقِي قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَحَسْب تَعَلَّقَتْ الْأَحْكَام بِتَغْيِيبِهِ بِكَمَالِهِ , وَإِنْ كَانَ زَائِدًا عَلَى قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَفِيهِ وَجْهَانِ مَشْهُورَانِ لِأَصْحَابِنَا أَصَحّهمَا أَنَّ الْأَحْكَام تَتَعَلَّق بِقَدْرِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْهُ , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَتَعَلَّق شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام إِلَّا بِتَغْيِيبِ جَمِيع الْبَاقِي . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ لَفَّ عَلَى ذَكَرِهِ خِرْقَة وَأَوْلَجَهُ فِي فَرْج اِمْرَأَة فَفِيهِ ثَلَاثَة أَوْجُه لِأَصْحَابِنَا مِنْهَا وَالْمَشْهُور أَنَّهُ يَجِب عَلَيْهِمَا الْغُسْل , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَجِب لِأَنَّهُ أَوْلَجَ فِي خِرْقَة , وَالثَّالِث إِنْ كَانَتْ الْخِرْقَة غَلِيظَة تَمْنَع وُصُول اللَّذَّة وَالرُّطُوبَة لَمْ يَجِب الْغُسْل . وَإِلَّا وَجَبَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَ بَهِيمَة وَجَبَ عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل , وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت ذَكَرًا مَقْطُوعًا فَوَجْهَانِ أَصَحّهمَا يَجِب عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل<br />
}}<br />
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Commentary of Imam Al-Nawawi on the Hadith<br />
<br />
The saying of the prophet – peace be upon him- ‘When he sits between a her fours parts) mostly its home animal (shu’biha Al-arba) and has intercourse with her then fatigues her’<br />
<br />
In another narration the word ‘Ashu’biha’ is used. The scholars have disagreed about the intended meaning of ‘shu’biha Al-arba’ (the fours) for some said that it means the arms and the legs, while others have said that it refers to the legs and thighs, and other said it means the legs and the edge of the pubic area. Al-Qadi Ayad chose the meaning of the four areas surrounding the vagina. The word (Shu’b) means areas, its singular form being (Shu’bah). As for those who say (Ashba’iha) that is the plural of the word (Shu’b).<br />
'''<br />
The word Aj-hada-ha (fatigue her) means to plow her''', which was also stated by Al-Khatabi. Others have said it means to make her reach exhaustion as in the phrase ‘she made him toil and labor till he was exhausted’. Al-Qadi Ayad – may Allah rest his soul- said ‘Primarily, the word (Jahada’ha) means that the man exerted his effort working in a woman, where the word (Juh’d) means energy and refers to motion by describing the type of work. This is similar to his (the prophet) saying ‘he who plowed her’ meaning he who penetrated her by his motion. Otherwise, what other fatigue could a man experience because of her, and Allah knows best.<br />
<br />
The meaning of the hadith is that the necessity to wash is not limited to when semen is ejaculated, rather it is when the penile head (Hash-fa, lit. “the head of the male member,” i.e. head of the penis) penetrates the vagina, then it is necessary for the man and the woman to wash. There is no disagreement on this today, even though there was disagreement on this by some of the early companions and others later. However, an agreement was later reached and this is what we have shown and presented previously.<br />
<br />
Our companions have said that if the penile head has penetrated '''a woman's anus''', or '''a man's anus''', or '''an animal's vagina''' or '''its anus''' then it is necessary to wash '''whether the one being penetrated is alive '''or dead''', '''young or old''', whether it was done intentionally or absentmindedly, whether it was done willfully or forcefully. '''This also applies if the woman places the male member inside her while the man is asleep, whether the penis is erect or not''', whether the penis is circumcised or uncircumcised. All these situations require that the person committing the act and the one the act is committed on must wash themselves, unless the person committing the act or the person the act is committed on is a young male or female. In that case it cannot be said that the person must wash, for they do not have the responsibility, rather it is said that this person is in a state of impurity. If that person can discern (the sexual act) then his guardian can command him to wash just as he commands him to perform the ablution washing for prayers. For if he prays without washing, his prayer has not been performed correctly; likewise if he doesn’t wash after he reaches puberty he must be forced to wash. If he washed as a youth and then reaches puberty, then he does not have to repeat the washing.<br />
<br />
Our companions have said that intercourse occurs when a healthy male’s penile head completely penetrates (an orifice), as has been unanimously agreed. Thus, when the penile head has completely disappeared (inside the orifice), then all the regulations concerning washing apply. It is unanimously agreed that it is not necessary that the entire penile shaft penetrate to apply the regulations of washing. If part of the penile head penetrates, then the regulations of washing are not imposed as is agreed, except by an odd few of our companions who said that even in this case all the regulations of washing apply. However, this opinion is wrong, rejected and abandoned. If the male member was severed and what remained was less than the length of the penile head, then none of the washing regulations apply. If the part remaining was equal in length to the penile head length then that part must completely penetrate for the regulation of washing to apply. If the part remaining was greater in length to the penile head length then there are two famous opinions for our companions. The most correct is that if the portion that penetrates is equal to the length of the penile head, then the regulations for washing apply. The other opinion is that none of the regulations for washing apply until the entire remaining length of the penile shaft completely penetrates and Allah knows best.<br />
<br />
If a man wraps a sheath around his male member and then ejaculates inside a woman’s vagina, then there are three opinions from our companions. The most famous is that the man must wash. The second is that he does not have to wash because he ejaculated inside the sheath. The third is that if the sheath is thick and prevents climax and wetness (in the vagina) then washing is not necessary, otherwise it is necessary and Allah knows best.<br />
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<br />
If a woman inserts (in her vagina) '''an animal's penis''' she must wash, and if she inserts '''a detached penis''' (thakaran maktu-an, lit. “a severed male member”) there are two opinions; the most correct is that she must wash. }}<br />
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==Rape==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Rape}}<br />
===Men can rape female slaves and captives===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|6}}| Those who humble themselves in their prayers; Who avoid vain talk; Who are active in deeds of charity; Who abstain from sex, Except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, '''or (the captives) whom their right hands possess,'''- for (in their case) they are free from blame.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}| O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and '''those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee;'''}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, '''except those whom your right hands possess'''. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}<br />
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===Men can rape female captives even if they have husbands===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|2|2150}}| Abu Sa’id Al Khudri said “The Apostle of Allaah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of Apostle of Allaah were reluctant to have relations with the female captives because of their pagan husbands. So, Allaah the exalted sent down the Qur’anic verse “And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hand posses.” This is to say that they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period. [The Quran verse is 4:24]}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, '''the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands''' being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" '''And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess''' (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}<br />
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==Al-'Azl (coitus interruptus)==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Al-'Azl}}<br />
===When having sex with captives, it's better if you don't pull out at the end===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|3|46|718}}|2=Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I saw Abu Said and asked him about '''coitus interruptus'''. Abu Said said, "We went with Allah's Apostle, in the Ghazwa of Barli Al-Mustaliq and we captured some of the 'Arabs as captives, and the long separation from our wives was pressing us hard and '''we wanted to practice coitus interruptus'''. We asked Allah's Apostle (whether it was permissible). He said, "It is better for you not to do so. No soul, (that which Allah has) destined to exist, up to the Day of Resurrection, but will definitely come, into existence."}} <br />
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===It's okay to practice 'azl when having sex with your slave-girl===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Abudawud|11|2166}}|2=Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: A man said: Apostle of Allah, I have a slave-girl and I withdraw the penis from her (while having intercourse), and I dislike that she becomes pregnant. I intend (by intercourse) what the men intend by it. The Jews say that withdrawing the penis (azl) is burying the living girls on a small scale. He (the Prophet) said: The Jews told a lie. If Allah intends to create it, you cannot turn it away.}}<br />
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==Marital Relations==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Women}}<br />
===Men can have sex with their wives as they desire===<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|222}}| They ask thee concerning women's courses. Say: They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified themselves, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|223}}| Your women are a tilth for you (to cultivate) '''so go to your tilth as ye will'''…}}<br />
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===A wife must not withhold from her husband===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|121}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
The Prophet said, "If a man invites his wife to sleep with him and she refuses to come to him, then the angels send their curses on her till morning."}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3366}}|Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: When a woman spends the night away from the bed of her husband, the angels curse her until morning.}}<br />
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{{Quote|''Mishkat Al-Masabih: volume 2, p. 691''|alq b. `Ali reported God's messenger as saying, "When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven."}} <br />
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===What to say during intercourse===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|493}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
<br />
The Prophet said, "If anyone of you, when having sexual relation with his wife, say:'In the name of Allah. O Allah! Protect us from Satan and prevent Satan from approaching our offspring you are going to give us,' and if he begets a child (as a result of that relation) Satan will not harm it."}}<br />
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{{Quote|[[Compendium of Muslim Texts|Sahih Bukhari]] [{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.074i 4:52:74i]|Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
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Allah's Apostle said, "Once Solomon, son of David said, '(By Allah) Tonight I will have sexual intercourse with one hundred (or ninety-nine) women each of whom will give birth to a knight who will fight in Allah's Cause.' On that a (i.e. if Allah wills) but he did not say, Allah willing.' Therefore only one of those women conceived and gave birth to a half-man. By Him in Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, if he had said, "Allah willing', (he would have begotten sons) all of whom would have been knights striving in Allah's Cause."}}<br />
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==Paradise==<br />
{{Main|72 Virgins}}<br />
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===Men can enter if they give Muhammad what is between their legs===<br />
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{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?hnum=6309&doc=0&IMAGE Sahih Bukhari 6309]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
حدثنا محمد بن أبي بكر حدثنا عمر بن علي ح و حدثني خليفة حدثنا عمر بن علي حدثنا أبو حازم عن سهل بن سعد الساعدي <br />
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من توكل لي ما بين رجليه وما بين لحييه توكلت له بالجنة }}<br />
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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Umar ibn Ali narrated and told me Khalifa Umar ibn al-Ali told us told us Abu Hazim from Sahl bin Saad Al-Saadi:<br />
<br />
The Prophet peace be upon him said: Whoever entrusts to me what is '''between his legs''' and what is between his lips will be granted paradise.}}<br />
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===Men are rewarded with undefiled virgins===<br />
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{{Quote|{{cite quran|56|35|end=36|style=ref}}|[For the Companions of the Right Hand] We have created (their Companions) of special creation. And '''made them virgin''' - pure (and undefiled)}}<br />
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===Men will have 72 virgins each===<br />
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{{Quote|Al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 4, Ch. 21, No. 2687|"It was mentioned by Daraj Ibn Abi Hatim, that Abu al-Haytham 'Adullah Ibn Wahb narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudhri, who heard the Prophet Muhammad PBUH saying, 'The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and '''seventy-two houri''', over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a."<ref>[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/sp2-gfh_e.html#9 How Many Wives Will The Believers Have In Paradise?] - Questions answered by Islamic scholar Gibril Haddad</ref>}}<br />
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{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/islamqa/8511|2=2011-11-21}} The six blessings of the martyrs]<BR>Shaykh Waleed al-Firyaan, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 8511|2=It was reported in the hadeeth of al-Miqdaam ibn Ma’di Karb that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: <br />
<br />
“The martyr (shaheed) has seven blessings from Allaah: he is forgiven from the moment his blood is first shed; he will be shown his place in Paradise; he will be spared the trial of the grave; and he will be secure on the Day of the Greatest Terror (the Day of Judgement); there will be placed on his head a crown of dignity, one ruby of which is better than this world and all that is in it; '''he will be married to seventy-two of al-hoor al-‘iyn'''; and he will be permitted to intercede for seventy of his relatives.” <br />
<br />
According to another report, the martyr has six blessings from Allaah. According to other reports (the number is) six, or nine, or ten. <br />
<br />
('''Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, who said it is a hasan hadeeth'''. Also narrated by Ibn Maajah in al-Sunan, by Ahmad, by ‘Abd al-Razzaaq in al-Musannaf, by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer, and by Sa’eed ibn Mansoor in al-Sunan).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fcgi-bin%2Faskimam%2Fask.pl%3Fq%3D7007%26act%3Dview&date=2012-01-09<!-- http://www.islam.tc/cgi-bin/askimam/ask.pl?q=7007&act=view --> The number of Hoors (70 or more) in Jannah for a Shaheed or a Jannathi is fixed by which hadeeth, and in which book]<BR>Mufti Ebrahim Desai, Ask-Imam, Fatwa No. 7007, October 29, 2002|2=The mention of '''70 or more Hoors for the Shaheed is reported by several Sahaaba''' (Radhiallaahu Anhum), of them are: <br />
<br />
1. Sayyiduna Miqdaad ibn Ma?adikarib (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Tirmidhi in his Sunan (Hadith1663). '''Imam Tirmidhi has classified this Hadith as Sahih''' (authentic). <br />
<br />
2. Sayyiduna Ubaadah ibn Thaabit (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Ahmad in his Musnad (Hadith17117), Imaam Bazzaar in hi Musnad and Imaam Tabrani in his al-Majmu?al Kabir. (Majma-uz-zawaaid vol.5 pg.293). Hafiz Munzhiri (ra) has classified the chain of narrators of Musnad Ahmad as Hasan'''Bold text''' (sound). (al-Targheeb vol.2 pg.320). And Haafiz al-Haythami (ra) has mentioned that '''the narrators of Musnad Ahmad and Tabrani are all reliable'''. <br />
<br />
and Allah Ta'ala Knows Best <br />
<br />
Moulana Muhammad ibn Moulana Haroon Abbassommar <br />
FACULTY OF SPECIALTY IN HADITH <br />
<br />
CHECKED AND APPROVED: Mufti Ebrahim Desai}}<br />
<br />
===But the number of virgins in paradise is limitless===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|402}}|Allah’s Apostle (The blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "In Paradise there is a pavilion made of a single hollow pearl sixty miles wide, in each corner of which there are wives who will not see those in the other corners; and the believers will visit and enjoy them."}}<br />
<br />
===The virgins will have firm breasts===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|78|31|end=33|style=ref}} |Verily for the Righteous there will be a fulfilment of (the heart's) desires; Gardens enclosed, and grapevines; And '''voluptuous women''' of equal age;}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-universe.com/tafsir_ibn_kathir/78.56825.html|2=2011-11-21}} The Great Success will be for Those Who have Taqwa]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=[كَواعِبَ]<br />
<br />
<br />
(Kawa`ib) "This means '''round breasts'''. They meant by this that '''the breasts of these girls will be fully rounded and not sagging''', because they will be virgins, equal in age. This means that they will only have one age.'' The explanation of this has already been mentioned in Surat Al-Waqi`ah. Concerning Allah's statement,}}<br />
<br />
===And appetizing vaginas===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, p. 351|"Each time we sleep with a Houri we find her virgin. Besides, '''the penis of the Elected never softens. The erection is eternal'''; the sensation that you feel each time you make love is utterly delicious and out of this world and were you to experience it in this world you would faint. Each chosen one [i.e. Muslim] will marry '''seventy''' [sic] '''houris''', besides the women he married on earth, and all '''will have appetizing vaginas'''."}}<br />
<br />
===Men will be given the sexual strength of 100 persons===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Mishkat al-Masabih, Book 4, Ch. 42, No. 24|The Holy Prophet said: 'The believer will be given such and such '''strength in Paradise for sexual intercourse'''. It was questioned: O prophet of Allah! can he do that? He said: "He will be given the '''strength of one hundred persons'''.}}<br />
<br />
===A man's penis will remain 'ever-erect'===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Sunan Ibn Maja, Zuhd (Book of Abstinence) 39|Abu Umama narrated: "The Messenger of God said, 'Everyone that God admits into paradise will be married to 72 wives; two of them are houris and seventy of his inheritance of the [female] dwellers of hell. All of them will have '''libidinous sex organs''' and he will have an '''ever-erect penis'''.' "}}<br />
<br />
===Detailed appearance of the virgins===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Jami al-Tirmidhi<ref>''Jami al-Tirmidhi''. Vol. II pp.35-40. (Karachi:Muhammad Ali) and ''Mishka Sharif'' (Lahore: Farid) Vol. 3 pp 83-97. Translated by Anwar Shaikh ''Islam: Sex and Violence'', Cardiff: Principality Publishers (1999).</ref>|<br />
A houri is a most beautiful young woman with a transparent body. The marrow of her bones is visible like the interior lines of pearls and rubies. She looks like red wine in a white glass. She is of white color, and free from the routine physical disabilities of an ordinary woman such as menstruation, menopause, urinal and offal discharge, child bearing and the related pollution. A houri is a girl of tender age, having large breasts which are round (pointed), and not inclined to dangle. Houris dwell in palaces of splendid surroundings.}}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad}}<br />
<br />
===Has sex with 11 wives in 1 night===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that '''the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)'''." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}}<br />
<br />
===Was given the sexual power of 40 men===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol. 8, p. 200|Waqidi said: “The prophet of Allah used to say that I was among those who have little strength for intercourse. Then Allah sent me a pot with cooked meat. After I ate from it, I found strength any time I wanted to do the work.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol., p. 139|He [The prophet] once said of himself that he had been given the power of forty men in sex.}}<br />
<br />
For quotes on Muhammad's extramarital pedophilic tendencies, see: [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Aisha==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha}}<br />
===Muhammad has sex with her aged only 9===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3310}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad sucks her tongue===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|13|2380}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) used to '''kiss her and suck her tongue''' when he was fasting.}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad surprises her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|90}}|Narrated Aisha: When the Prophet married me, my mother came to me and made me enter the house (of the Prophet) and '''nothing surprised me but the coming of Allah's Apostle to me in the forenoon'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad fondles her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|298}}| Narrated 'Aisha:<br />
The Prophet and I used to take a bath from a single pot while we were Junub. During the menses, '''he used to order me to put on an Izar (dress worn below the waist) and used to fondle me.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad 'thighs' her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Fatwa on 'thighing'|....As for the prophet, peace and prayer of Allah be upon him, thighing his fiancée Aisha. She was six years of age and he could not have intercourse with her due to her small age. That is why [the prophet] peace and prayer of Allah be upon him '''placed his [male] member between her thighs and massaged it softly,''' as the apostle of Allah had control of his [male] member not like other believers.<ref>(Audio) http://www.sout-al-haqe.com/pal/musical/mofakhaza.ram</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Fatima==<br />
===Muhammad liked kissing Fatima's throat===<br />
{{Quote|Fatima The Gracious, by Abu Mohammed Ordoni|According to Dhakhear al-Uqbi, Aisha said:<br />
<br />
"Once the Messenger of Allah kissed Fatima's throat so I said, Messenger of Allah! You have done something which you have not done before!"<br />
<br />
The Prophet (S) answered: "Aisha, whenever I long for Paradise, I kiss Fatima's throat."}}<br />
<br />
==Homosexuals==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality}}<br />
===Are ignorant and do what is shameful===<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Quran|27|54}}|(We also sent) Lut (as a messenger): behold, He said to his people, "'''Do ye do what is shameful though ye see (its iniquity)? Would ye really approach men in your lusts rather than women? Nay, ye are a people (grossly) ignorant!''' But his people gave no other answer but this: they said, "Drive out the followers of Lut from your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure!" Then We saved him and his household save his wife; We destined her to be of those who stayed behind. And '''We rained down on them a shower (of brimstone): and evil was the shower on those who were admonished (but heeded not)!'''}}<br />
<br />
===They must be stoned to death===<br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Abudawud|38|4448}} | Narated By Abdullah ibn Abbas : If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy, '''he will be stoned to death'''.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pedophilia==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia}}<br />
===Is permitted by the Qur'an===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Bukhari (Chapter 39)|Giving one’s young children in marriage (is permissible) by virtue of the Statement of Allah: ‘And for those who have courses’ (i.e. they are still immature) (Sura 65:4) And the ‘Iddat [waiting period for a woman before lawful sexual intercourse] '''for the girl before puberty is three months''' (in the above Verse).}}<br />
<br />
===Pre-pubescent widows===<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Muwatta|29|33|108|}}|<br />
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."<br />
<br />
'''Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies." '''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
<br />
===Companions of Muhammad masturbated during Jihad===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Qayyim, Bada'i al-Fuwa'id, p. 129|"If a man is torn between continued desire or releasing it, and if this man does not have a wife or he has a slave-girl but he does not marry, then if a man is overwhelmed by desire, and he fears that he will suffer because of this (someone like a prisoner, or a traveller, or a pauper), then it is permissible for him to masturbate, and Ahmad (ibn Hanbal) is explicit on this. Furthermore, '''it is narrated that the Companions of the Prophet (s) used to masturbate while they were on military expeditions or travelling'''".}}<br />
<br />
===Anal sex is forbidden===<br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Abudawud|11|2157}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: <br />
<br />
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: He who has intercourse with his wife through her anus is accursed.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1924|It was narrated from Khuzaimah bin Thabit:<br />
<br />
that the Messenger of Allah said: “Allah is not too shy to tell the truth,” three times. ” Do not have intercourse with women in their buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1923|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah:<br />
<br />
that the Prophet said: “Allah will not look at a man who has intercourse with his wife in her buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Musnad Ahmed Vol. 1, P. 86|The Holy Prophet said, “Anyone who goes to a soothe sayer and believes in him or enters a women in the anus has rejected faith in what was revealed unto Muhammad.”<ref>Referenced by Shaikh Abdullah Faisal in "100 Fabricated Hadiths" Pg. 85, as sahih.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ahmad, 5/213|Khuzaymah Ibn Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah is not too shy to tell you the truth: Do not have sex with your wives in the anus."<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543832 Fatwa: Islamic Ruling on Anal Sex] - IslamOnline, February 22, 2010</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://web.archive.org/web/20020422171727/www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/NHMK_RT/Default.htm Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller|'''SODOMIZING ONE'S WIFE'''<br />
<br />
'''p75.20''' The Prophet (Allah Bless him and give him peace) said,<br />
"He who sodomizes a woman is accursed."}}<br />
<br />
===No prescribed punishment for zoophilia===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|38|4450}} |Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:<br />
<br />
There is no prescribed punishment for one who has sexual intercourse with an animal.}}<br />
<br />
===Masturbating while imagining mother-in-law does not affect marriage===<br />
{{Quote| [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/324526/masturbating-while-imagining-mother-in-law-does-not-affect-marriage islamweb.net Fatwa No: 324526] |This action has no effect on the marriage bond; the wife is not declared unlawful to the husband because of his looking lustfully at his mother-in-law or having sexual fantasies about her. So he should disregard such doubts about his marriage, but he must repent to Allaah and resolve never to do this again in the future, especially given that his mother-in-law is his mahram (unmarriageable to him), and that masturbation itself is prohibited.}}<br />
<br />
==Shia hadith==<br />
===Premarital and extramarital sex lead to enormous punishment===<br />
{{Quote|Kitab Tafsir Surah Najm, p.270; Gunahan-e-Kabira, Vol. 1 p.202 |The fifth Imam has also said, “Whoever commits Fornication with a Muslim, Jew, Christian or Magian woman, whether she is a slave or a free woman; and dies without repenting of his sin, then the Almighty Allah opens Three hundred doors of punishment in his grave. From each door many snakes, scorpions and pythons emerge from the fire and burn and torment him till the Day of Judgement."}}<br />
<br />
===Virgins and sex in paradise===<br />
{{Quote|Ayatullah Dastaghaib Shirazi. ''Heart of the Qur'an: A Commentary to Sura al Yasin.'' Ansariyan Publications (Qum). Ayat no. 53-57.| Copulation in this world, besides carrying uncleanness at the time of gratification, also makes people neglectful. But, an intercourse in paradise makes one mindful and aware... A faithful man will enjoy a hundred virgins in a day in paradise and the astonishing fact is that they would again become virgins immediately thereafter.}}<br />
<br />
==See Also== <br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Women (Primary Sources)|Women (Primary Sources)}} <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:QHS]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Women]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Sexuality&diff=121336Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Sexuality2020-01-15T22:19:44Z<p>Guillotino: /* Aisha */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}<br />
== Sexual acts which necessitate Ghusl ==<br />
<br />
The following narration does not exist in the English translations of Sahih Muslim, but a similar (but sanitized version) appears in: {{muslim|3|684}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
و حدثني زهير بن حرب وأبو غسان المسمعي ح و حدثناه محمد بن المثنى وابن بشار قالوا حدثنا معاذ بن هشام قال حدثني أبي عن قتادة ومطر عن الحسن عن أبي رافع عن أبي هريرة <br />
أن نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إذا جلس بين شعبها الأربع ثم جهدها فقد وجب عليه الغسل <br />
وفي حديث مطر وإن لم ينزل قال زهير من بينهم بين أشعبها الأربع حدثنا محمد بن عمرو بن عباد بن جبلة حدثنا محمد بن أبي عدي ح و حدثنا محمد بن المثنى حدثني وهب بن جرير كلاهما عن شعبة عن قتادة بهذا الإسناد مثله غير أن في حديث شعبة ثم اجتهد ولم يقل وإن لم ينزل }} <br />
<br />
Narrated by Zuhair Ibn Harb, narrated by Ghasan Al-Masma’i, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Ibn Bashar, who said that it was narrated by Muath Ibn Hisham, narrated by Abu Qatada, narrated by Mattar, narrated by Al-Hassan, narrated by Abu Rab’i, narrated by Abu Huraira who said:<br />
<br />
"The prophet – peace be upon him – said, ‘If one sits between a woman’s four parts (shu’biha Al-arba’) and then fatigues her, then it necessitates that he wash.’<br />
<br />
In the hadith of Mattar it is added ‘even if he does not ejaculate (yunzil).’ Zuhair narrated among them using the phrase ‘Ashba’iha Al-arba’. It was also narrated by Muhammad Ibn Umar Ibn Ibad Ibn Jablah, narrated Muhammad Ibn Abi Uday, narrated by Muhammad Ibn Al-Mathny, narrated by Wahb Ibn Jarir who both related from Shu’bah who narrated from Qatada who gave this same chain of transmission, except that in the hadith of Shu’bah it has the phrase ‘then he labored’ but did not have the phrase ‘even if he does not ejaculate.’ }}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Commentary ===<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?Doc=1&Rec=765 Sahih Muslim - Book of Menstruation - hadith #525 - Commentary]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
صحيح مسلم بشرح النووي<br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو غَسَّان الْمِسْمَعِيّ ) <br />
هُوَ بِفَتْحِ الْغَيْن الْمُعْجَمَة وَتَشْدِيد السِّين الْمُهْمَلَة , وَيَجُوز صَرْفه وَتَرْكُ صَرْفه . وَالْمِسْمَعِيّ بِكَسْرِ الْمِيم الْأُولَى وَفَتْح الثَّانِي , وَاسْمه مَالِك بْن عَبْد الْوَاحِد , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَانه مَرَّات , لَكِنِّي أُنَبِّه عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى مِثْله لِطُولِ الْعَهْد بِهِ , كَمَا شَرَطْتهُ فِي الْخُطْبَة . <br />
<br />
قَوْله : ( أَبُو رَافِع عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة ) <br />
اِسْم أَبِي رَافِع : ( نُفَيْع ) وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَيْضًا . <br />
قَوْله صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( إِذَا قَعَدَ بَيْن شُعَبهَا الْأَرْبَع ثُمَّ جَهَدهَا ) <br />
وَفِي رِوَايَة ( أَشْعُبهَا ) اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِي الْمُرَاد بِالشُّعَبِ الْأَرْبَع , فَقِيلَ : هِيَ الْيَدَانِ وَالرِّجْلَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالْفَخِذَانِ , وَقِيلَ : الرِّجْلَانِ وَالشَّفْرَانِ , وَاخْتَارَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض أَنَّ الْمُرَاد شُعَب الْفَرْج الْأَرْبَع , وَالشُّعَب النَّوَاحِي وَاحِدَتهَا شُعْبَة , وَأَمَّا مَنْ قَالَ : ( أَشْعُبِهَا ) , فَهُوَ جَمْع شُعَب . وَمَعْنَى ( جَهَدَهَا ) حَفَرَهَا كَذَا قَالَهُ الْخَطَّابِيُّ وَقَالَ غَيْره : بَلَغَ مَشَقَّتهَا , يُقَال : جَهِدْته وَأَجْهَدْته بَلَغْت مَشَقَّته , قَالَ الْقَاضِي عِيَاض رَحِمَهُ اللَّه تَعَالَى : الْأَوْلَى أَنْ يَكُون جَهَدَهَا بِمَعْنَى بَلَغَ جَهْده فِي الْعَمَل فِيهَا , وَالْجَهْد الطَّاقَة , وَهُوَ إِشَارَة إِلَى الْحَرَكَة وَتَمَكُّن صُورَة الْعَمَل , وَهُوَ نَحْو قَوْله مِنْ حَفَرَهَا أَيْ كَدّهَا بِحَرَكَتِهِ . وَإِلَّا فَأَيّ مَشَقَّة بَلَغَ بِهَا فِي ذَلِكَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . وَمَعْنَى الْحَدِيث أَنَّ إِيجَاب الْغُسْل لَا يَتَوَقَّف عَلَى نُزُول الْمَنِيّ بَلْ مَتَى غَابَتْ الْحَشَفَة فِي الْفَرْج وَجَبَ الْغُسْل عَلَى الرَّجُل وَالْمَرْأَة , وَهَذَا لَا خِلَاف فِيهِ الْيَوْم , وَقَدْ كَانَ فِيهِ خِلَاف لِبَعْضِ الصَّحَابَة وَمَنْ بَعْدهمْ , ثُمَّ اِنْعَقَدَ الْإِجْمَاع عَلَى مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ , وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ بَيَان هَذَا . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ الْحَشَفَة فِي دُبُر اِمْرَأَة , أَوْ دُبُر رَجُل , أَوْ فَرْج بَهِيمَة , أَوْ دُبُرهَا , وَجَبَ الْغُسْل سَوَاء كَانَ الْمَوْلَج فِيهِ حَيًّا أَوْ مَيِّتًا , صَغِيرًا أَوْ كَبِيرًا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ قَصْد أَمْ عَنْ نِسْيَان , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مُخْتَارًا أَوْ مُكْرَهًا , أَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَهُ وَهُوَ نَائِم , وَسَوَاء اِنْتَشَرَ الذَّكَر أَمْ لَا , وَسَوَاء كَانَ مَخْتُونًا أَمْ أَغْلَف , فَيَجِب الْغُسْل فِي كُلّ هَذِهِ الصُّوَر عَلَى الْفَاعِل وَالْمَفْعُول بِهِ إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَ الْفَاعِل أَوْ الْمَفْعُول بِهِ صَبِيًّا أَوْ صَبِيَّة فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُقَال وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مُكَلَّفًا , وَلَكِنْ يُقَال صَارَ جُنُبًا فَإِنْ كَانَ مُمَيِّزًا وَجَبَ عَلَى الْوَلِيّ أَنْ يَأْمُرهُ بِالْغُسْلِ كَمَا يَأْمُرهُ بِالْوُضُوءِ , فَإِنْ صَلَّى مِنْ غَيْر غُسْلٍ لَمْ تَصِحّ صَلَاته , وَإِنْ لَمْ يَغْتَسِل حَتَّى بَلَغَ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْغُسْل , وَإِنْ اِغْتَسَلَ فِي الصِّبَى ثُمَّ بَلَغَ لَمْ يَلْزَمهُ إِعَادَة الْغُسْل . قَالَ أَصْحَابنَا : وَالِاعْتِبَار فِي الْجِمَاع بِتَغْيِيبِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْ صَحِيح الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ , فَإِذَا غَيَّبَهَا بِكَمَالِهَا تَعَلَّقَتْ بِهِ جَمِيع الْأَحْكَام , وَلَا يُشْتَرَط تَغْيِيب جَمِيع الذَّكَر بِالِاتِّفَاقِ . وَلَوْ غَيَّبَ بَعْض الْحَشَفَة لَا يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام بِالِاتِّفَاقِ إِلَّا وَجْهًا شَاذًّا ذَكَرَهُ بَعْض أَصْحَابنَا أَنَّ حُكْمه حُكْم جَمِيعهَا , وَهَذَا الْوَجْه غَلَط مُنْكَر مَتْرُوك , وَأَمَّا إِذَا كَانَ الذَّكَر مَقْطُوعًا فَإِنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُ دُون الْحَشَفَة لَمْ يَتَعَلَّق بِهِ شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام , وَإِنْ كَانَ الْبَاقِي قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَحَسْب تَعَلَّقَتْ الْأَحْكَام بِتَغْيِيبِهِ بِكَمَالِهِ , وَإِنْ كَانَ زَائِدًا عَلَى قَدْر الْحَشَفَة فَفِيهِ وَجْهَانِ مَشْهُورَانِ لِأَصْحَابِنَا أَصَحّهمَا أَنَّ الْأَحْكَام تَتَعَلَّق بِقَدْرِ الْحَشَفَة مِنْهُ , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَتَعَلَّق شَيْء مِنْ الْأَحْكَام إِلَّا بِتَغْيِيبِ جَمِيع الْبَاقِي . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ لَفَّ عَلَى ذَكَرِهِ خِرْقَة وَأَوْلَجَهُ فِي فَرْج اِمْرَأَة فَفِيهِ ثَلَاثَة أَوْجُه لِأَصْحَابِنَا مِنْهَا وَالْمَشْهُور أَنَّهُ يَجِب عَلَيْهِمَا الْغُسْل , وَالثَّانِي لَا يَجِب لِأَنَّهُ أَوْلَجَ فِي خِرْقَة , وَالثَّالِث إِنْ كَانَتْ الْخِرْقَة غَلِيظَة تَمْنَع وُصُول اللَّذَّة وَالرُّطُوبَة لَمْ يَجِب الْغُسْل . وَإِلَّا وَجَبَ . وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَم . <br />
وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت الْمَرْأَة ذَكَرَ بَهِيمَة وَجَبَ عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل , وَلَوْ اسْتَدْخَلَت ذَكَرًا مَقْطُوعًا فَوَجْهَانِ أَصَحّهمَا يَجِب عَلَيْهَا الْغُسْل<br />
}}<br />
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Commentary of Imam Al-Nawawi on the Hadith<br />
<br />
The saying of the prophet – peace be upon him- ‘When he sits between a her fours parts) mostly its home animal (shu’biha Al-arba) and has intercourse with her then fatigues her’<br />
<br />
In another narration the word ‘Ashu’biha’ is used. The scholars have disagreed about the intended meaning of ‘shu’biha Al-arba’ (the fours) for some said that it means the arms and the legs, while others have said that it refers to the legs and thighs, and other said it means the legs and the edge of the pubic area. Al-Qadi Ayad chose the meaning of the four areas surrounding the vagina. The word (Shu’b) means areas, its singular form being (Shu’bah). As for those who say (Ashba’iha) that is the plural of the word (Shu’b).<br />
'''<br />
The word Aj-hada-ha (fatigue her) means to plow her''', which was also stated by Al-Khatabi. Others have said it means to make her reach exhaustion as in the phrase ‘she made him toil and labor till he was exhausted’. Al-Qadi Ayad – may Allah rest his soul- said ‘Primarily, the word (Jahada’ha) means that the man exerted his effort working in a woman, where the word (Juh’d) means energy and refers to motion by describing the type of work. This is similar to his (the prophet) saying ‘he who plowed her’ meaning he who penetrated her by his motion. Otherwise, what other fatigue could a man experience because of her, and Allah knows best.<br />
<br />
The meaning of the hadith is that the necessity to wash is not limited to when semen is ejaculated, rather it is when the penile head (Hash-fa, lit. “the head of the male member,” i.e. head of the penis) penetrates the vagina, then it is necessary for the man and the woman to wash. There is no disagreement on this today, even though there was disagreement on this by some of the early companions and others later. However, an agreement was later reached and this is what we have shown and presented previously.<br />
<br />
Our companions have said that if the penile head has penetrated '''a woman's anus''', or '''a man's anus''', or '''an animal's vagina''' or '''its anus''' then it is necessary to wash '''whether the one being penetrated is alive '''or dead''', '''young or old''', whether it was done intentionally or absentmindedly, whether it was done willfully or forcefully. '''This also applies if the woman places the male member inside her while the man is asleep, whether the penis is erect or not''', whether the penis is circumcised or uncircumcised. All these situations require that the person committing the act and the one the act is committed on must wash themselves, unless the person committing the act or the person the act is committed on is a young male or female. In that case it cannot be said that the person must wash, for they do not have the responsibility, rather it is said that this person is in a state of impurity. If that person can discern (the sexual act) then his guardian can command him to wash just as he commands him to perform the ablution washing for prayers. For if he prays without washing, his prayer has not been performed correctly; likewise if he doesn’t wash after he reaches puberty he must be forced to wash. If he washed as a youth and then reaches puberty, then he does not have to repeat the washing.<br />
<br />
Our companions have said that intercourse occurs when a healthy male’s penile head completely penetrates (an orifice), as has been unanimously agreed. Thus, when the penile head has completely disappeared (inside the orifice), then all the regulations concerning washing apply. It is unanimously agreed that it is not necessary that the entire penile shaft penetrate to apply the regulations of washing. If part of the penile head penetrates, then the regulations of washing are not imposed as is agreed, except by an odd few of our companions who said that even in this case all the regulations of washing apply. However, this opinion is wrong, rejected and abandoned. If the male member was severed and what remained was less than the length of the penile head, then none of the washing regulations apply. If the part remaining was equal in length to the penile head length then that part must completely penetrate for the regulation of washing to apply. If the part remaining was greater in length to the penile head length then there are two famous opinions for our companions. The most correct is that if the portion that penetrates is equal to the length of the penile head, then the regulations for washing apply. The other opinion is that none of the regulations for washing apply until the entire remaining length of the penile shaft completely penetrates and Allah knows best.<br />
<br />
If a man wraps a sheath around his male member and then ejaculates inside a woman’s vagina, then there are three opinions from our companions. The most famous is that the man must wash. The second is that he does not have to wash because he ejaculated inside the sheath. The third is that if the sheath is thick and prevents climax and wetness (in the vagina) then washing is not necessary, otherwise it is necessary and Allah knows best.<br />
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<br />
If a woman inserts (in her vagina) '''an animal's penis''' she must wash, and if she inserts '''a detached penis''' (thakaran maktu-an, lit. “a severed male member”) there are two opinions; the most correct is that she must wash. }}<br />
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==Rape==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Rape}}<br />
===Men can rape female slaves and captives===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|6}}| Those who humble themselves in their prayers; Who avoid vain talk; Who are active in deeds of charity; Who abstain from sex, Except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, '''or (the captives) whom their right hands possess,'''- for (in their case) they are free from blame.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}| O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and '''those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee;'''}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, '''except those whom your right hands possess'''. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}<br />
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===Men can rape female captives even if they have husbands===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|2|2150}}| Abu Sa’id Al Khudri said “The Apostle of Allaah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of Apostle of Allaah were reluctant to have relations with the female captives because of their pagan husbands. So, Allaah the exalted sent down the Qur’anic verse “And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hand posses.” This is to say that they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period. [The Quran verse is 4:24]}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, '''the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands''' being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" '''And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess''' (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}<br />
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==Al-'Azl (coitus interruptus)==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Al-'Azl}}<br />
===When having sex with captives, it's better if you don't pull out at the end===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|3|46|718}}|2=Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I saw Abu Said and asked him about '''coitus interruptus'''. Abu Said said, "We went with Allah's Apostle, in the Ghazwa of Barli Al-Mustaliq and we captured some of the 'Arabs as captives, and the long separation from our wives was pressing us hard and '''we wanted to practice coitus interruptus'''. We asked Allah's Apostle (whether it was permissible). He said, "It is better for you not to do so. No soul, (that which Allah has) destined to exist, up to the Day of Resurrection, but will definitely come, into existence."}} <br />
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===It's okay to practice 'azl when having sex with your slave-girl===<br />
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{{Quote|1={{Abudawud|11|2166}}|2=Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: A man said: Apostle of Allah, I have a slave-girl and I withdraw the penis from her (while having intercourse), and I dislike that she becomes pregnant. I intend (by intercourse) what the men intend by it. The Jews say that withdrawing the penis (azl) is burying the living girls on a small scale. He (the Prophet) said: The Jews told a lie. If Allah intends to create it, you cannot turn it away.}}<br />
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==Marital Relations==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Women}}<br />
===Men can have sex with their wives as they desire===<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|222}}| They ask thee concerning women's courses. Say: They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified themselves, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|223}}| Your women are a tilth for you (to cultivate) '''so go to your tilth as ye will'''…}}<br />
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===A wife must not withhold from her husband===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|121}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
The Prophet said, "If a man invites his wife to sleep with him and she refuses to come to him, then the angels send their curses on her till morning."}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3366}}|Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: When a woman spends the night away from the bed of her husband, the angels curse her until morning.}}<br />
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{{Quote|''Mishkat Al-Masabih: volume 2, p. 691''|alq b. `Ali reported God's messenger as saying, "When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven."}} <br />
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===What to say during intercourse===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|493}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
<br />
The Prophet said, "If anyone of you, when having sexual relation with his wife, say:'In the name of Allah. O Allah! Protect us from Satan and prevent Satan from approaching our offspring you are going to give us,' and if he begets a child (as a result of that relation) Satan will not harm it."}}<br />
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{{Quote|[[Compendium of Muslim Texts|Sahih Bukhari]] [{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.074i 4:52:74i]|Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
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Allah's Apostle said, "Once Solomon, son of David said, '(By Allah) Tonight I will have sexual intercourse with one hundred (or ninety-nine) women each of whom will give birth to a knight who will fight in Allah's Cause.' On that a (i.e. if Allah wills) but he did not say, Allah willing.' Therefore only one of those women conceived and gave birth to a half-man. By Him in Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, if he had said, "Allah willing', (he would have begotten sons) all of whom would have been knights striving in Allah's Cause."}}<br />
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==Paradise==<br />
{{Main|72 Virgins}}<br />
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===Men can enter if they give Muhammad what is between their legs===<br />
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{{quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Display/Display.asp?hnum=6309&doc=0&IMAGE Sahih Bukhari 6309]|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
حدثنا محمد بن أبي بكر حدثنا عمر بن علي ح و حدثني خليفة حدثنا عمر بن علي حدثنا أبو حازم عن سهل بن سعد الساعدي <br />
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من توكل لي ما بين رجليه وما بين لحييه توكلت له بالجنة }}<br />
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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Umar ibn Ali narrated and told me Khalifa Umar ibn al-Ali told us told us Abu Hazim from Sahl bin Saad Al-Saadi:<br />
<br />
The Prophet peace be upon him said: Whoever entrusts to me what is '''between his legs''' and what is between his lips will be granted paradise.}}<br />
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===Men are rewarded with undefiled virgins===<br />
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{{Quote|{{cite quran|56|35|end=36|style=ref}}|[For the Companions of the Right Hand] We have created (their Companions) of special creation. And '''made them virgin''' - pure (and undefiled)}}<br />
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===Men will have 72 virgins each===<br />
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{{Quote|Al-Tirmidhi, Vol. 4, Ch. 21, No. 2687|"It was mentioned by Daraj Ibn Abi Hatim, that Abu al-Haytham 'Adullah Ibn Wahb narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudhri, who heard the Prophet Muhammad PBUH saying, 'The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and '''seventy-two houri''', over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a."<ref>[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/sp2-gfh_e.html#9 How Many Wives Will The Believers Have In Paradise?] - Questions answered by Islamic scholar Gibril Haddad</ref>}}<br />
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{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/islamqa/8511|2=2011-11-21}} The six blessings of the martyrs]<BR>Shaykh Waleed al-Firyaan, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 8511|2=It was reported in the hadeeth of al-Miqdaam ibn Ma’di Karb that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: <br />
<br />
“The martyr (shaheed) has seven blessings from Allaah: he is forgiven from the moment his blood is first shed; he will be shown his place in Paradise; he will be spared the trial of the grave; and he will be secure on the Day of the Greatest Terror (the Day of Judgement); there will be placed on his head a crown of dignity, one ruby of which is better than this world and all that is in it; '''he will be married to seventy-two of al-hoor al-‘iyn'''; and he will be permitted to intercede for seventy of his relatives.” <br />
<br />
According to another report, the martyr has six blessings from Allaah. According to other reports (the number is) six, or nine, or ten. <br />
<br />
('''Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, who said it is a hasan hadeeth'''. Also narrated by Ibn Maajah in al-Sunan, by Ahmad, by ‘Abd al-Razzaaq in al-Musannaf, by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer, and by Sa’eed ibn Mansoor in al-Sunan).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fcgi-bin%2Faskimam%2Fask.pl%3Fq%3D7007%26act%3Dview&date=2012-01-09<!-- http://www.islam.tc/cgi-bin/askimam/ask.pl?q=7007&act=view --> The number of Hoors (70 or more) in Jannah for a Shaheed or a Jannathi is fixed by which hadeeth, and in which book]<BR>Mufti Ebrahim Desai, Ask-Imam, Fatwa No. 7007, October 29, 2002|2=The mention of '''70 or more Hoors for the Shaheed is reported by several Sahaaba''' (Radhiallaahu Anhum), of them are: <br />
<br />
1. Sayyiduna Miqdaad ibn Ma?adikarib (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Tirmidhi in his Sunan (Hadith1663). '''Imam Tirmidhi has classified this Hadith as Sahih''' (authentic). <br />
<br />
2. Sayyiduna Ubaadah ibn Thaabit (Radhiallaahu Anhu) recorded by Imaam Ahmad in his Musnad (Hadith17117), Imaam Bazzaar in hi Musnad and Imaam Tabrani in his al-Majmu?al Kabir. (Majma-uz-zawaaid vol.5 pg.293). Hafiz Munzhiri (ra) has classified the chain of narrators of Musnad Ahmad as Hasan'''Bold text''' (sound). (al-Targheeb vol.2 pg.320). And Haafiz al-Haythami (ra) has mentioned that '''the narrators of Musnad Ahmad and Tabrani are all reliable'''. <br />
<br />
and Allah Ta'ala Knows Best <br />
<br />
Moulana Muhammad ibn Moulana Haroon Abbassommar <br />
FACULTY OF SPECIALTY IN HADITH <br />
<br />
CHECKED AND APPROVED: Mufti Ebrahim Desai}}<br />
<br />
===But the number of virgins in paradise is limitless===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|402}}|Allah’s Apostle (The blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "In Paradise there is a pavilion made of a single hollow pearl sixty miles wide, in each corner of which there are wives who will not see those in the other corners; and the believers will visit and enjoy them."}}<br />
<br />
===The virgins will have firm breasts===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|78|31|end=33|style=ref}} |Verily for the Righteous there will be a fulfilment of (the heart's) desires; Gardens enclosed, and grapevines; And '''voluptuous women''' of equal age;}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-universe.com/tafsir_ibn_kathir/78.56825.html|2=2011-11-21}} The Great Success will be for Those Who have Taqwa]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=[كَواعِبَ]<br />
<br />
<br />
(Kawa`ib) "This means '''round breasts'''. They meant by this that '''the breasts of these girls will be fully rounded and not sagging''', because they will be virgins, equal in age. This means that they will only have one age.'' The explanation of this has already been mentioned in Surat Al-Waqi`ah. Concerning Allah's statement,}}<br />
<br />
===And appetizing vaginas===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, p. 351|"Each time we sleep with a Houri we find her virgin. Besides, '''the penis of the Elected never softens. The erection is eternal'''; the sensation that you feel each time you make love is utterly delicious and out of this world and were you to experience it in this world you would faint. Each chosen one [i.e. Muslim] will marry '''seventy''' [sic] '''houris''', besides the women he married on earth, and all '''will have appetizing vaginas'''."}}<br />
<br />
===Men will be given the sexual strength of 100 persons===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Mishkat al-Masabih, Book 4, Ch. 42, No. 24|The Holy Prophet said: 'The believer will be given such and such '''strength in Paradise for sexual intercourse'''. It was questioned: O prophet of Allah! can he do that? He said: "He will be given the '''strength of one hundred persons'''.}}<br />
<br />
===A man's penis will remain 'ever-erect'===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Sunan Ibn Maja, Zuhd (Book of Abstinence) 39|Abu Umama narrated: "The Messenger of God said, 'Everyone that God admits into paradise will be married to 72 wives; two of them are houris and seventy of his inheritance of the [female] dwellers of hell. All of them will have '''libidinous sex organs''' and he will have an '''ever-erect penis'''.' "}}<br />
<br />
===Detailed appearance of the virgins===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Jami al-Tirmidhi<ref>''Jami al-Tirmidhi''. Vol. II pp.35-40. (Karachi:Muhammad Ali) and ''Mishka Sharif'' (Lahore: Farid) Vol. 3 pp 83-97. Translated by Anwar Shaikh ''Islam: Sex and Violence'', Cardiff: Principality Publishers (1999).</ref>|<br />
A houri is a most beautiful young woman with a transparent body. The marrow of her bones is visible like the interior lines of pearls and rubies. She looks like red wine in a white glass. She is of white color, and free from the routine physical disabilities of an ordinary woman such as menstruation, menopause, urinal and offal discharge, child bearing and the related pollution. A houri is a girl of tender age, having large breasts which are round (pointed), and not inclined to dangle. Houris dwell in palaces of splendid surroundings.}}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad}}<br />
<br />
===Has sex with 11 wives in 1 night===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that '''the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)'''." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}}<br />
<br />
===Was given the sexual power of 40 men===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol. 8, p. 200|Waqidi said: “The prophet of Allah used to say that I was among those who have little strength for intercourse. Then Allah sent me a pot with cooked meat. After I ate from it, I found strength any time I wanted to do the work.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Vol., p. 139|He [The prophet] once said of himself that he had been given the power of forty men in sex.}}<br />
<br />
For quotes on Muhammad's extramarital pedophilic tendencies, see: [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Aisha==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha}}<br />
===Muhammad has sex with her aged only 9===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3310}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad sucks her tongue===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|13|2380}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) used to '''kiss her and suck her tongue''' when he was fasting.}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad surprises her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|90}}|Narrated Aisha: When the Prophet married me, my mother came to me and made me enter the house (of the Prophet) and '''nothing surprised me but the coming of Allah's Apostle to me in the forenoon'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad fondles her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|298}}| Narrated 'Aisha:<br />
The Prophet and I used to take a bath from a single pot while we were Junub. During the menses, '''he used to order me to put on an Izar (dress worn below the waist) and used to fondle me.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad 'thighs' her===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Fatwa on 'thighing'|....As for the prophet, peace and prayer of Allah be upon him, thighing his fiancée Aisha. She was six years of age and he could not have intercourse with her due to her small age. That is why [the prophet] peace and prayer of Allah be upon him '''placed his [male] member between her thighs and massaged it softly,''' as the apostle of Allah had control of his [male] member not like other believers.<ref>(Audio) http://www.sout-al-haqe.com/pal/musical/mofakhaza.ram</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Fatima==<br />
{{Quote|Fatima The Gracious, by Abu Mohammed Ordoni|According to Dhakhear al-Uqbi, Aisha said:<br />
<br />
"Once the Messenger of Allah kissed Fatima's throat so I said, Messenger of Allah! You have done something which you have not done before!"<br />
<br />
The Prophet (S) answered: "Aisha, whenever I long for Paradise, I kiss Fatima's throat."}}<br />
<br />
==Homosexuals==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality}}<br />
===Are ignorant and do what is shameful===<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Quran|27|54}}|(We also sent) Lut (as a messenger): behold, He said to his people, "'''Do ye do what is shameful though ye see (its iniquity)? Would ye really approach men in your lusts rather than women? Nay, ye are a people (grossly) ignorant!''' But his people gave no other answer but this: they said, "Drive out the followers of Lut from your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure!" Then We saved him and his household save his wife; We destined her to be of those who stayed behind. And '''We rained down on them a shower (of brimstone): and evil was the shower on those who were admonished (but heeded not)!'''}}<br />
<br />
===They must be stoned to death===<br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Abudawud|38|4448}} | Narated By Abdullah ibn Abbas : If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy, '''he will be stoned to death'''.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pedophilia==<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia}}<br />
===Is permitted by the Qur'an===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Bukhari (Chapter 39)|Giving one’s young children in marriage (is permissible) by virtue of the Statement of Allah: ‘And for those who have courses’ (i.e. they are still immature) (Sura 65:4) And the ‘Iddat [waiting period for a woman before lawful sexual intercourse] '''for the girl before puberty is three months''' (in the above Verse).}}<br />
<br />
===Pre-pubescent widows===<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Muwatta|29|33|108|}}|<br />
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."<br />
<br />
'''Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies." '''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
<br />
===Companions of Muhammad masturbated during Jihad===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Qayyim, Bada'i al-Fuwa'id, p. 129|"If a man is torn between continued desire or releasing it, and if this man does not have a wife or he has a slave-girl but he does not marry, then if a man is overwhelmed by desire, and he fears that he will suffer because of this (someone like a prisoner, or a traveller, or a pauper), then it is permissible for him to masturbate, and Ahmad (ibn Hanbal) is explicit on this. Furthermore, '''it is narrated that the Companions of the Prophet (s) used to masturbate while they were on military expeditions or travelling'''".}}<br />
<br />
===Anal sex is forbidden===<br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Abudawud|11|2157}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: <br />
<br />
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: He who has intercourse with his wife through her anus is accursed.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1924|It was narrated from Khuzaimah bin Thabit:<br />
<br />
that the Messenger of Allah said: “Allah is not too shy to tell the truth,” three times. ” Do not have intercourse with women in their buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1923|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah:<br />
<br />
that the Prophet said: “Allah will not look at a man who has intercourse with his wife in her buttocks.” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Musnad Ahmed Vol. 1, P. 86|The Holy Prophet said, “Anyone who goes to a soothe sayer and believes in him or enters a women in the anus has rejected faith in what was revealed unto Muhammad.”<ref>Referenced by Shaikh Abdullah Faisal in "100 Fabricated Hadiths" Pg. 85, as sahih.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ahmad, 5/213|Khuzaymah Ibn Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah is not too shy to tell you the truth: Do not have sex with your wives in the anus."<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543832 Fatwa: Islamic Ruling on Anal Sex] - IslamOnline, February 22, 2010</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://web.archive.org/web/20020422171727/www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/NHMK_RT/Default.htm Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller|'''SODOMIZING ONE'S WIFE'''<br />
<br />
'''p75.20''' The Prophet (Allah Bless him and give him peace) said,<br />
"He who sodomizes a woman is accursed."}}<br />
<br />
===No prescribed punishment for zoophilia===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|38|4450}} |Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:<br />
<br />
There is no prescribed punishment for one who has sexual intercourse with an animal.}}<br />
<br />
===Masturbating while imagining mother-in-law does not affect marriage===<br />
{{Quote| [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/324526/masturbating-while-imagining-mother-in-law-does-not-affect-marriage islamweb.net Fatwa No: 324526] |This action has no effect on the marriage bond; the wife is not declared unlawful to the husband because of his looking lustfully at his mother-in-law or having sexual fantasies about her. So he should disregard such doubts about his marriage, but he must repent to Allaah and resolve never to do this again in the future, especially given that his mother-in-law is his mahram (unmarriageable to him), and that masturbation itself is prohibited.}}<br />
<br />
==Shia hadith==<br />
===Premarital and extramarital sex lead to enormous punishment===<br />
{{Quote|Kitab Tafsir Surah Najm, p.270; Gunahan-e-Kabira, Vol. 1 p.202 |The fifth Imam has also said, “Whoever commits Fornication with a Muslim, Jew, Christian or Magian woman, whether she is a slave or a free woman; and dies without repenting of his sin, then the Almighty Allah opens Three hundred doors of punishment in his grave. From each door many snakes, scorpions and pythons emerge from the fire and burn and torment him till the Day of Judgement."}}<br />
<br />
===Virgins and sex in paradise===<br />
{{Quote|Ayatullah Dastaghaib Shirazi. ''Heart of the Qur'an: A Commentary to Sura al Yasin.'' Ansariyan Publications (Qum). Ayat no. 53-57.| Copulation in this world, besides carrying uncleanness at the time of gratification, also makes people neglectful. But, an intercourse in paradise makes one mindful and aware... A faithful man will enjoy a hundred virgins in a day in paradise and the astonishing fact is that they would again become virgins immediately thereafter.}}<br />
<br />
==See Also== <br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Women (Primary Sources)|Women (Primary Sources)}} <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:QHS]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Women]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest_Point_on_Earth_Miracle&diff=121335WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest Point on Earth Miracle2020-01-03T17:41:46Z<p>Guillotino: /* Dictionaries */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dead-sea.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
{{underconstruction}}<br />
Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “lowest spot on earth” is correctly identified by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
It is from the eve of sura Ar-Rum (The Romans):<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|2-3}}|<br />
30:2 The Roman Empire has been defeated-<br />
<br />
30:3<br />
<br />
YUSUF ALI: In a '''land close by''' (أَدْنَى); but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious-<br />
<br />
PICKTHAL: In '''the nearer land''', and they, after their defeat will be victorious<br />
<br />
SHAKIR: In a '''near land''', and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,<br />
<br />
<br />
as the word near أَدْنَى can also be translated as "lower" and hence the above could be read: "The Roman Empire was defeated in the lowest land". Then they claim that since the Dead Sea is it the lowest point on Earth Muhammad said something that no one could have known.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The claim of apologists involves many arguments. They start with this lingual argument:<br />
<br />
1- The Quran says that the place of the Roman-Sassanian war is "adna al-ardi" (أدنى الأرض)<br />
<br />
2- "adna al-ardi" can be translated as "the lowest land on earth"<br />
<br />
So the quran described the place of the Roman-Sassanian war as the lowest land on earth.<br />
<br />
Then they use this conclusion as a premise in a historical argument to prove what that place was,<br />
then in a geographical argument to prove that place as truly the lowest spot on earth,<br />
then they come with a historical claim that none could know that at the time of Muhammad with natural methods, then it is supposed to be a miracle for him to know that, so there must be a supernatural intervention.<br />
<br />
==Lingual claim==<br />
<br />
We shall stop here for a moment to examine this lingual argument. It is clearly an invalid argument. Its obvious invalidity in reasoning comes from the second premise, which says that the word adna "can mean" lowest. It does not "necessarily mean", it just "can mean". Yet we have another meaning which is "nearest", so how we "know" for sure which translation was meant by the author? We simply can't, and the argument unfortunately does not help us in doing so, the argument does not prove its conclusion at all.<br />
<br />
It is a fundamental of logic that the argument to be valid, it must necessarily prove its conclusion, yet a presence of a counterexample (a possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion isn't) will always render the argument invalid, an unproven assertion, in our situation, the two premises still can be true while the conclusion is not true, simply if Muhammad only meant "nearest" , as all commentators and translators has understood all over the time, and among them there was prominent experts in the Arabic language . <br />
<br />
So, first of all, Muslims have to prove that the Quran's writer "necessarily" meant "lowest" when he said "adna", since its more obvious meaning is "nearest", and that's because, having another and a more obvious meaning of the word, used by all translators. The lowest point miracle is a counterexample which makes it impossible to prove that the writer "necessarily" meant "lowest"! it is just a possibility, actually an improbable one!<br />
<br />
It's improbable because the writer could say it plainly, in non-equivocal statement, obvious for any one to notice, instead of no one in the whole 14 centuries.<br />
<br />
In this case we can say that it is a re-interpretation after the discovery, dependent upon equivocation, which is easy to do in a rich-semantic language like the Arabic language with any text. In the same way find variable different meanings of the Quranic words that renders the Quranic statements erroneous, would they then accept that the Quran is false? Or would they immediately appeal to counterexamples (other equally valid meanings), or even to metaphors?<br />
<br />
Actually, in many other cases, the obvious meaning of the Quranic words render the verses false, and Muslim apologists then appeal to improbable counterexamples to save situations, if not found, metaphors are always present to save situations.<br />
<br />
Some muslim say "we do accept all the "true" meanings of the quranic words, apply this rule to the whole quran .." yet it is a fallacious rule, it begs the question, it presupposes that the quran is true, hence the true meanings is the only to be accepted, it uses circular reasoning, by using the veracity of the quran to prove the veracity of the quran.<br />
<br />
===Occam's razor===<br />
But shall we be pure agnostics regarding what is the real meaning of the word?<br />
No, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor Occam's razor] which is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving, states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It tells us that our suppositions should not go beyond the need,we should seek simplicity,so if we have two explainations for something ,equal in the explanatory power, the explanation that postulates less unproven assumption is the one we should accept.<br />
<br />
Generally in the discussion about miracles in the Quran, the two explanations differ in the number of suppositions they postulate, apologetic one implies a miraculous case in which there is a supernatural intervention, consequently implies a whole supernatural world ,there is a population in heavens then ,god,angels,gardens,hell also ,resurrection,judgement,satan,winged donkeys are true things, also all the quranic miracles of the prophets occurred, mouses split the sea, jesus created real birds by the mud, a she-camel was born from a rock .. etc .. endless list of supernatural stuff, truly this is the most extraordinary claim in the world, so it requires the most extraordinary evidence in the world, but what we have ? , an invalid argument ! to accept all this exceptional metaphysics, what they provide as exceptional evidence ? an unproven assertion ! how great !! truly it's an exceptional evidence , why we do object ?!<br />
<br />
This clear logical stupidity follows directly from ignoring occam's razor, that the other explanation postulates nothing special, he was just a man of his time, saying what everybody else could say, what could be more simpler , with equal explanatory power since the two meanings of the word _in most of cases_ are equally valid .(for this case im going to show that even if he meant "lowest land" it is not a miracle).<br />
<br />
However there is no room for all of this since the lingual argument is unsound .. <br />
the second premise is false ..<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries===<br />
The word "adna" in the Arabic language has nothing to do with meaning "low in elevation" it can mean "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap", it can mean low distance in between, low value of a thing, or low price, low position of a man,or low morality, but it HAS NO THING TO DO WITH "low elevation of places" meaning, it is similar meaning as obvious, but SEMANTICS IS NOT PROVED BY SUCH SIMILARITY. To prove that Muslims must mention a NATIVE LITERATURE using the word ''adna'' in the meaning of "low elevation of land".<br />
<br />
The meaning "lowest" may be felt in the modern use of the word only, NO OLD DICTIONARY at all states the claimed "low elevation of a land". There is NO OLD USE in that meaning too.<br />
<br />
Here is the links of the major old dictionaries in one link [http://baheth.info/ baheth.info/], these dictionaries are :-<br />
<br />
1- lisan al-arab (i.e the tongue of arabs)<br />
<br />
2- maquaiees alloghah (i.e.the standards of language)<br />
<br />
3-alquamoos almoheet (i.e.the comprehensive dictionary)<br />
<br />
4-alsahah fe al-loghah (i.e.the true in language)<br />
<br />
5-al'obab al-zakher (i.e. the teeming ocean)<br />
<br />
There is no single mention to the meaning "low in elevation " at all ..<br />
and the most special dictionary among them is (maquaiees al-loghah i.e.the standards of language) dictionary, which states that :<br />
{{Quote||<br />
دنـي (مقاييس اللغة)<br />
<br />
الدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصلٌ واحد يُقاس بعضُه على بعض، وهو المقارَبَة.<br />
<br />
ومن ذلك الدّنِيُّ، وهو القَريب، مِن دنا يدنُو.<br />
<br />
وسُمِّيت الدُّنيا لدنوّها، والنِّسبة إليها دُنْياوِيّ.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيُّ من الرجال: الضعيف الدُّونُ، وهو مِن ذاكَ لأنّه قريب المأخذ والمنزلة.<br />
<br />
ودانَيْت بين الأمرَين: قاربْتُ بينهما.<br />
<br />
وهو ابن عَمِّهِ دُِنْيا ودِنْيَةً.<br />
<br />
والدّنِيُّ: الدُّون، مهموز. يقال رجلٌ دنيءٌ، وقد دَنُؤَ يَدْنُؤُ دَناءةً.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب أيضاً، لأنّه قريبُ المنزِلة.<br />
<br />
والأدْنَأُ من الرّجال: الذي فيه انكبابٌ على صدرِهِ.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب، لأنّ أعلاه دانٍ من وَسطه.<br />
<br />
وأدْنَتِ الفَرَسُ وغيرُها، إذا دنا نِتاجُها.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيّة: النقيصة.<br />
<br />
وجاء في الحديث: "إذا أكْلتُم فَدَنُّوا" أي كلُوا ممّا يلِيكُم مما يدنُو منكم.<br />
<br />
ويقال لقيتُه أدنَى دَنِيٍّ، أي أوّل كلِّ شيء. }}<br />
<br />
<br />
Here is the translation of this one ..<br />
<br />
"dana or danawa are the same root means "near" and this is the standard meaning to consider in understanding the meanings of its derivatives ..<br />
<br />
then he states that ..<br />
<br />
(dani)means (the nearby) ..<br />
<br />
(donia) means (this life) or (this world) .. because it is nearer to us than the afterlife .. <br />
<br />
(dani) is the weak man, or the vile man, or the mean man, because his position is near to reach i.e not a position which is beyond reach .<br />
<br />
(adna') is the (gibbose ), because his head is near to his waste .<br />
<br />
(dania) means the (demerit) or (vice) .<br />
<br />
in the other dictionaries we find :<br />
<br />
(adna) the first one, because it is nearer to you than the last one .<br />
<br />
(adna) (cheap ). because its price is in hand, not beyond reach.<br />
<br />
(adna) (less) ... etc<br />
<br />
There is no single mention in an "OLD" dictionary to the meaning "low elevation land" at all ..<br />
asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
<br />
For full english explanation of the word you can read .. <br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000086.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning1.pdf]<br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000087.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning2.pdf]<br />
<br />
screenshots here, [http://captaindisguise.blogspot.com/2012/03/lowest-land-prediction-in-quran.html screenshots.adna-meaning]<br />
<br />
please search for any single mention of low elevation land !<br />
<br />
<br />
This lingual argument is unsound and invalid.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dead-sea 2.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
<br />
==Historical claim==<br />
<br />
The second point here is the historical claim ..<br />
<br />
The quran did NOT talk about the basin of the dead sea, actually it talked about the place of the Roman-Sassanian battle, where was this? None on the basin of the dead sea, [http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-all-roman%E2%80%93persian-wars-battles/reference list-of-all-roman-persian-wars-battles], the nearest to it was a battle in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraa Adhri'at] other one was in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Geography Jerusalem], both cities are above sea level, Dead Sea is roughly 1000 (or approximately 1,373) feet below sea level, Jerusalem, however, is roughly 2500 feet ABOVE sea level, so who ever adopt the "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth! Yet, we have more to say about this here.<br />
<br />
==Geographical facts==<br />
<br />
The third point here is about whether the basin of the dead sea is really the lowest spot on earth ?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Lowest_point_.28natural.29 wikipedia]|<br />
Lowest point (natural)<br />
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level.[3] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard Bathyscaphe Trieste and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.<br />
<br />
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) under surface. For example the altitude difference in the Voronya Cave between the entrance and the deepest explored point (its depth) is 2,191 ± 20 metres (7,188 ± 66 ft). The lowest point underground has not been explored.<br />
<br />
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under Byrd Glacier, which reaches 9,120 feet (2,780 metres) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice. See the extremes on Earth page. <br />
<br />
The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level<br />
<br />
The point closest to the Earth's centre (~6,353 km (3,948 mi)) is probably at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (greatest depth 5,450 m (17,881 ft)) near the Geographic North Pole (the bottom of the Mariana Trench is near 6,370 km (3,958 mi) from the centre of the Earth). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm /lowest-places-on-earth.]|<br />
Earth’s Lowest Elevations<br />
<br />
<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m)<br />
<br />
Turpan Pendi (China) -505 feet (-154 m)<br />
<br />
Qattara Depression (Egypt) -435 feet (-133 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Kaundy (Kazakstan) -433 ft (-132 m)<br />
<br />
Denakil (Ethiopia) -410 ft (-125 m)<br />
<br />
Laguna del Carbón (Argentina) -344 ft (-105 m)<br />
<br />
Death Valley (United States) -282 ft (-86 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan) -266 ft (-81 m)<br />
<br />
Salton Sea (California) -227 ft (-69 m)<br />
<br />
Sebkhet Tah (Morroco) -180 ft (-55 m)<br />
<br />
Sabkhat Ghuzayyil (Libya) -154 ft (-47 m)<br />
<br />
Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) -151 ft (-46 m)<br />
<br />
Salinas Chicas (Argentina) -131 ft (-40 m)<br />
<br />
Caspian Sea (Central Asia) -92 ft (-28 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Eyre (Australia) -49 ft (-15 m) }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So it is the lowest point on the "DRY" land, lower points exist put covered with ice.<br />
<br />
==Knowledge in Muhammad's time==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above the dead sea basin is the lowest point of dry land, 3 times lower than the next low point:<br />
{{Quote||<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m) }}<br />
<br />
Approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) away from it , is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level.<br />
<br />
<br />
That shows how steep is the slope of this area, make it easy to observe its depression.<br />
if this area is the lowest point on earth, so necessarily it is the lowest point in its surroundings, hence it is reasonable that people of this area called it the lowest land ! <br />
<br />
That is exactly what happened, since the region of ( modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, the western part of Jordan and southwestern Syria ), exactly the surroundings of the dead sea, was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East, called Canaan and the word Canaan :<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan Canaan]|<br />
has an original meaning of "lowlands", from a Semitic root knʿ "to be low, humble, depressed" }}<br />
<br />
So what we have here, if we accepted the "lowest land" meaning of the quranic verse, it is nothing but a translation of the name of the region from the language of its local people into Arabic, without any need for a supernatural intervention, what is supernatural in translation!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is always happening, in Hawaii island, the largest volcano on "dry land" exist, no surprise it is called in the local language [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_loa Mauna loa] i.e "the long mountain", a miracle?!<br />
<br />
==Conclusions==<br />
<br />
1- The word "adna" dose NOT mean "low elevation land" at all, in any OLD dictionary, it only means "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap" ,asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
2-Even if it can mean so, it cant be proven that mohammed meant "low elevation" since other meanings are counterexamples that render the argument invalid, the meaning "lowest" then, as a possibility is dismissed by occam's razor, it postulates to much assumptions without need for them.<br />
<br />
3 - The place of the roman_sassanian battle is NOT dead sea basins, it is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level . So who ever adopt "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth!<br />
<br />
4- The arena of the battles is a region called in its people's local language "canaan" literally means "lowlands" so if we accept the meaning "lowest", it is no thing more than a translation of the name of the region into the arabic language, this explanation is far better since it is very natural and has a higher explanatory power and precision, it is not an error like number three point, but it has only a problem with number one and number two points (in conclusion ).<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121334Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2020-01-03T17:37:45Z<p>Guillotino: /* The truth */</p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammadd to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. }}<br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==What about the spared monuments?==<br />
If the Caliphs have spared some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims, it does not mean they can be forgiven for the destruction many other monuments.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121333Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2020-01-03T17:36:36Z<p>Guillotino: /* The truth */</p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammadd to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
<br />
The Sealed Nectar book goes ahead with similar acts of idol-breaking by early Muslims. Quote:<br />
<br />
Later, in the same month, ‘Amr bin Al-‘As was sent on an errand to destroy another idol, venerated by Hudhail, called Suwa‘. It used to stand at a distance of three kilometres from Makkah. On a question posed by the door-keeper, ‘Amr said he had been ordered by the Prophet [pbuh] to knock down the idol. The man warned ‘Amr that he would not be able to do it. ‘Amr was surprised to see someone still in the wrong, approached the idol and destroyed it, then he broke the casket beside it but found nothing. The man immediately embraced Islam.<br />
<br />
Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol, Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket and returned at the conclusion of his errand.<br />
<br />
Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out his mission with peace and goodwill. There, the people were not articulate enough to communicate their intentions, so Khalid ordered his men to kill them and take the others as captives. He even had in mind to kill the captives but some of the Companions were opposed to his plan. News of bloodshed reached the Prophet [pbuh]. He was deeply grieved and raised his hands towards the heaven, uttering these words: "O Allâh! I am innocent of what Khalid has done," twice. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/450, 2/622] He immediately sent ‘Ali to make every possible reparation to the tribes who had been wronged. After a careful inquiry, ‘Ali paid the blood-money to all those who suffered loss. The remaining portion was also distributed amongst the members of the tribe in order to alleviate their suffering. Khalid, due to his irrational behaviour, had a row with ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf. Hearing this, the Prophet [pbuh] got angry, and ordered Khalid to stop that altercation adding that his Companions (meaning ‘Abdur Rahman bin ‘Awf) were too high in rank to be involved in such arguments.<br />
<br />
That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all. <br />
<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==What about the spared monuments?==<br />
If the Caliphs have spared some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims, it does not mean they can be forgiven for the destruction many other monuments.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121332Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2020-01-03T17:33:28Z<p>Guillotino: /* The truth */</p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent by Muhammadd to destroy the idol of Al Uzza, the major Arab goddes. He broke it successfully.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html</ref><br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==What about the spared monuments?==<br />
If the Caliphs have spared some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims, it does not mean they can be forgiven for the destruction many other monuments.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&diff=121331Scientific Errors in the Quran2019-12-29T11:28:28Z<p>Guillotino: /* Linguistics */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{page_title|Scientific Errors in the Qur'an}}<br />
A message from an all-knowing being should not contain any [[Contradictions and Errors|errors, mistakes]], or information that contradicts known facts about the universe. If even one error exists in the text of [[Islam]]'s holy book then the claims of divine authorship and infallibility are not true. An objective evaluation of the [[Qur’an]] shows that it contains numerous [[Islam and Science|scientific]] and historical errors and reflects a pre-scientific, 7<sup>th</sup> century view of the natural world.<br />
<br />
Some will contest these numerous errors in the Qur'an by appealing to metaphor, alternative meanings, or [[w:Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] interpretations of the text. Even supposing alternative explanations were possible in every case, the problem would remain that the Qur’an contains no obvious attempts to differentiate its understanding of the natural world and historical events from the common folklore and unscientific misconceptions of the people living in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia. An all-powerful, all-knowing, perfect communicator would have been able to foresee how such misleading statements would be understood by future generations and the doubts and confusions they would cause. Such overwhelming weakness in the Qur'an when we should expect perfection is already reason enough to reject any claims to its divine authorship.<br />
<br />
==Astronomy==<br />
<br />
=== Geocentricism===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an mentions a few times that the sun and the moon travel in an orbit (falak - a rounded course), but does not mention once that the Earth does too. This is consistent with an Earth-centered (geocentric) view of the cosmos that places a motionless Earth at the center of the universe and all "heavenly bodies" travel around the Earth. This was the prevailing understanding of the universe prior to the 16<sup>th</sup> century when Copernicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. Tellingly, the sun's orbit is almost always mentioned in the context of night and day (13:2 is the only exception) and is always mentioned with that of the moon, which does in fact orbit the Earth each month, and to a naive observer seems to traverse the sky each night when it is visible.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|37|end=40|style=ref}}|<br />
A token unto them is night. We strip it of the day, and lo! they are in darkness. And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old shrivelled palm-leaf. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.}}<br />
This is in a passage about night and day. Right after describing the change from day to night, it says that the sun runs on to a resting place for it (لِمُسْتَقَرٍّ لَّهَا). There are also sahih hadith ({{Muslim|1|297}}) that mention the sun's daily cycle using the same Arabic word to mean a resting place, which is underneath Allah's throne, and is where each night the sun prostrates and is asked to go and rise 'from its rising place' (مِنْ مَطْلِعِهَا). This cycle repeats, until one day Allah asks the sun to rise 'from your setting place' (مِنْ َغْرِبِكِ).<br />
<br />
The alternative view was that it refers to the sun's final resting on the last day. Other verses talk about the sun swimming for a 'term appointed' (using a different arabic word). Another version of the above hadith probably supports this view (for details of all these things see footnotes [https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Geocentrism_and_the_Quran#Primary_Evidence in the main article]). Whichever interpretation was intended, the sun's movement is nevertheless mentioned right after describing day and night, just as the next verse mentions the different mansions appointed for the moon each night. The whole passage is about day and night and the sun and moon's movement in that context.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|33}}|And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.}}<br />
<br />
Some try to explain away the above Qur'anic description of the sun moving in an orbit as a reference to our sun orbiting the black hole at the center of the milky way galaxy every 225 million years. This is an [[w:Ad hoc hypothesis|Ad hoc hypothesis]], of no relevance to human time scales, and nothing from the text implies that the sun is orbiting anything other than the Earth. If the author had knowledge of the sun orbiting a black hole then it is conspicuous that he never mentions it explicitly nor in any way differentiates the sun's orbit from that of the moon. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}|'''Hast thou not seen''' how Allah causeth the night to pass into the day and causeth the day to pass into the night, and hath subdued the sun and the moon (to do their work), each running unto an appointed term; and that Allah is Informed of what ye do?}}<br />
Notice also that the sun running / pursuing its course ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000051.pdf yajree] يَجْرِىٓ) is something that the author expects people to have seen (another problem for the galactic orbit interpretation). <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|91|1|end=2|style=ref}}}|<br />
By the Sun and his (glorious) splendour; By the Moon as she follows him; }}<br />
The [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000350.pdf Arabic word] translated "follow" is primarily defined as to follow, go or walk behind, follow in way of immitation, of action etc. and was often used for animals like camels following behind each other. Yet the Moon does not actually follow behind the sun's movement, nor does it provide its own light like the sun. The verse is most suggestive of a worldview in which the moon and sun traverse the same or similar paths after one another, which is what a 7th century person might believe from observing the sky. A less suspicious choice of word would have been better for a supposedly perfect book if it merely meant the sun and moon appear one after the other. One day instead of following the sun, the moon will by joined with it according to another verse (see the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#The_similar_size_and_distance_of_the_sun_and_moon Similar Size and Distance of the Sun and Moon] section below).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|258}}|Abraham said, ‘Indeed Allah brings the sun from the east; now you bring it from the west.’ So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment], and Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.}}<br />
Here the Qur'an quotes a few lines from a debate between Abraham and a disbelieving King, where Abraham replies that Allah 'brings the sun' (yatee biashshamsi يَأْتِى بِٱلشَّمْسِ) from the east. The arabic verb and preposition indicates that the sun actually moves. The verb means [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000052.pdf to come], and when it has an object with the bi preposition it means to bring, as in many other instances in the Qur'an. While the story is quoting a mere human's words, the author clearly believes it to be a good response and sees no problem with it.<br />
<br />
===Setting and Rising Place of the Sun===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an assumes a flat earth which has physical places into which the sun sets and rises from. Since the earth is a rotating sphere, the sun does not set in any particular place and you can never travel to "the spot" where the sun sets nor a place where it rises; the sun appears to set or rise on the horizon no matter where you are on the planet. In these verses, the author propagates a popular legend from the 7th century of a man named Dhu'l-Qarnayn who visits the places where the sun sets and rises; here he finds the sun going down into a muddy spring and later rising on a tribe with no coverings. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|86}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring, and found a people thereabout. We said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|90}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the rising-place of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had appointed no shelter therefrom. }}<br />
<br />
Centuries after Muhammad lived, people with better astronomical knowledge than him had to invent creative interpretations of these verses to say that Dhu'l-Qrnayn only traveled until he reached "the west" or to a spot "at the time" when the sun set and not the "place" where the sun set. Unfortunately, these alternative interpretations are severely undermined by the [[Dhul-Qarnayn_and_the_Sun_Setting_in_a_Muddy_Spring_-_Part_One#First_interpretation:_He_reached_the_west_and_east|context and Arabic words]] used in these verses, which instead point to physical locations where the sun did its setting and rising. Plenty of evidence shows that the early Muslims understood the verse in this straightforward way. Again, we must ask why an all-knowing being would use such misleading verses that mimic the misconceptions and legends prevalent at the time if one of the alternative explanations is correct.<br />
<br />
===Meteors are Stars Shot at Devils===<br />
{{Main|Mistranslations of Quran 67-5|l1=Mistranslations of Qur'an 67:5}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an says that stars (kawakib ٱلْكَوَاكِبِ) / lamps (masabih مَصَٰبِيحَ) adorn the heavens and guard against devils.<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an does not seem to know the difference between stars (giant balls of gas thousands of times larger than the earth) and meteors which are small rocky masses of debris which brighten up after entering the earth's atmosphere. Many ancient people confused the two, as meteors look like stars that are streaking across the sky; this is why they were often called [[w:Meteoroid|shooting stars]] or falling stars. In the following verse, the Qur'an claims that Allah uses stars as missiles to ward away devils. This repeats a common Arab myth at the time the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|37|6|10}}|<br />
We have indeed decked the lower heaven with beauty (in) the stars, (For beauty) and for guard against all obstinate rebellious evil spirits, (So) they should not strain their ears in the direction of the Exalted Assembly but be cast away from every side, Repulsed, for they are under a perpetual penalty, Except such as snatch away something by stealth, and they are pursued by a flaming fire, of piercing brightness.}}<br />
<br />
The same Arabic words are used at the start of verse 67:5 as in 37.6 (زَيَّنَّا ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلدُّنْيَا), except the stars are described as lamps. Clearly the lamps that 'beautify the heaven' refer to stars (and perhaps also the 5 visible planets), which are always there. Meteors are generally not much larger than grains of sand and are only visible for a second when they burn up, generating light in the Earth's atmosphere after millions of years in darkness, but the author of the Qur'an believes that meteors (the 'missiles') are a kind of star. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|67|5}}|<br />
And verily We have beautified the world's heaven with lamps, and We have made them missiles for the devils, and for them We have prepared the doom of flame.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In Sahih Muslim we have a hadith confirming that the pursuing flames / missiles in the two verses refer to what we would call meteors which they saw shooting across the sky.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5538}}|'Abdullah. Ibn 'Abbas reported:<br />
A person from the Ansar who was amongst the Companions of Allah's Messenger (pbuh reported to me: As we were sitting during the night with Allah's Messenger (pbuh), a meteor shot gave a dazzling light. Allah's Messenger (pbuh) said: What did you say in the pre-Islamic days when there was such a shot (of meteor)? They said: Allah and His Messenger know best (the actual position), but we, however, used to say that that very night a great man had been born and a great man had died, whereupon Allah's Messenger pbuh) said: (These meteors) are shot neither at the death of anyone nor on the birth of anyone. Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, issues Command when He decides to do a thing. Then (the Angels) supporting the Throne sing His glory, then sing the dwellers of heaven who are near to them until this glory of God reaches them who are in the heaven of this world. Then those who are near the supporters of the Throne ask these supporters of the Throne: What your Lord has said? And they accordingly inform them what He says. Then the dwellers of heaven seek information from them until this information reaches the heaven of the world. In this process of transmission (the jinn snatches) what he manages to overhear and he carries it to his friends. And when the Angels see the jinn they attack them with meteors. If they narrate only which they manage to snatch that is correct but they alloy it with lies and make additions to it.}}<br />
<br />
===Earth and Heavens Created in Six Days===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
<br />
The Earth first formed around 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The Qur'an, however, repeats the prevailing Middle-Eastern myth that the Earth and universe were formed in six days. <br />
<br />
In the hundreds of other Qur'anic verses where the Arabic word 'yawm' appears, everyone understands it to mean day. Yet Islamic websites try and rescue the Qur'an by pointing to an alternative meaning of yawm, which almost always means 'day', but can sometimes mean 'time period'. Curiously, and rather conveniently, yawm is only claimed to mean time period rather than day in the verses about the creation of the world. Clearly, the predominant meaning of the word is day and when a specific number is used, in this case six, the word almost always means a literal day. Again, nothing in the context of the verses, nor the Qur'an in general, suggests awareness that the universe or Earth were formed over long time periods. The author makes precisely zero attempt to distingish his description from the prevailing Middle-Eastern creation myths in this regard, which feature six literal days of creation (for example in the Bible we have, "Evening came and morning came: The first day." - Genesis 1:5). <br />
<br />
Secondly, neither the universe nor Earth were formed in six distinct long periods of time. It would have been trivial for an all-knowing diety to have poetically indicated the vast duration in which the universe has developed, which has taken place over the past [[w:Age of the universe|13.8 billion years]].<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
We created the heavens and the earth and all between them in Six Days, nor did any sense of weariness touch Us}}<br />
<br />
The Earth specifically was created in two days according to the Qur'an, and in four days (on days three and four according to the tafsirs) were created mountains and the sustenance of the Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|9|10}}|Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measure therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (Sustenance).}}<br />
<br />
Mountains in fact continue to rise and erode to this day. Similarly, living things and their sustenance continue to evolve, yet the Qur'an says that the creation of mountains and sustenance occurred in a specific period that ended two days before the creation of the universe was completed. See the next section regarding the final two of the six days in 41:11-12 which immediately follow the verses shown above.<br />
<br />
===Earth Created before Stars===<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an is also unaware that the [[w:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|elements in the Earth's crust]] and core were first formed in stars by [[w:Nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]]. When those stars exploded as [[w:Supernova|supernovas]], they expelled the elements that were used in future solar systems such as our own. Yet the Qur'an describes the Earth being formed before the stars. All rocky and gaseous planets in the universe were formed in a similar manner to the Earth and the Qur'an singling out the Earth only further highlights the author's ignorance of the history of the formation of celestial objects.<br />
<br />
Verse 41:12 says that lamps (or more specifically, stars in the similar verse {{Quran|37|6}}) were placed in the lowest of the seven heavens. But before there were seven heavens, while heaven was just smoke, the Earth already existed according to verse 11, and the Earth's creation in the preceeding days is described in verses 9-10 already discussed in the previous section.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. '''Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days''' and inspired in each heaven its mandate; '''and We decked the nether heaven with lamps''', and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
The verse below further confirms that heaven was only made into seven heavens when the Earth already existed according to the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|29}}|<br />
He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things.}}<br />
<br />
Some websites attempt to reconcile the Qur'anic description with modern science by denying that the word 'Then' in the verses above indicate sequence, and instead claim that it means 'moreover'. They claim this despite the fact that these words (thumma in 41:11 and 2:29, and fa in 41:12 - all translated as 'Then') generally are used to indicate sequence. In other contexts thumma was sometimes used to mean 'moreover', which is generally clear from those contexts, but the passages quoted above describe a process - the creation of the heavens and Earth, and it would be ludicrous to use these words when describing such a process if they were not indicating sequence.<br />
<br />
====Earth and Heavens were Torn Apart====<br />
<br />
Some websites claim that the following verse is compatible with the [[w:Big Bang|Big Bang]] theory. But according to this theory, the Universe was formed about 13.8 billion years ago due to a [[w:Chronology of the universe|rapid expansion]] from singularity. The earth was formed 4.54 billion years ago from [[w:History of the Earth|accretion]] of debris that surrounded the precursor of the Sun. There was no "separation" of the "joined" earth and heavens as this verse suggests. It is, in fact, a repetition of [[w:World egg|cosmic egg]] myths in which an egg-like structure was split into two halves, the lower half forming the earth and the upper half forming the heaven.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|30}}|<br />
Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? }}<br />
<br />
This separation can be read in the context of verses that mention something "between" the fully formed earth and the heavens (which seems to be occupied by the clouds {{Quran|2|164}} and birds {{Quran|24|41}}).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us.}}<br />
<br />
There is no scientific theory in which the Earth and heavens were torn apart from each other. To imagine that verse 21:30 describes the big bang, the atomic particles that would later form the Earth would at the beginning have to be separated from those that would go on to form everything else in the universe. This bears no resemblance to scientific cosmology, wherein the material that forms the Earth passed through at least one earlier generation of star, and more recently was part of various asteroids, comets and planetesimals orbiting the sun (which could all be described as being in the 'heavens') that sometimes collided and merged with each other, sometimes split apart, and gradually coalesced under gravity to form the Earth and other planets.<br />
<br />
Moreover, the very next verse {{Quran|21|31}} speaks of mountains being placed on the Earth. Here 'the Earth' clearly means an actual world, so how do the Islamic websites expect anyone to believe that in the previous verse 'the Earth' refers merely to atomic particles at the time of the big bang that would billions of years later form the Earth?<br />
<br />
====Universe was Made from Smoke====<br />
{{main|Quran and a Universe from Smoke}}<br />
<br />
Looking once again at the verses discussed above, it is worth pointing out that there was no stage of formation of the Universe that involved smoke (carbon particles suspended as a result of combustion; the word translated smoke is the noun [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000027.pdf dukhan] دُخَانٍ, which literally means smoke, as from a fire). Nor did the Earth and heavens each "come" as separate entites at any point of time. Earth is a part of this Universe and has developed within it. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
Apologetics that try to reinterpret 'smoke' as the primordial state of the universe after the big bang should notice (aside from their poor grasp of science) that the Qur'an indicates a time when just the heaven, but not Earth is smoke. Furthermore, the Earth and its mountains are clearly mentioned as already existing in the previous two verses ({{Quran-range|41|9|10}} discussed above).<br />
<br />
===Seven Earths===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
This verse claims there are seven Earths. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|65|12}}|<br />
Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
A hadith reveals that these are seven Earths stacked above each other.<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|43|634}}| The Prophet said, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, '''he will sink down the seven earths''' on the Day of Resurrection.}}<br />
<br />
The number, like seven heavens, might have come from a misunderstanding of mythology from classical antiquity in which there were seven moving planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the sun and moon). If instead we take it to mean seven actual planets the Qur'an is still wrong. According to astronomers, there are eight ordinary planets and five dwarf planets, which leaves the grand total at thirteen in our solar system. Modern astronomy also has found thousands of other planets in other solar systems and Cosmologists estimate that hundreds of billions of stars and planets exist in the universe. The author of the Qur'an singling out such a small number of celestial objects only reaffirms his ignorance of the makeup of the universe.<br />
<br />
===Seven Heavens===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The universe consists of hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars. While the Qur'anic notion that the heaven of stars is covered by six further heavens might currently be unfalsifiable, the myth of [[w:Seven Heavens|seven heavens]] was a common idea prevalent in the Middle East during the time when the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|15}}|<br />
See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}<br />
<br />
Some Islamic websites claim that these are seven layers of the atmosphere, despite the fact that verse 37:6 says that stars are in the nearest heaven. There are only 5 not 7 principal layers to the [[W:Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], and likewise only 5 not 7 major layers to the Earth itself.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}<br />
<br />
===The similar size and distance of the sun and moon===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an has statements about the end of the world that are much as one would expect if the author believed the sun and moon to be of similar size and a similar distance from Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|75|8|end=9|style=ref}}|And the moon darkens And the sun and the moon are joined,}}<br />
<br />
The word translated "are joined" is Arabic [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000091.pdf jumi'a], a verb which means to collect together, gather together, bring together. Given that this would actually require the moon to travel 98 million miles away from Earth and into the sun, which dwarfs it by over 600 times in diameter, it seems vastly less fitting as an apocalyptic event than if the ancient conception of the cosmos was correct. Thus it is far more likely that the author had such a misconception about the sun and moon.<br />
<br />
===The Moon's light===<br />
<br />
A popular claim is that the Qur'an has knowledge that the moon does not emit its own light, but simply reflects light coming from the Sun. The Arabic word for reflected (in`ikaas) does not appear in the two Qur'anic verses that say the Moon is a "light". It instead uses the word "noor" (nooran نُورًا) which simply means a light, and in another verse, muneer (muneeran مُّنِيرًا), which means giving light and is from the same root as noor. This is vague enough to be interpreted either way, so is not necessarily an error, but nor can any special knowledge be claimed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|5}}|<br />
He it is Who appointed the sun a splendour and the moon a light, and measured for her stages, that ye might know the number of the years, and the reckoning. Allah created not (all) that save in truth. He detaileth the revelations for people who have knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|16}}|<br />
And hath made the moon a light therein, and made the sun a lamp?}}<br />
<br />
Noor appears again (this time as a participle muneeran مُّنِيرًا) in a similar verse about the moon:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|61}}|<br />
Blessed be He Who hath placed in the heaven mansions of the stars, and hath placed therein a great lamp and a moon giving light!"}}<br />
<br />
Perhaps the best example of a verse showing the noor simply means light and not reflected light can be found in 33:45-46 in which a lamp is shining light with the exact same Arabic word as in 25:61 above (muneeran مُّنِيرًا):<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|45|46}}|<br />
O Prophet! Lo! We have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner. And as a summoner unto Allah by His permission, and as a lamp '''that giveth light'''.}}<br />
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In Lane's Lexicon of classical arabic, this word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000120.pdf muneer] (مُّنِيرً) is defined as 'Giving light, shining bright, bright, or shining brightly'. Noor is defined on the [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000119.pdf previous page] as 'Light; whatever it may be; and the rays thereof'. In reference to Qur'an verse 10:5 (quoted above) that describe the moon with this word, he says, 'In the Kur. x. 5, the sun is termed ضياء and the moon نور and it is said that ضياء is ''essential'', but نور is ''accidental'' [light]'. It is important to note that this notion of essential and accidental light and its application to the sun and moon originates not from the Arabs at the time of the Qur'an, but rather from the book ''Kitab al-Manazir'', commonly known as 'Optics', published in 1572 by the great polymath and optics pioneer al-Hazen. Lane goes on to say, citing the highly regarded Taj al-Arus classical dictionary, 'it is of two kinds, the light of the present world and that of the world to come; and the former is either perceived sensibly, by the eye, and this is what diffuses itself from luminous bodies, as the sun and moon and stars, and is mentioned in the Kur. x. 5 referred to above'.<br />
<br />
The word "Noor" is also used in this verse to show that Allah is the "light" of the universe. Clearly the author is not implying that Allah reflects light from another source but is the source of the light.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|35}}|<br />
Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The Parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp: the Lamp enclosed in Glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from a blessed Tree, an Olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth Parables for men: and Allah doth know all things.}}<br />
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===Moon was Split in Two===<br />
{{Main|Moon Split Miracle}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and Hadith claim that the moon was miraculously split into two pieces and then, presumably, put back together again. There is absolutely no scientific evidence whatsoever that the moon has ever been split into two. Since the moon is visible to half the planet at any given time, we should expect to see numerous accounts from different parts of the world attesting to this event if it actually happened. The Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese and Indians had avid astronomers who should have seen this event and recorded it in their histories. The absence of historical record from other civilizations, contemporary to Muhammad, is a strong indication that this event never happened.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|54|1-3}}|The hour drew nigh and the moon did rend asunder. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|831}}|Narrated Anas: "That the Meccan people requested Allah's Apostle to show them a miracle, and so he showed them the splitting of the moon."}}<br />
<br />
===Sky is a Tent/Dome===<br />
<br />
A common myth at the time of the Quran's composition was that the sky or heavens were held up with pillars. Many Bedouin people living in Arabia imagined the sky as a large tent covering, similar to the tents they used. The author repeats this myth by describing the sky as being "raised" above the earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|<br />
Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy}} <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}|<br />
Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see}}<br />
<br />
In another verse, the author says that the sky / heaven is a covering that can be removed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|81|11}}|<br />
And when the sky is stripped away}}<br />
<br />
===Sky is a guarded canopy===<br />
<br />
This verse seems to relate to the verses about devils chased by shooting stars (meteors) that guard the lowest heaven. See for example {{Quran-range|37|6|10}} discussed above, in which we find a noun meaning guard from the same Arabic root ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000237.pdf hafiza]) as the verb in this verse). Somewhat ironically, the things supposedly guarding the sky / heaven can actually pose a threat to living things on Earth.<br />
<br />
Asteroids and meteorites have penetrated the atmosphere and hit the earth throughout the course of history. This includes the [[w:Chicxulub crater|massive meteorite]] that hit near the [[w:Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán Peninsula]] 65 million years which killed off numerous species including most dinosaurs.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|32}}|<br />
And We have made the heaven a guarded canopy and (yet) they turn aside from its signs.}}<br />
<br />
===Sky can Fall Down on People===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an author thought that the sky/heaven is like a ceiling held up by Allah that can fall to earth or fragments break off and fall on someone. This is obviously impossible as the earth's atmosphere is simply made of gas and outer space is not a solid object.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|52|44}}|And if they were to see a fragment of the heaven falling, they would say: A heap of clouds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|9}}|See they not what is before them and behind them, of the sky and the earth? If We wished, We could cause the earth to swallow them up, or cause a piece of the sky to fall upon them. Verily in this is a Sign for every devotee that turns to Allah (in repentance).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|9}}|Hast thou not seen how Allah hath made all that is in the earth subservient unto you? And the ship runneth upon the sea by His command, and He holdeth back the heaven from falling on the earth unless by His leave. Lo! Allah is, for mankind, Full of Pity, Merciful.}}<br />
<br />
===The Heavens can be Rolled Up===<br />
<br />
These verses imply that the heavens have two dimensional surfaces.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|104}}|The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolleth up a written scroll. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|67}}|No just estimate have they made of Allah, such as is due to Him: On the Day of Judgment the whole of the earth will be but His handful, and the heavens will be rolled up in His right hand: Glory to Him! High is He above the Partners they attribute to Him!}}<br />
<br />
===The Stars Will Fall===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an says that the stars will fall ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000124.pdf inkadarat] ٱنكَدَرَتْ) along with other dramatic events surrounding the last day. The author clearly had no idea of the size and distance of the stars. The word كدر in the form used in this verse (form VII) meant to dart down as is said of a bird or hawk, or to fall and scatter.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|81|2}}|And when the stars fall}}<br />
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The structure of space-time is such that nothing, not even stars, can move faster than the velocity of light. Even if stars were to somehow move close to light speed across the sky their motion would be imperceivable to the naked eye as many visible stars are hundreds of light years away. Neither would we be able to see anything that the stars are doing recently (when we see a star 100 light years away, we are seeing it as it was 100 years ago).<br />
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===The Cause of Shadows Changing Length===<br />
Shadows are produced when the sun's light is blocked by an obstacle. It is the Earth's rotation that causes these shadows to change size and lengthen. However, verse 25:45 seems to say that the reason that shadows lengthen rather than being stationary is because Allah has made the sun their guide. Yet if the Earth did not rotate (so shadows were stationary) and then the Earth was made to rotate (so that they could lengthen and draw in) the sun would not need to be made to do anything different in either case. Thus the most likely explanation is that the verse represents a geocentric worldview where the sun moves across the sky, guiding the shadows.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|25|45-46}}|<br />
Hast thou not turned thy vision to thy Lord?- How He doth prolong the shadow! If He willed, He could make it stationary! then do We make the sun its guide; Then We draw it in towards Ourselves,- a contraction by easy stages.}}<br />
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Then the next verse, 25:46, says that shadows are drawn towards Allah which has no scientific meaning.<br />
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===Ignorance of the North and South Poles===<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
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In polar regions, the longevity of day and night vary during summer and winter. The day gets shorter and shorter in winter until there are days or weeks of uninterrupted night. At the poles themselves, day and night alternately last for six months and all phases of the moon occur several times between sunrise and sunset. The author of the Qur'an did not know about this and he only repeated earlier geocentric ideas. See also the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#Fasting_and_Prayer_Requirements_Near_the_Poles Fasting and Prayer Requirements Near the Poles] section below.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|36|40}}|<br />
It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit. }}<br />
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Furthermore, when reading this verse one should wonder in what sense day and night each have an orbit. See [[Geocentrism and the Quran]] regarding that question.<br />
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==Biology==<br />
<br />
===Evolution===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an presupposes a [[creation|creationist]] view of life on earth. Its understanding of the history of human life is incompatible with the overwhelming scientific evidence that humans have evolved from prior life forms, over the course of millions of years, through natural selection [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence]. While some Muslims accept the theory of evolution, most reject it in favor of a creationist world view. [[Muslim Statistics - Science#Evolution|Opinion polls]] show that the majority of Muslims agree Islam and evolution are not compatible. <br />
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====Human Creation from Clay====<br />
{{Main|Creation of Humans from Clay}}<br />
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The Qur’an states that man was created instantaneously from clay (salsalin صَلْصَٰلٍ) / mud (hamain حَمَإٍ). There is no indication that the author is aware of the evolution of human life over millions of years nor our common ancestry with apes and primates. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|15|26}}|<br />
We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape; }}<br />
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Similarly, it says that the first man was created from dust (turabin تُرَابٍ).<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|3|59}}|<br />
Lo! the likeness of Jesus with Allah is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust, then He said unto him: Be! and he is.}}<br />
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====First Humans: Adam and Eve====<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
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The Qur’an and Hadith contains stories concerning the 'first humans' and how all people are descended from these two earliest ancestors. It states that humans were created in a garden (paradise) and then brought to earth fully formed. This view of the origins of human life is clearly contradicted by DNA evidence and the numerous fossils of pre-homosapien species that lived on earth for millions of years before modern humans first evolved.[http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence]<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|7|189}}|<br />
"He it is Who created you from a single being, and of the same (kind) did He make his mate,"}}<br />
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Another verse is clear on literal descent of humanity from one man by sexual means (i.e. semen) after Allah had created him out of clay.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|32|7|8}}|Who made all things good which He created, and He began the creation of man from clay; Then He made his seed from a draught of despised fluid;}}<br />
The word translated “seed” in Pickthall’s translation is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000286.pdf nasl] نسل, which means progeny (i.e. descendants).<br />
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Some Muslim creationists will claim the view of two ancestral “parents” is consistent with recent scientific findings that show a common female and male ancestor of all modern humans. They often exploit the confusion caused by scientists referring to these genetic ancestors as [[W:Mitochondrial Eve|Mitochondrial Eve]] and [[W:Y-chromosomal Adam|Y-chromosomal Adam]]. These two individuals bear little resemblance to the Quranic account as they are simply the last common male and female ancestors of everyone alive today, not of all humans in history. The Qur'an clearly states Eve was created later than Adam, however [[W:Mitochondrial Eve|Mitochondrial Eve]] lived some 50,000 to 80,000 years earlier than [[W:Y-chromosomal Adam|Y-chromosomal Adam]].[http://biologos.org/blog/does-genetics-point-to-a-single-primal-couple] Genetic evidence overwhelmingly indicates that humans diverged from earlier species as a population, not a single couple. [http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/09/18/how-big-was-the-human-population-bottleneck-not-anything-close-to-2/].<br />
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===Embryology===<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
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The Qur'an and Hadith contain statements about bodily fluids and the stages of development of the human embryo. Many of these descriptions are vague and unscientific. Most bear a striking resemblance to [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|similar descriptions]] found in the [[w:Talmud|Jewish Talmud]] and the ideas of ancient Greeks [[History of Embryology|such as Galen]], including their errors.<br />
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====Sperm Originates Between the Backbone and Ribs====<br />
{{Main|Quran and Semen Production|l1=Qur'an and Semen Production}}<br />
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The Qur'an states, incorrectly, that semen originates from somewhere between the backbone and ribs. Today we know sperm comes from the [[w:testicle|testicles]] and semen from various glands behind and below the bladder, which is not between the backbone and ribs.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|86|6|7}}|<br />
He is created from a drop emitted- Proceeding from '''between the backbone and the ribs''' }}<br />
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====Embryo is Initially Formed from Semen====<br />
{{Main|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith}}<br />
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The author of the Qur'an describes the initial formation of a human embryo out of fluid emanating from the man (and possibly also of the woman), which is placed in the womb. This reflects the contemporary, but incorrect, view that semen is the material from which the embryo is initially formed, as taught by Hippocrates, Galen, and the Jewish Talmud. In fact, semen is the vehicle for the sperm cells, one of which fuses with a woman's [[w:ovum|ovum]] in her [[w:fallopian tube|fallopian tube]], and the resulting cell divides and travels back into the womb for implantation. <br />
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While English translations mention a "drop of seed", or "drop of sperm", the Arabic word in question is nutfah, which literally means a small amount of liquid, a euphemism for semen.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|77|20|22}}|<br />
Did We not create you from a '''liquid disdained'''? And '''We placed it''' in a firm lodging For a known extent.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|13}}|'''Then placed him as''' a drop (of seed) [nutfah] in a safe lodging;}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|80|18|19}}|<br />
'''From what thing''' doth He create him? From a drop of seed [nutfah]. He createth him and proportioneth him}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|76|2}}|Indeed, We created man from a sperm-drop mixture [nutfatin amshajin] that We may try him; and We made him hearing and seeing.}}<br />
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====No Mention of Female Ovum====<br />
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The Qur'an's author did not mention the role of the ovum in human reproduction and appears to have no knowledge of it. This verse fails to mention the important role of the female egg, or ovum, plays in the reproduction of humankind. It implies that reproduction is caused simply by the male semen. The human ovum is very small, though visible to the human eye, and it's purpose wasn't understood in the 7th century. Again, we are left wondering why an all-knowing deity would omit such information.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|86|6}}|He is created from a drop emitted}}<br />
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====Humans Created from a Clot of Blood====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
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The Qur'an and Hadith depict that humans are formed from a clot of blood after an initial semen stage. There is no stage in embryonic development where humans are formed from a clot of blood. This description is likely influenced by an unscientific and primitive understanding of human reproduction based on observations from an early-term miscarriage and a woman's menstrual cycle. While in modern times some Muslims seek to use alternative meanings for the relevant word, the mere fact that it certainly can mean clotted blood (as also is the consensus interpretation in the classical tafsirs), in a passage about a biological process (formation of a baby), is a major weakness in what should be a perfect description.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood...}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|96|2}}|<br />
Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
“Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a '''clot of thick blood for a similar period''', and then a piece of flesh for a similar period.”}}<br />
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====Gender of a Baby is Decided After it Becomes a Clot====<br />
The Qur'an says that an embryo is transformed from semen into a clot, then it is shaped, and then the male or female sex is determined. Modern genetics has shown that the sex of a human is decided at the moment of conception.<ref>{{cite book|first=eds.: Anthony S. Fauci [et al.] ; eds. of previous ed.: T. R. Harrison [et al.]|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York [etc.]|isbn=978-0-07-147693-5|pages=2339–2346|edition=17th ed.}}</ref><br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|75|37|39}}|Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth? Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned And made of him a pair, the male and female.}}<br />
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While translators mostly use "And" in verse 39, the Arabic word is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000105.pdf fa], as also in the previous conjunction, which indicates sequence (i.e. 'and then'). The tafsirs also take this view, and it is very much reflected in a sahih hadith found in Bukhari and Muslim:<br />
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Narrated Anas bin Malik:<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|315}}|The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "At every womb Allah appoints an angel who says, 'O Lord! A drop of semen, O Lord! A clot. O Lord! A little lump of flesh." Then if Allah wishes (to complete) its creation, the angel asks, (O Lord!) Will it be a male or female, a wretched or a blessed, and how much will his provision be? And what will his age be?' So all that is written while the child is still in the mother's womb."}}<br />
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====Bones are Formed before Flesh====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
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The Qur'an explains that the bones of a human embryo are formed first and then covered up with flesh. Modern scientific studies and research have shown that the cartilage models and muscles start to form at the same time and in parallel. Muscles have started to form before the cartilage models start to be replaced with bone.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones then (not and) clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create!}}<br />
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The Qur'an again parallels the influential Greek physician Galen, who says:<br />
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{{Quote|1=Galen, ''On semen'', p.101|2=And now the third period of gestation has come. After nature has made outlines of all the organs and the substance of the semen is used up, the time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones...}}<br />
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===All Organisms are Created in Pairs===<br />
{{Main|Quranic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs|l1=Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs}}<br />
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Not every creature procreates or reproduces through male and female sexual relationship. The [[w:Desert grassland whiptail lizard|whiptail lizard]] in the U.S. Southwest, Mexico, and South America, is an all-females species which reproduces by [[w:parthenogenesis|parthenogenesis]]. [[w:virus|Viruses]] reproduce using a host's DNA and are neither female nor male. [[w:Bacteria|Bacteria]] reproduce by cell division. [[w:Fungus|Fungus]] can reproduce either sexually or asexually. Many species of plants also reproduce either asexually or through [[w:Pollination|pollination]]. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|51|49}}|<br />
And of '''every thing''' We have created pairs: That ye may receive instruction. }}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|36|36}}|<br />
Glory to Allah, Who created in pairs '''all things''' that the earth produces, as well as their own (human) kind and (other) things of which they have no knowledge. }}<br />
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===Fetus is in Three Layers of darkness===<br />
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The word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000257.pdf butun] (بطن) means belly/abdomen/midriff, though some translators like to use the more specific word "womb". Tafsirs interpreted the "three darknesses" as the placenta, womb (uterus) and belly. There are in fact many more layers in the human body such as the endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, peritoneum, besides the cervix uteri, corpus uteri, abdomen (with walls), and placenta (with layers). The idea of three membranes around the fetus ([[w:Chorion|chorion]], [[w:Allantois|allantois]], and [[w:Amnion|amnion]]) was taught by the highly influential Greek physician, Galen. Perhaps the Qur'anic author is simply repeating this idea, which applies only to the embryonic membranes.<br />
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The allantois is a sac-like structure which becomes part of the umbilical cord, hardly a 'a darkness' for the embryo. The other two membranes, the chorion and amnion, together form the [[w:Amniotic_sac|amniotic sac]], which is quite thin and transparent.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one soul. Then He made from it its mate, and He produced for you from the grazing livestock eight mates. He creates you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, within three darknesses. That is Allah, your Lord; to Him belongs dominion. There is no deity except Him, so how are you averted?}}<br />
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===Functions of the Heart===<br />
In several verses, the Qur'an ascribes understanding and thinking to the heart instead of the brain.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|17|46}}|And We place upon their hearts veils lest they should understand it, and in their ears a deafness; and when thou makest mention of thy Lord alone in the Qur'an, they turn their backs in aversion. }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|11|5}}|Lo! now they fold up their breasts that they may hide (their thoughts) from Him. At the very moment when they cover themselves with their clothing, Allah knoweth that which they keep hidden and that which they proclaim. Lo! He is Aware of what is in the breasts (of men). }}<br />
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===Source and Purity of Milk===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and Milk}}<br />
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The Qur'an states that milk is produced, in the body, somewhere between excretions and blood. The mammary glands, where milk is produced and stored, are nowhere near the intestines which is where excrement is stored. Many kinds of cattle and goat milk needs processing or pasteurization before they can safely be consumed; the milk is often infected with bacteria and other micro-organisms. A significant number of humans are [[Qur'an and Milk|lactose intolerant]] and unable to digest milk without experiencing abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. This makes the Qur'anic claim that milk is 'pure' and 'agreeable' to those who drink it dubious.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|16|66}}|<br />
And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies '''between excretions and blood''', We produce, for your drink, milk, '''pure and agreeable''' to those who drink it. }}<br />
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==Geology and Meteorology==<br />
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===The Earth is Flat===<br />
{{Main|Flat Earth and the Quran|l1=Flat Earth and the Qur'an}}<br />
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====Facing Toward Mecca====<br />
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The Qur'an tells all Muslims to face in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca when they pray. However, even if you suppose that alligning yourself with a great circle around the globe counts as facing the direction of Mecca, you are simultaneously facing opposite its direction as the circle can be traced behind you. Even worse, on the opposite side of the Earth every direction is equally facing towards and away from Mecca. Astronauts in Earth orbit or (one day) on the Moon and Mars would require even more contrived solutions. The author here presupposes a small world, local to Arabia, that is flat. Only in that world view can people everywhere face Mecca. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|149}}|<br />
From whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque; that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do.}}<br />
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====Fasting and Prayer Requirements Near the Poles====<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
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The Qur'an commands Muslims to fast from eating and drinking from sunrise till sunset during Ramadan. The author of the Qur'an was apparently unfamiliar with the polar regions in which there are six months of sunlight and six months of perpetual night during Summer and Winter. Such fasting is not observable by anyone living in the polar regions, and very easy (depth of Winter) or extremely hard (height of Summer) in places within around 40 degrees latitude of the poles. Various contrived rules have been proposed by Muslim scholars for those at such latitudes to try to accommodate the inconvenient fact that we live on a round Earth.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|187}}|<br />
...Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall...}}<br />
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A similar issue exists for the five daily prayers. Anyone living in the polar region would not be able to make a sunset or sunrise prayer for much of the year. Even for cities further south like Aberdeen in Scotland, the gap between the night prayer (Isha) and the dawn prayer (Fajr) is around 4 and a half hours in June, so anyone following these rules has to interupt their sleep around 3.20am, then go back to sleep before getting up for the day. Such issues would not have crossed the mind of a 7th century man in Arabia, who believed that everyone experiences sunrise and sunset when he does, and where it would be perfectly natural to arise at dawn any time of the year.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|17|78}}|<br />
Establish regular prayers - at the sun's decline till the darkness of the night, and the morning prayer and reading: for the prayer and reading in the morning carry their testimony.}}<br />
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====Earth is Spread Out and Flat====<br />
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The author of the Qur'an mentions to his audience that the Earth is 'spread out' and layed flat. The arabic word here ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000081.pdf sataha]) was used to describe making the flat top or roof of a house or chamber and making a top surface flat. Words from the same root mean the flat top surface or roof of a house or chamber, a flat plane in geometry, a level place upon which dates can be spread, a rolling pin (which expands the dough), plane or flat.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|88|20}}|And at the Earth, how it is spread out?}}<br />
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The Qur'anic commentary of al-Jalalayn agrees with this understanding of the verse saying that most scholars at his time agree that the earth is flat and not spherical.<br />
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{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=88&tAyahNo=20&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn for verse 88:20]|2=And the earth, how it was laid out flat?, and thus infer from this the power of God, exalted be He, and His Oneness? The commencing with the [mention of] camels is because they are closer in contact with it [the earth] than any other [animal]. As for His words sutihat, 'laid out flat', this on a literal reading suggests '''that the earth is flat, which is the opinion of most of the scholars''' of the [revealed] Law, and '''not a sphere as astronomers (ahl al-hay'a) have it''', even if this [latter] does not contradict any of the pillars of the Law.}}<br />
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====The Earth is a carpet====<br />
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The arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000241.pdf bisaatan]) used here means a thing that is spread or spread out or forth, and particularly a carpet.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|71|19}}|And Allah has made the earth for you as a carpet (spread out)}}<br />
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====Earth is Like a Couch====<br />
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The Earth is described using an arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000155.pdf firashan]) that means a thing that is spread on the ground to sit or lay upon.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|<br />
[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].}}<br />
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Ibn-Kathir in his Tafsir agrees with this interpretation that the earth is flat and comfortable like a bed.<br />
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{{Quote|Ibn-Kathir |who has made the earth as flat and comfortable as a bed and placed upon it mountains standing firm... (Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Part 1) }}<br />
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The same root word for couch in 2:22 is used as a verb in 51.48 in the sense of to spread (the first word translated spread here).<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, '''We have spread it'''; how excellent (are) the Spreaders!}}<br />
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====Earth is a Bed====<br />
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The Earth is described like a bed (or carpet in Yusuf Ali's translation) in verse 20:53, and similarly {{Quran|43|10}}. The arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000267.pdf mahdan]) suggests something completely flat and spread out on the ground and not rolled up for storage. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|20|53}}|<br />
Who hath appointed the earth '''as a bed''' and hath threaded roads for you therein and hath sent down water from the sky and thereby We have brought forth divers kinds of vegetation}}<br />
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Sometimes the same Arabic word is translated as expanse as in this verse. Together with the next verse, the Earth is a thing spread out and pegged down by mountains.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|78|6|7}}|Have We not made the earth as a '''wide expanse''', And the mountains as pegs?}}<br />
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The same root word is used as a participle at the end of 51.48<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, We have spread it; how excellent (are) '''the Spreaders!'''}}<br />
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====The Earth was stretched out====<br />
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In the verse below, as also in {{Quran|13|3}} and {{Quran|50|7}}, the Qur'an uses a verb ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000223.pdf madadna]) that meant to extend by drawing or pulling, stretch out, expand.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|15|19}}|And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.}}<br />
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====Earth is a Level Plain====<br />
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The Qur'an describes a time in the future when mountains will be removed. Verse 18:47 uses an arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000224.pdf baarizatan]) that means "entirely apparent" to describe the Earth at this time. Verse 20:106 uses words ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000248.pdf qa'an] and [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000418.pdf safsafan]) that mean a level plain. This description assumes the Earth is already flat and level with only the mountains giving it shape. The author here appears to have no knowledge that the Earth is round and not level.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|18|47}}|And (bethink you of) the Day when we remove the hills and ye see the earth emerging, and We gather them together so as to leave not one of them behind.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran-range|20|105|107}}|They will ask thee of the mountains (on that day). Say: My Lord will break them into scattered dust. And leave it as '''an empty plain''', Wherein thou seest neither curve nor ruggedness.}}<br />
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===Permanent Barrier between Fresh and Salt Water===<br />
{{Main|Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Quran}}<br />
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When a fresh water river flows into the sea or ocean, there is a transition region in between. This transition region is called an [[w:estuary|estuary]] where the fresh water remains temporarily separated from the salt water. However, this separation is not absolute (thus cannot be described as a "barrier"), is not permanent, and the different salinity levels between the two bodies of water eventually homogenize. The Qur'an however erroneously says that the seperation between the two types of water is absolute and permanent. <br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|25|53}}| It is He Who has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable and sweet, and the other salt and bitter; yet has He made a barrier between them, '''a partition that is forbidden to be passed'''. }}<br />
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===Mountains Prevent Earthquakes===<br />
{{Main|The Quran and Mountains|l1=The Qur'an and Mountains}}<br />
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Modern geology has discovered that large plates in the crust of the earth are responsible for the formation of mountains. Called [[w:Plate tectonics|Plate tectonic]] these massive plates meet and the pressure between them pushes up the crust forming mountains but also causing earthquakes and faults. the Qur'an propagates the idea that mountains are crucial in stabilizing the earth when, in fact, the earth would be much more stable and have less earthquakes if mountains did not exist.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and rivers and roads; that ye may guide yourselves}}<br />
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===Mountains Cast into the Earth===<br />
<br />
Mountains are usually formed through the movement of lithosphere plates. They were not thrown down into the earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He hath cast into the earth firm hills that it quake not with you, and streams and roads that ye may find a way }}<br />
<br />
The word he has cast is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000266.pdf alqa] (lam-qaf-ya), which in this form means to throw or cast down and is the same word used in 12:10 when Yusuf is cast down into the well, and in 20:20 when Moses casts down his staff, which becomes a snake.<br />
<br />
===Chest Contracts with Altitude===<br />
{{Main|Quran Describes Altitude Sickness|l1=Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness}}<br />
<br />
This verse says that your chest cavity gets smaller with higher altitude when in reality the opposite is true.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|125}}|Those whom Allah (in His plan) willeth to guide,- He openeth their breast to Islam; those whom He willeth to leave straying,- He maketh their breast close and constricted, as if they had to climb up to the skies: thus doth Allah (heap) the penalty on those who refuse to believe.}}<br />
<br />
===Earthquakes are a Punishment from God===<br />
{{Main|Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World}}<br />
<br />
Some of the highest death tolls from natural disasters in the last decade were in Muslim countries. In fact, natural disasters do not differentiate between Muslim or non-Muslim nations nor are they controlled by a divine being. Earth quakes are extremely common along tectonic fault lines and are not a punishment for human behavior but the byproduct of natural forces. The Qur'anic author perpetuates an unscientific understanding of his phenomena in there verses.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|45}}|<br />
Do then those who devise evil (plots) feel secure that Allah will not cause the earth to swallow them up, or that the Wrath will not seize them from directions they little perceive?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|37}}|<br />
But they denied him, and the dreadful earthquake took them, and morning found them prostrate in their dwelling place. }}<br />
<br />
===Hurricanes and Blizzards are a Punishment from God===<br />
{{Main|Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World}}<br />
<br />
Two of the deadliest blizzards in history happened in Muslim countries. However, the Qur'an regards those natural disasters as violent punishment from God. Weather patterns follow predictable patterns and are not controlled by a divine being. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|68}}|<br />
Do ye then feel secure that He will not cause you to be swallowed up beneath the earth when ye are on land, or that He will not send against you a violent tornado (with showers of stones) so that ye shall find no one to carry out your affairs for you}}<br />
<br />
===No Evaporation in Water Cycle===<br />
{{Main|Responses_to_Zakir_Naik#Water_Cycle_in_the_Qur.27an|l1=Water Cycle in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
Every verse about rain in the Qur'an implies that rain comes either directly from the sky or from Allah. However the crucial step of evaporation of water into the air is conspicuously never mentioned, despite apologetics claiming that the water cycle is described in the Qur'an. Condensation of water is never mentioned. This means that the author of the Qur'an believed in clouds and rainfall as a linear process orchestrated by Allah as opposed to a cyclic process.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|11}}|<br />
That sends down (from time to time) rain from the sky in due measure;- and We raise to life therewith a land that is dead; even so will ye be raised (from the dead)}}<br />
<br />
===Mountains of Hail in the Sky===<br />
<br />
Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds when updrafts raise water droplets to an altitude where they freeze. However, the Qur'anic author seems to have imagined mountain-like masses of hail in the sky / heaven.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|43}}|<br />
Hast thou not seen how Allah wafteth the clouds, then gathereth them, then maketh them layers, and thou seest the rain come forth from between them; '''He sendeth down from the heaven mountains wherein is hail''', and smiteth therewith whom He will, and averteth it from whom He will. The flashing of His lightning all but snatcheth away the sight.<br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' wayunazzilu (and he sends down) mina (from) alssamai (the sky) min (from) jibalin (mountains) feeha (in it ['it' is feminine here so must refer to the sky]) min (of) baradin (hail)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Tafsirs such as Jalalayn and the one attributed to Ibn Abbas say that this means mountains in the sky. Ibn Kathir notes two views, that these are literally mountains of hail in the sky, or that they are a metaphor for clouds. Clouds could poetically be described as mountains in the sky, but for the verse to literally say "mountains of hail in the sky" strongly suggests large masses of ice (in the clouds or otherwise), and we can see it being understood in this literal way as evidenced in tafsirs.<br />
<br />
===Allah Uses Thunderbolts to Smite People===<br />
<br />
The Qur'anic author was superstitious about thunder and lightning and imagined that they strike those whom Allah wishes to smite.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|13}}|<br />
And the thunder declares His glory with His praise, and the angels too for awe of Him; and He sends the thunderbolts and smites with them whom He pleases, yet they dispute concerning Allah, and He is mighty in prowess.}}<br />
<br />
More light on this verse comes in the following hadith, graded hasan (good) by Dar-us-Salam. Muhammad believed the sound of thunder was an angel striking the clouds, which he drives along with a piece of fire.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi|44|5|44|3117}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
"The Jews came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: 'O Abul-Qasim! Inform us about the thunder, what is it?' He said: 'An angel among the angels, who is responsible for the clouds. He has a piece of fire wherever that he drives the clouds wherever Allah wills.' They said: 'Then what is this noise we hear?' He said: 'It is him, striking the clouds when he drives them on, until it goes where it is ordered.' They said: 'You have told the truth.'}}<br />
<br />
==Zoology==<br />
<br />
===Ants Recognize Humans and Speak with Each Other===<br />
<br />
Ants typically communicate with each other using pheromone which are a chemical signal. While scientists have also discovered that ants make some noises, nothing has ever indicated that the brains of ants could produce such complex communication as is depicted in the Quranic story of Solomon and the ants. However, the Qur'an tells us that not only does an ant warn her fellow ants of the approach of a large army of humans, but it recognizes one of the humans as Solomon. Then, he also understands her speech. How an ant could even see that far or have known the identify of Solomon is never explained. This account of a talking ant is clearly a legend and not scientific.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|27|18|19}}|<br />
At length, when they came to a (lowly) valley of ants, '''one of the ants said: "O ye ants, get into your habitations, lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it." So he smiled, amused at her speech;''' and he said: "O my Lord! so order me that I may be grateful for Thy favours, which thou hast bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may work the righteousness that will please Thee: And admit me, by Thy Grace, to the ranks of Thy righteous Servants." }}<br />
<br />
===Only Four Types of Cattle===<br />
<br />
While the Qur'an states that Allah has provided four kinds of cattle (eight including male and female) for use by humans and for eating, in fact there are more than a dozen kinds of cattle. The word "cattle" in 39:6 is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000289.pdf al-ana'ami], meaning pasturing (i.e. grazing) animals. The word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000432.pdf azwajin] ("kinds" in the translation of 39:6 below) generally means mate or member of a pair. {{Quran|6|143-144}} clarifies that this refers to male and female pairs of sheep, goats, oxes and camels, so in fact the author of the Qur'an is aware only of four kinds of cattle useful for humans (horses, mules and donkeys are considered distinct from cattle in {{Quran-range|16|5|8}}). This neglects other types of cattle from the regions outside of Arabia such as reindeer, which are important to people in northern latitudes. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one being, then from that (being) He made its mate; and He hath provided for you of '''cattle eight kinds'''. He created you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, in a threefold gloom. Such is Allah, your Lord. His is the Sovereignty. There is no Allah save Him. How then are ye turned away}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|142-144}}|'''And of the cattle (He produceth) some for burdens, some for food.''' Eat of that which Allah hath bestowed upon you, and follow not the footsteps of the devil, for lo! he is an open foe to you. '''Eight pairs: Of the sheep twain, and of the goats twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain? Expound to me (the case) with knowledge, if ye are truthful. '''And of the camels twain and of the oxen twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain; or were ye by to witness when Allah commanded you (all) this? Then who doth greater wrong than he who deviseth a lie concerning Allah, that he may lead mankind astray without knowledge. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.}}<br />
<br />
===Horses Created as Transportation===<br />
<br />
It took thousands of years of domestication and cross-breeding before horses were domesticated approximately 4,000 years ago in East Europe and Central Asia. Prior to this, horses were wild animals though the Qur'an neglects to mention this important fact. Even today [[w:Feral horse|feral horses]] are descendants of once domesticated horses that aren't tamed or used for human transportation. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|8}}|<br />
And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which ye have no knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
===All Animals Live in Communities===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an is emphatic that ''all'' animals live in communities. Some animals such as the jaguar or leopard are well known for being solitary creatures, rarely meeting in pairs and only to mate. They do not live in communities and routinely fight each other over territory.<br />
<br />
There are also species even whose young are not raised as a family, which lay eggs and abandon them before hatching. Sea Turtles bury their eggs on a beach and leave them. When an egg hatches the baby turtle must dig to the surface and make a sprint to the sea or perish. Some reptiles behave similarly. An even better example is the Carolina anole, which is a lizard species. They lay just a single egg every 2 weeks, around 10 in total, each taking 5 to 7 weeks to hatch. Anole hatchlings must fend for themselves and are by nature solitary creatures from birth.<br />
<br />
One translation attempts to interpret umamun (community / nation) to mean genus (group of species, plural: genera). Even supposing this to be the correct interpretation, it would represent the pre-scientific understanding in which every creature can be neatly categorised, ignorant of the on-going process in which sub-groups of many species are diverging and gradually evolving into new species.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|38}}|<br />
'''There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book''', and they (all) shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.}}<br />
<br />
===Bird Flight is a Miracle===<br />
<br />
Today, engineers and scientists are well aware of the aerodynamic properties of a bird's wing. It functions by creating a difference in the air pressure between the lower and upper part of the wing and this creates lift that pushes the bird upward. The wings of birds evolved over millions of years to acquire this feature. The author of the Qur'an, however, is unaware of these scientific details and says that 'nothing' holds up the bird except the miraculous power of Allah.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|79}}|<br />
Do they not look at the birds, held poised in the midst of (the air and) the sky? Nothing holds them up but (the power of) Allah. Verily in this are signs for those who believe}}<br />
<br />
===Birth Defects and Imperfections===<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an states that there are no flaws in anything. The author fails to mention the numerous defects and imperfections in all species.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|67|3}}|<br />
Who hath created seven heavens in harmony. Thou (Muhammad) canst see no fault in the Beneficent One's creation; then look again: Canst thou see any flaw?}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Wall of Iron between Two Mountains===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an repeats the Syrian legend of Alexander the Great as a great king who helps a tribe of people build a massive wall of iron between two mountains. Even with satellites and near universal exploration of the world, no archaeologist has ever found even a trace of such a massive structure.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|96|97}}|<br />
"Bring me blocks of iron." At length, when he had '''filled up the space between the two steep mountain-sides''', He said, "Blow (with your bellows)" Then, when he had made it (red) as fire, he said: "Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten lead." Thus were they made powerless to scale it or to dig through it.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Christians Worship Mary as Part of the Trinity===<br />
<br />
Christians have never worshipped Mary as part of the Trinity. The author of the Qur'an seems to be mistaken in his understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity and the theology of Christians.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|116}}|<br />
And behold! Allah will say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Didst thou say unto men, '''worship me and my mother as gods''' in derogation of Allah'?" He will say: "Glory to Thee! never could I say what I had no right (to say). Had I said such a thing, thou wouldst indeed have known it. Thou knowest what is in my heart, Thou I know not what is in Thine. For Thou knowest in full all that is hidden}}<br />
<br />
Further evidence that the author believed Mary was part of the Christian trinity appears in Surah Al-Ma'idah when the subject of the trinity is explicitly addressed:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|72|75}}|They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary. The Messiah (himself) said: O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord. Lo! whoso ascribeth partners unto Allah, for him Allah hath forbidden paradise. His abode is the Fire. For evil-doers there will be no helpers. '''They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the third of three'''; when there is no Allah save the One Allah. If they desist not from so saying a painful doom will fall on those of them who disbelieve. Will they not rather turn unto Allah and seek forgiveness of Him? For Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. '''The Messiah, son of Mary, was no other than a messenger''', messengers (the like of whom) had passed away before him. '''And his mother was a saintly woman. And they both used to eat (earthly) food.''' See how We make the revelations clear for them, and see how they are turned away!}}<br />
<br />
It is particularly noteworthy that no other entity is mentioned (i.e. the holy spirit, which is the 3rd member of the trinity in actual Christian doctrine). Verse 75 even uses the statement that the Messiah and Marium both ate food to demonstrate that they are normal humans and not a part of a divine trinity with Allah.<br />
<br />
=== Samaritans existing in ancient Egypt ===<br />
<br />
The Qu'ran claims that Moses dealt with a Samaritan during his time, however they did not exist until over half a millennium after this even supposedly occurred. The term Samari itself comes from the city of Samaria, an archaeologically confirmed city which was built by King Omri in around 870BC, nearly 700 years after Moses is supposed to have existed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|85}}|“( Allah) said; ‘We have tested thy people in thy absence: the Samiri has led them astray’.” }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|95}}|“( Moses) said, ‘What then is thy case, O Samiri?’”}}<br />
<br />
These verses concern the story of the golden calf in the time of Moses. It seems that Muhammad may have been confused because there is another Biblical passage in Hosea 8:5-6 about a much later golden calf that the Samaritans worshipped after the time of Solomon.<br />
<br />
===Mary Confused with Miriam ===<br />
{{main|Mary the sister of Aaron in the Quran}}<br />
<br />
Each of the following verses narrates the story of Jesus's birth. But Mary the mother of Jesus was born in the first century BCE and is not related to Moses and his family that existed 1500 years before. Miriam, not Mary, was the sister of Moses and Aaron and daughter of Amram (Imran).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|19|27-28}}|At length she brought the (babe) to her people, carrying him (in her arms). They said: "O Mary! truly an amazing thing hast thou brought! '''O sister of Aaron!''' Thy father was not a man of evil, nor thy mother a woman unchaste!" }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|66|12}}|And '''Mary, the daughter of 'Imran''', who guarded her chastity; and We breathed into (her body) of Our spirit; }}<br />
<br />
Hence the claim that Mary's mother is the wife of Imran is also false.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|35-36}}| Behold! '''a woman of 'Imran''' said: "O my Lord! I do dedicate unto Thee what is in my womb for Thy special service: So accept this of me: For Thou hearest and knowest all things." When she was delivered, she said: "O my Lord! Behold! I am delivered of a female child!"- and Allah knew best what she brought forth- "And no wise is the male Like the female. I have named her Mary, and I commend her and her offspring to Thy protection from the Evil One, the Rejected." }}<br />
<br />
The fact that two different people are given the exact same name despite supposedly living over 1000 years apart in communities which spoke completely different languages (ancient paleo-hebrew and then syriac-aramiac), with different alphabets, also casts serious doubt on the precise historicity of the Qu'ranic account.<br />
<br />
===Coat of Mail was Invented during the Reign of David===<br />
<br />
There is no evidence that coats of chainmail (as distinct from scale armour) existed during the time of David (10th century BCE). The earliest example of a coat of mail was Celtic and its invention is commonly credited to the Celts in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="books.google.com">Richard A. Gabriel, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&pg=PA79 ''The ancient world''], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 P.79</ref>. Mail has also been found in a 5th century BCE Scythian grave, and there is a cumbersome Etruscan pattern mail artifact from the 4th century BCE.<ref>Robinson, H. R., [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BaDMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 ''Oriental Armour''], New York:Dover Publications, 1995, pp.10-12</ref> Such artifacts would have been easily preserved and found by archeologists if they had existed much earlier. Some older translations of the Bible mention Goliath and David wearing a "coat of mail" in 1 Samuel 17:5 and 17:38 respectively. This is a [http://myarmoury.com/feature_mail.html#Origins well known mistranslation] for a word meaning armour in general.<br />
<br />
In the Qur'an, David is taught by Allah how to make coats of iron chainmail ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000022.pdf sabighatin] سَٰبِغَٰتٍ) and to measure the chainmail links ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000071.pdf as-sardi] ٱلسَّرْدِ) thereof. It says people should be thankful for this knowledge which has been passed down from him. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|34|10|11}}| And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him, Saying: Make thou long coats of mail and measure the links (thereof). And do ye right. Lo! I am Seer of what ye do. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|21|79|80}}| And We made Solomon to understand (the case); and unto each of them We gave judgment and knowledge. And we subdued the hills and the birds to hymn (His) praise along with David. We were the doers (thereof). And We taught him the art of making garments (of mail) to protect you in your daring. Are ye then thankful?}}<br />
<br />
===Crucifixions in Ancient Egypt===<br />
<br />
There are no references from any culture anywhere in the world to crucifixion as a method of execution before 500 BCE, where they started to appear in several middle eastern cultures. However, the Qur'an tells of crucifixions at the time of Joseph (approximately 2000 BCE) and Moses (approximately 1500 BCE). <br />
<br />
Ancient Egypt has been extensively studied in archaeology. While there is hieroglyphic evidence of people impaled through upright stakes in ancient Egypt, this is a distinct execution method from the crucifixion on palm trees in the Qur'anic story. Palm trees are far too thick to be used as upright stakes for impaling a person from above, so no-one would choose palm trees for such a purpose. Rather, the Egyptians would have to impale the victim to the side of the palm tree trunk in the Qur'an's anachronistic tale.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|12|41}}|<br />
O two companions of prison, as for one of you, he will give drink to his master of wine; but as for the other, he will be crucified, and the birds will eat from his head. The matter has been decreed about which you both inquire." }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|71}}|<br />
(Pharaoh) said: Ye put faith in him before I give you leave. Lo! he is your chief who taught you magic. Now surely I shall cut off your hands and your feet alternately, and '''I shall crucify you on the trunks of palm trees''', and ye shall know for certain which of us hath sterner and more lasting punishment.}}<br />
<br />
===Noah's Flood===<br />
<br />
Islamic websites try to escape the embarrassment that the Qur'an contains an un-historical, world-wide flood story as found in the Bible and ancient near-Eastern mythology. They claim instead that the textual evidence supports nothing more than a regional flood in the Qur'anic story of Noah. There are many severe weaknesses in this claim.<br />
<br />
If the flood was not world-wide then why was Noah instructed to spend time building a boat at all when he could have just taken his family out of the flood region with sufficient warning? Animals in the region could have done likewise by the same kind of miracle needed to bring them all to an ark. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! '''We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female''', and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him.}}<br />
Why would Noah have to put every kind of animal on the ark to save them when there would have been more members of most species elsewhere in the world, unaffected by the regional flood?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|43}}|The son replied: "I will betake myself to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: '''"This day nothing can save''', from the command of Allah, any but those on whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.}}<br />
A mountain, or simply fleeing the region would be enough to save someone from a regional flood, but this verse says nothing can save them.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|26}}|And Noah, said: "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers, a single one on earth!}}<br />
"The Earth" here could also be translated "the land", but why would Noah only care about a single region of disbelievers?<br />
<br />
The story of Noah was a [[w:Flood myth|famous myth]] of a ''world-wide'' flood. At very least it is a major weakness that the Qur'an makes no attempt to distinguish itself from the same world-wide flood myth that its listeners were familiar with.<br />
<br />
===Noah's Ark holds Every Species===<br />
<br />
The legend of Noah and the Ark states that two of each kind of animal was placed on an ark. However, there are over a hundred thousand species of animals including penguins, polar bears, koala bears, and kangaroos that live spread across the entire planet and in different climates and requiring specialized diets. There is no way such an event could have occurred.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|<br />
At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female, and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him. }}<br />
<br />
===Pharaoh or Pharaohs===<br />
<br />
Geographically, the Coptic land of Egypt was adjacent to Arabia. Thus, most Arabs were aware of the preservation method applied by the ancient Egyptian to their Pharaohs. They were preserved intact using methods such as salt to dry the body (hence salt in the body of Ramesses II is not evidence that he drowned in the sea). There were many Pharaohs ranging from numerous dynasties who were preserved in this way, but the Qur'an merely narrated one un-named Pharaoh who would be preserved as a sign.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|92}}|<br />
This day shall We save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a sign to those who come after thee! but verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our Signs!" }}<br />
<br />
===Jews call Ezra the Son of God===<br />
<br />
Historically, Judaism has been a strict form of monotheism. But the author of the Qur'an accuses Jews of polytheism by stating that they call Uzair (Ezra) the son of God in the same way that Christians see Jesus as the son of God. The author of the Qur'an seems to be unaware of the different theological implications of these two terms between Judaism and Christianity.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|<br />
The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth! }}<br />
<br />
===Nobody before John the Baptist was given the name "John"===<br />
<br />
The name "John" originates from the Hebrew name ''Yohanan''. Several figures in the [[Old Testament]] bore this name. To quote historical examples, there was a high priest named [[w:Johanan (High Priest)|Johanan]] (3rd century BC) and a ruler named [[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus]] (died 104 BC). These people existed before [[w:John the Baptist|John the Baptist]], who was a contemporary of Jesus. But the Qur'an claims that nobody before John the Baptist (''Yahya'' in Arabic) bore his name.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|19|7}}|(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; '''we have given the same name to none before (him).''' }}<br />
<br />
===Supernatural Destruction of Cities===<br />
The author of the Qur'an thought that outside the vicinity of Arabia there were cities and tribes destroyed by Allah for rejecting his messengers and Islam. In each specific example in the Qur'an (A'ad, Thamud, Midian, the people of Lot, Pharoah's army), the destruction of the disbelievers is sudden and total. Thanks to today's scientific progress, historical cities and tribes are known to have been destroyed by natural disasters, famine, wars, migration, or neglect, often taking years or decades to unfold. But the Qur'an merely repeats a common myth of the ancient Near East whereby these incidents are treated as swift and sudden punishments by God for people's sins.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|45}}|And how many a township have We destroyed because it had been immersed in evildoing - and now they [all] lie deserted, with their roofs caved in! And how many a well lies abandoned, and how many a castle that [once] stood high!}}<br />
<br />
The suddenness of Allah's punishment is stressed many times in Surah al-A'raf:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|4}}|How many a township have We destroyed! As a raid by night, or while they slept at noon, Our terror came unto them.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|34}}|And every nation hath its term, and when its term cometh, they cannot put it off an hour nor yet advance (it).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|97|98}}|Are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them as a night-raid while they sleep? Or are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them in the daytime while they play?}}<br />
<br />
In the Qur'an, the people of Thamud were killed instantly by an earthquake {{Quran|7|78}} or thunderous blast {{Quran|11|67}}, {{Quran-range|41|13|17}}, {{Quran|51|44}}, {{Quran|69|5}}. The people of A'ad were killed by a fierce wind for 7 days {{Quran-range|41|13|16}},{{Quran-range|46|24|35}},{{Quran|51|41}}, {{Quran-range|69|6|7}}. The people of Midian (Midyan) were killed overnight by an earthquake {{Quran|7|91}}, {{Quran|29|36}}. The towns of Lot were destroyed by a storm of stones from the sky {{Quran|54|32}}, {{Quran|29|34}}. The actual locations of these towns or tribes are currently unknown, and Midian was a wide geographical area, so claims about their sudden demise may always be unfalsifiable. Many other polytheist towns throughout the world certainly did not experience any sudden destruction.<br />
<br />
===Humans can Live for a Thousand Years===<br />
<br />
The oldest verified human life has been a little over 120 years. Based on fossil records and testing on human remains, anthropologists have concluded that human life spans are increasing, not decreasing. Nevertheless, the Qur'an claims that Noah lived for almost 1,000 years.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|14}}|<br />
We (once) sent Noah to his people, and he tarried among them '''a thousand years less fifty''': but the Deluge overwhelmed them while they (persisted in) sin. }}<br />
<br />
===Non-Existent Mosque in Jerusalem===<br />
<br />
Muslims claim that Al-Aqsa mosque is mentioned in the Qur'an as the furthest mosque, even though there was obviously no mosque in Jerusalem during Muhammad's time.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
<br />
==Sociology==<br />
<br />
===Linguistics ===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|31}}|And He taught Adam the names - all of them. Then He showed them to the angels and said, "Inform Me of the names of these, if you are truthful."}}<br />
<br />
The Qu'ran states that the first humans "Adam and Eve" spoke to each other in some kind of language in many suras, and also that God told them the names of everything. Thanks to the modern field of linguistics and the history of language we know that the type of sentences constructed in the Qu'ran would simply not have been able to be spoken by humans until over 100,000 years since the first humans evolved. The language of the first humans would be incomprehensible to us and they would not be able to express the kinds of sentences that Adam and Eve do in the Qu'ran.<br />
<br />
Allah taught Adam the names of all things. Does he know how long it takes to speak these names? Some 1.9 million species of plants and animals have been identified and named, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist.<ref name=plos>{{cite journal | author= Mora, C.| title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|date=August 23, 2011|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Millions more have become extinct. Let us not even talk about the names of non-living objects, galaxies, the countless stars and planets of the universe.<br />
<br />
===People are Protected in Mecca===<br />
{{Main|Hajj}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an claims Allah has made Mecca and the Ka'aba a place of safety. However, historically it has been attacked and seen battles numerous times. Juhayman al-Otaybi, Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and Abu Tahir al-Janabi killed thousands of Muslim pilgrims in Mecca. Moreover, Yazid Bin Muawiya sent an army battalion to attack Mecca and desecrated the Ka'aba. The universal safety of people in Mecca has no historical evidence supporting it.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|125}}|<br />
Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and '''a place of safety'''; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma'il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|97}}|<br />
Allah made '''the Ka'ba, the Sacred House, an asylum of security for men''', as also the Sacred Months, the animals for offerings, and the garlands that mark them: That ye may know that Allah hath knowledge of what is in the heavens and on earth and that Allah is well acquainted with all things. }}<br />
<br />
===Requirement to Learn in Arabic===<br />
<br />
There are over 5,000 languages and dialects in the world, with less than 4% of the world's population being native Arabic speakers. Moreover, even native speakers of modern Arabic in its various dialects need additional study to be able to understand well the Qur'anic Arabic from which the modern language developed. Even then, both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars acknowledge that the meaning of certain words, and historical allusions in the Qur'an have become lost or have always been uncertain (as indeed anyone familiar with the discussions of competing interpretations in the tafsirs will be aware).<br />
<br />
However, it is incumbent upon Muslims to pray in Arabic, recite the Qur'an in Arabic, and understand commentaries and the traditions of Muhammad in classical Arabic. We are left wondering why an all-knowing being would not provide a more efficient way to send his message to all people on earth and why he does not account for the immense diversity of languages.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|3}}|<br />
We have made it a Qur'an in Arabic, that ye may be able to understand (and learn wisdom). }}<br />
<br />
==Myths and Legendary Tales==<br />
<br />
While miracles by definition are supposed to defy the laws of nature and scientific explanation, it is interesting to observe some of the strange and absurd myths and legends in the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
===Humans Transformed into Apes===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an records a miraculous event where Sabbath breakers are transformed into apes. This account seems to be a mere legend and has no basis in scientific fact.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|65}}|<br />
And well ye knew those amongst you who transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath: We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected." }}<br />
<br />
=== Golden Calf Statue Moos ===<br />
<br />
A statue of a calf was cast out of ornaments but it could moo.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|88}}|So he brought forth for them a calf, a (mere) body, which had a mooing sound, so they said: This is your god and the god of Musa, but he forgot.}}<br />
<br />
===Tribes Trapped Behind a Wall===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
<br />
The story of Dhul-Qarnayn says that two tribes are trapped behind a massive wall of Iron. According to the Qur'an, these two beast tribes were trapped by Dhul-Qarnayn behind this metal wall and will only be let free on the day of Judgement. Obviously, no such wall has ever been found nor are there tribes somewhere on earth trapped behind it.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|96}}|<br />
Until the Gog and Magog (people) are let through (their barrier), and they swiftly swarm from every hill. }}<br />
<br />
===Supernatural Food===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states Mary received food sent down from heaven. There have never been any scientifically verified accounts of fully cooked food falling from the sky.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|114}}|<br />
Jesus, son of Mary, said: O Allah, Lord of us! '''Send down for us a table spread with food from heaven, that it may be a feast for us''', for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee. Give us sustenance, for Thou art the Best of Sustainers.}}<br />
<br />
===A Stick Transforms into a Serpent===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|107}}|<br />
Then (Moses) threw his rod, and behold! it was a serpent, plain (for all to see)! }}<br />
<br />
===Solomon's Army of Genies and Birds===<br />
<br />
Throughout history, kings and emperors had commanded huge and small amount of armies. None was ever recorded to possess armies that entirely consists of birds and genies. This story in the Qur'an draws on Jewish folklore.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|16-17}}|<br />
And Solomon was David's heir. He said: "O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed (a little) of all things: this is indeed Grace manifest (from Allah.)And before Solomon were marshalled his hosts― of Jinns and men and birds, and they were all kept in order and ranks.}}<br />
<br />
He spoke with a [[w:Hoopoe|Hoopoe]] bird and wanted to punish it for a small error.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|20-22}}|<br />
And he took a muster of the Birds; and he said: "Why is it I see not the Hoopoe? Or is he among the absentees? I will certainly punish him with a severe Penalty, or execute him, unless he bring me a clear reason (for absence).}}<br />
<br />
The Hoopoe bird was in fact busy eavesdropping on a beautiful female ruler, Queen Sheba.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|23}}|<br />
I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.}}<br />
<br />
===Jonah Performs Repentance inside a Fish===<br />
<br />
A human could not live inside a fish and pray. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|142}}|<br />
Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah,He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection.But We cast him forth, on the naked shore in a state of sickness}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad Flies on a Winged Horse to Heaven===<br />
{{Main|Buraq}}<br />
<br />
It took one week to travel from Mecca to the Farthest Mosque by camel. But the Qur'an reveals that a magical winged horse, called the Buraq, traveled a similar distance in a matter of minutes. No such creature has ever been shown to be real and it seems to only exist in legend and mythology.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
<br />
===Body Parts Speak===<br />
<br />
The limbs and organs of a human are controlled by the brain that conveys electrical signal through the nervous system. But the Qur'an believes that the limbs can talk and testify against the person, even though they would have no voice, memory or mind of their own.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|24}}|<br />
On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions. }}<br />
<br />
===Sea Split in Half===<br />
<br />
Moses and the Israelites crossed a sea that was split into two halves.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|50}}|<br />
And remember '''We divided the sea for you''' and saved you and drowned Pharaoh's people within your very sight. }}<br />
<br />
===Solomon can Control the Wind===<br />
<br />
King Solomon had the authority to manipulate the wind at his command and could fly anywhere he wanted.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|38|36}}|<br />
Then We subjected the wind to his power, to flow gently to his order, Whithersoever he willed }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Ibn-Kathir on 21:81 | A flying carpet made from wood, on top of which he could carry everything in his kingdom including chairs, to wherever Solomon wants to go, whilst flocks of birds would fly over to give shade }}<br />
<br />
===A Dead Man Testified against his Killer===<br />
<br />
Allah told some people to hit a murder victim with a piece of cow to temporarily resurrect him.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|73}}|<br />
And We said: Smite him with some of it. Thus Allah bringeth the dead to life and showeth you His portents so that ye may understand. }}<br />
<br />
===Mountains and Birds can Sing Songs===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|10}}|<br />
And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him}}<br />
<br />
==Others==<br />
<br />
===Mathematical Error in Hereditary Laws===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|11-12}}|<br />
4.11: Allah (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. For parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased Left brothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases ('s) after the payment of legacies and debts. Ye know not whether your parents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Al-wise. <br />
<br />
4.12: In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or woman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth; but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to any one). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Most Forbearing. }}<br />
<br />
* Wife: 1/8 = 3/24,<br />
* Daughters: 2/3 = 16/24,<br />
* Father: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
* Mother: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
* '''Total''' = 27/24=1.125<br />
<br />
The total does not equal to 1. This error can never be reconciled in any way. [http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/i001.html]<br />
<br />
===People use the Forehead to Lie===<br />
{{Main|Quran and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum|l1=Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum}}<br />
<br />
According to a particularly imaginative miracle claim made by some Islamic websites, the Qur'an identifies which part of the brain is used for telling lies. Brain wave technology has shown that electrical activity happens in the entire brain when a person is being deceitful. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|15-16}}|<br />
Let him beware! If he desist not, We will drag him by the forelock. A lying, sinful forelock.}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Contradictions and Errors|Contradictions and Errors}}<br />
* [[Scientific Errors in the Qur'an (Response)]] <br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&diff=121330Scientific Errors in the Quran2019-12-29T11:27:42Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{page_title|Scientific Errors in the Qur'an}}<br />
A message from an all-knowing being should not contain any [[Contradictions and Errors|errors, mistakes]], or information that contradicts known facts about the universe. If even one error exists in the text of [[Islam]]'s holy book then the claims of divine authorship and infallibility are not true. An objective evaluation of the [[Qur’an]] shows that it contains numerous [[Islam and Science|scientific]] and historical errors and reflects a pre-scientific, 7<sup>th</sup> century view of the natural world.<br />
<br />
Some will contest these numerous errors in the Qur'an by appealing to metaphor, alternative meanings, or [[w:Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] interpretations of the text. Even supposing alternative explanations were possible in every case, the problem would remain that the Qur’an contains no obvious attempts to differentiate its understanding of the natural world and historical events from the common folklore and unscientific misconceptions of the people living in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia. An all-powerful, all-knowing, perfect communicator would have been able to foresee how such misleading statements would be understood by future generations and the doubts and confusions they would cause. Such overwhelming weakness in the Qur'an when we should expect perfection is already reason enough to reject any claims to its divine authorship.<br />
<br />
==Astronomy==<br />
<br />
=== Geocentricism===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an mentions a few times that the sun and the moon travel in an orbit (falak - a rounded course), but does not mention once that the Earth does too. This is consistent with an Earth-centered (geocentric) view of the cosmos that places a motionless Earth at the center of the universe and all "heavenly bodies" travel around the Earth. This was the prevailing understanding of the universe prior to the 16<sup>th</sup> century when Copernicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. Tellingly, the sun's orbit is almost always mentioned in the context of night and day (13:2 is the only exception) and is always mentioned with that of the moon, which does in fact orbit the Earth each month, and to a naive observer seems to traverse the sky each night when it is visible.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|37|end=40|style=ref}}|<br />
A token unto them is night. We strip it of the day, and lo! they are in darkness. And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old shrivelled palm-leaf. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.}}<br />
This is in a passage about night and day. Right after describing the change from day to night, it says that the sun runs on to a resting place for it (لِمُسْتَقَرٍّ لَّهَا). There are also sahih hadith ({{Muslim|1|297}}) that mention the sun's daily cycle using the same Arabic word to mean a resting place, which is underneath Allah's throne, and is where each night the sun prostrates and is asked to go and rise 'from its rising place' (مِنْ مَطْلِعِهَا). This cycle repeats, until one day Allah asks the sun to rise 'from your setting place' (مِنْ َغْرِبِكِ).<br />
<br />
The alternative view was that it refers to the sun's final resting on the last day. Other verses talk about the sun swimming for a 'term appointed' (using a different arabic word). Another version of the above hadith probably supports this view (for details of all these things see footnotes [https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Geocentrism_and_the_Quran#Primary_Evidence in the main article]). Whichever interpretation was intended, the sun's movement is nevertheless mentioned right after describing day and night, just as the next verse mentions the different mansions appointed for the moon each night. The whole passage is about day and night and the sun and moon's movement in that context.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|33}}|And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.}}<br />
<br />
Some try to explain away the above Qur'anic description of the sun moving in an orbit as a reference to our sun orbiting the black hole at the center of the milky way galaxy every 225 million years. This is an [[w:Ad hoc hypothesis|Ad hoc hypothesis]], of no relevance to human time scales, and nothing from the text implies that the sun is orbiting anything other than the Earth. If the author had knowledge of the sun orbiting a black hole then it is conspicuous that he never mentions it explicitly nor in any way differentiates the sun's orbit from that of the moon. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}|'''Hast thou not seen''' how Allah causeth the night to pass into the day and causeth the day to pass into the night, and hath subdued the sun and the moon (to do their work), each running unto an appointed term; and that Allah is Informed of what ye do?}}<br />
Notice also that the sun running / pursuing its course ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000051.pdf yajree] يَجْرِىٓ) is something that the author expects people to have seen (another problem for the galactic orbit interpretation). <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|91|1|end=2|style=ref}}}|<br />
By the Sun and his (glorious) splendour; By the Moon as she follows him; }}<br />
The [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000350.pdf Arabic word] translated "follow" is primarily defined as to follow, go or walk behind, follow in way of immitation, of action etc. and was often used for animals like camels following behind each other. Yet the Moon does not actually follow behind the sun's movement, nor does it provide its own light like the sun. The verse is most suggestive of a worldview in which the moon and sun traverse the same or similar paths after one another, which is what a 7th century person might believe from observing the sky. A less suspicious choice of word would have been better for a supposedly perfect book if it merely meant the sun and moon appear one after the other. One day instead of following the sun, the moon will by joined with it according to another verse (see the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#The_similar_size_and_distance_of_the_sun_and_moon Similar Size and Distance of the Sun and Moon] section below).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|258}}|Abraham said, ‘Indeed Allah brings the sun from the east; now you bring it from the west.’ So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment], and Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.}}<br />
Here the Qur'an quotes a few lines from a debate between Abraham and a disbelieving King, where Abraham replies that Allah 'brings the sun' (yatee biashshamsi يَأْتِى بِٱلشَّمْسِ) from the east. The arabic verb and preposition indicates that the sun actually moves. The verb means [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000052.pdf to come], and when it has an object with the bi preposition it means to bring, as in many other instances in the Qur'an. While the story is quoting a mere human's words, the author clearly believes it to be a good response and sees no problem with it.<br />
<br />
===Setting and Rising Place of the Sun===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an assumes a flat earth which has physical places into which the sun sets and rises from. Since the earth is a rotating sphere, the sun does not set in any particular place and you can never travel to "the spot" where the sun sets nor a place where it rises; the sun appears to set or rise on the horizon no matter where you are on the planet. In these verses, the author propagates a popular legend from the 7th century of a man named Dhu'l-Qarnayn who visits the places where the sun sets and rises; here he finds the sun going down into a muddy spring and later rising on a tribe with no coverings. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|86}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring, and found a people thereabout. We said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|90}}|<br />
Till, when he reached the rising-place of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had appointed no shelter therefrom. }}<br />
<br />
Centuries after Muhammad lived, people with better astronomical knowledge than him had to invent creative interpretations of these verses to say that Dhu'l-Qrnayn only traveled until he reached "the west" or to a spot "at the time" when the sun set and not the "place" where the sun set. Unfortunately, these alternative interpretations are severely undermined by the [[Dhul-Qarnayn_and_the_Sun_Setting_in_a_Muddy_Spring_-_Part_One#First_interpretation:_He_reached_the_west_and_east|context and Arabic words]] used in these verses, which instead point to physical locations where the sun did its setting and rising. Plenty of evidence shows that the early Muslims understood the verse in this straightforward way. Again, we must ask why an all-knowing being would use such misleading verses that mimic the misconceptions and legends prevalent at the time if one of the alternative explanations is correct.<br />
<br />
===Meteors are Stars Shot at Devils===<br />
{{Main|Mistranslations of Quran 67-5|l1=Mistranslations of Qur'an 67:5}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an says that stars (kawakib ٱلْكَوَاكِبِ) / lamps (masabih مَصَٰبِيحَ) adorn the heavens and guard against devils.<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an does not seem to know the difference between stars (giant balls of gas thousands of times larger than the earth) and meteors which are small rocky masses of debris which brighten up after entering the earth's atmosphere. Many ancient people confused the two, as meteors look like stars that are streaking across the sky; this is why they were often called [[w:Meteoroid|shooting stars]] or falling stars. In the following verse, the Qur'an claims that Allah uses stars as missiles to ward away devils. This repeats a common Arab myth at the time the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|37|6|10}}|<br />
We have indeed decked the lower heaven with beauty (in) the stars, (For beauty) and for guard against all obstinate rebellious evil spirits, (So) they should not strain their ears in the direction of the Exalted Assembly but be cast away from every side, Repulsed, for they are under a perpetual penalty, Except such as snatch away something by stealth, and they are pursued by a flaming fire, of piercing brightness.}}<br />
<br />
The same Arabic words are used at the start of verse 67:5 as in 37.6 (زَيَّنَّا ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلدُّنْيَا), except the stars are described as lamps. Clearly the lamps that 'beautify the heaven' refer to stars (and perhaps also the 5 visible planets), which are always there. Meteors are generally not much larger than grains of sand and are only visible for a second when they burn up, generating light in the Earth's atmosphere after millions of years in darkness, but the author of the Qur'an believes that meteors (the 'missiles') are a kind of star. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|67|5}}|<br />
And verily We have beautified the world's heaven with lamps, and We have made them missiles for the devils, and for them We have prepared the doom of flame.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In Sahih Muslim we have a hadith confirming that the pursuing flames / missiles in the two verses refer to what we would call meteors which they saw shooting across the sky.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5538}}|'Abdullah. Ibn 'Abbas reported:<br />
A person from the Ansar who was amongst the Companions of Allah's Messenger (pbuh reported to me: As we were sitting during the night with Allah's Messenger (pbuh), a meteor shot gave a dazzling light. Allah's Messenger (pbuh) said: What did you say in the pre-Islamic days when there was such a shot (of meteor)? They said: Allah and His Messenger know best (the actual position), but we, however, used to say that that very night a great man had been born and a great man had died, whereupon Allah's Messenger pbuh) said: (These meteors) are shot neither at the death of anyone nor on the birth of anyone. Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, issues Command when He decides to do a thing. Then (the Angels) supporting the Throne sing His glory, then sing the dwellers of heaven who are near to them until this glory of God reaches them who are in the heaven of this world. Then those who are near the supporters of the Throne ask these supporters of the Throne: What your Lord has said? And they accordingly inform them what He says. Then the dwellers of heaven seek information from them until this information reaches the heaven of the world. In this process of transmission (the jinn snatches) what he manages to overhear and he carries it to his friends. And when the Angels see the jinn they attack them with meteors. If they narrate only which they manage to snatch that is correct but they alloy it with lies and make additions to it.}}<br />
<br />
===Earth and Heavens Created in Six Days===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
<br />
The Earth first formed around 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The Qur'an, however, repeats the prevailing Middle-Eastern myth that the Earth and universe were formed in six days. <br />
<br />
In the hundreds of other Qur'anic verses where the Arabic word 'yawm' appears, everyone understands it to mean day. Yet Islamic websites try and rescue the Qur'an by pointing to an alternative meaning of yawm, which almost always means 'day', but can sometimes mean 'time period'. Curiously, and rather conveniently, yawm is only claimed to mean time period rather than day in the verses about the creation of the world. Clearly, the predominant meaning of the word is day and when a specific number is used, in this case six, the word almost always means a literal day. Again, nothing in the context of the verses, nor the Qur'an in general, suggests awareness that the universe or Earth were formed over long time periods. The author makes precisely zero attempt to distingish his description from the prevailing Middle-Eastern creation myths in this regard, which feature six literal days of creation (for example in the Bible we have, "Evening came and morning came: The first day." - Genesis 1:5). <br />
<br />
Secondly, neither the universe nor Earth were formed in six distinct long periods of time. It would have been trivial for an all-knowing diety to have poetically indicated the vast duration in which the universe has developed, which has taken place over the past [[w:Age of the universe|13.8 billion years]].<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
We created the heavens and the earth and all between them in Six Days, nor did any sense of weariness touch Us}}<br />
<br />
The Earth specifically was created in two days according to the Qur'an, and in four days (on days three and four according to the tafsirs) were created mountains and the sustenance of the Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|9|10}}|Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measure therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (Sustenance).}}<br />
<br />
Mountains in fact continue to rise and erode to this day. Similarly, living things and their sustenance continue to evolve, yet the Qur'an says that the creation of mountains and sustenance occurred in a specific period that ended two days before the creation of the universe was completed. See the next section regarding the final two of the six days in 41:11-12 which immediately follow the verses shown above.<br />
<br />
===Earth Created before Stars===<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an is also unaware that the [[w:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|elements in the Earth's crust]] and core were first formed in stars by [[w:Nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthesis]]. When those stars exploded as [[w:Supernova|supernovas]], they expelled the elements that were used in future solar systems such as our own. Yet the Qur'an describes the Earth being formed before the stars. All rocky and gaseous planets in the universe were formed in a similar manner to the Earth and the Qur'an singling out the Earth only further highlights the author's ignorance of the history of the formation of celestial objects.<br />
<br />
Verse 41:12 says that lamps (or more specifically, stars in the similar verse {{Quran|37|6}}) were placed in the lowest of the seven heavens. But before there were seven heavens, while heaven was just smoke, the Earth already existed according to verse 11, and the Earth's creation in the preceeding days is described in verses 9-10 already discussed in the previous section.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. '''Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days''' and inspired in each heaven its mandate; '''and We decked the nether heaven with lamps''', and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
The verse below further confirms that heaven was only made into seven heavens when the Earth already existed according to the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|29}}|<br />
He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things.}}<br />
<br />
Some websites attempt to reconcile the Qur'anic description with modern science by denying that the word 'Then' in the verses above indicate sequence, and instead claim that it means 'moreover'. They claim this despite the fact that these words (thumma in 41:11 and 2:29, and fa in 41:12 - all translated as 'Then') generally are used to indicate sequence. In other contexts thumma was sometimes used to mean 'moreover', which is generally clear from those contexts, but the passages quoted above describe a process - the creation of the heavens and Earth, and it would be ludicrous to use these words when describing such a process if they were not indicating sequence.<br />
<br />
====Earth and Heavens were Torn Apart====<br />
<br />
Some websites claim that the following verse is compatible with the [[w:Big Bang|Big Bang]] theory. But according to this theory, the Universe was formed about 13.8 billion years ago due to a [[w:Chronology of the universe|rapid expansion]] from singularity. The earth was formed 4.54 billion years ago from [[w:History of the Earth|accretion]] of debris that surrounded the precursor of the Sun. There was no "separation" of the "joined" earth and heavens as this verse suggests. It is, in fact, a repetition of [[w:World egg|cosmic egg]] myths in which an egg-like structure was split into two halves, the lower half forming the earth and the upper half forming the heaven.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|30}}|<br />
Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? }}<br />
<br />
This separation can be read in the context of verses that mention something "between" the fully formed earth and the heavens (which seems to be occupied by the clouds {{Quran|2|164}} and birds {{Quran|24|41}}).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|38}}|<br />
And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us.}}<br />
<br />
There is no scientific theory in which the Earth and heavens were torn apart from each other. To imagine that verse 21:30 describes the big bang, the atomic particles that would later form the Earth would at the beginning have to be separated from those that would go on to form everything else in the universe. This bears no resemblance to scientific cosmology, wherein the material that forms the Earth passed through at least one earlier generation of star, and more recently was part of various asteroids, comets and planetesimals orbiting the sun (which could all be described as being in the 'heavens') that sometimes collided and merged with each other, sometimes split apart, and gradually coalesced under gravity to form the Earth and other planets.<br />
<br />
Moreover, the very next verse {{Quran|21|31}} speaks of mountains being placed on the Earth. Here 'the Earth' clearly means an actual world, so how do the Islamic websites expect anyone to believe that in the previous verse 'the Earth' refers merely to atomic particles at the time of the big bang that would billions of years later form the Earth?<br />
<br />
====Universe was Made from Smoke====<br />
{{main|Quran and a Universe from Smoke}}<br />
<br />
Looking once again at the verses discussed above, it is worth pointing out that there was no stage of formation of the Universe that involved smoke (carbon particles suspended as a result of combustion; the word translated smoke is the noun [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000027.pdf dukhan] دُخَانٍ, which literally means smoke, as from a fire). Nor did the Earth and heavens each "come" as separate entites at any point of time. Earth is a part of this Universe and has developed within it. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|41|11|12}}|<br />
Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. }}<br />
<br />
Apologetics that try to reinterpret 'smoke' as the primordial state of the universe after the big bang should notice (aside from their poor grasp of science) that the Qur'an indicates a time when just the heaven, but not Earth is smoke. Furthermore, the Earth and its mountains are clearly mentioned as already existing in the previous two verses ({{Quran-range|41|9|10}} discussed above).<br />
<br />
===Seven Earths===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
This verse claims there are seven Earths. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|65|12}}|<br />
Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
A hadith reveals that these are seven Earths stacked above each other.<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|43|634}}| The Prophet said, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, '''he will sink down the seven earths''' on the Day of Resurrection.}}<br />
<br />
The number, like seven heavens, might have come from a misunderstanding of mythology from classical antiquity in which there were seven moving planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the sun and moon). If instead we take it to mean seven actual planets the Qur'an is still wrong. According to astronomers, there are eight ordinary planets and five dwarf planets, which leaves the grand total at thirteen in our solar system. Modern astronomy also has found thousands of other planets in other solar systems and Cosmologists estimate that hundreds of billions of stars and planets exist in the universe. The author of the Qur'an singling out such a small number of celestial objects only reaffirms his ignorance of the makeup of the universe.<br />
<br />
===Seven Heavens===<br />
{{Main|Cosmology of the Quran|l1=Cosmology of the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The universe consists of hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars. While the Qur'anic notion that the heaven of stars is covered by six further heavens might currently be unfalsifiable, the myth of [[w:Seven Heavens|seven heavens]] was a common idea prevalent in the Middle East during the time when the Qur'an was first recited.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|15}}|<br />
See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}<br />
<br />
Some Islamic websites claim that these are seven layers of the atmosphere, despite the fact that verse 37:6 says that stars are in the nearest heaven. There are only 5 not 7 principal layers to the [[W:Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], and likewise only 5 not 7 major layers to the Earth itself.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}<br />
<br />
===The similar size and distance of the sun and moon===<br />
{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an has statements about the end of the world that are much as one would expect if the author believed the sun and moon to be of similar size and a similar distance from Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|75|8|end=9|style=ref}}|And the moon darkens And the sun and the moon are joined,}}<br />
<br />
The word translated "are joined" is Arabic [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000091.pdf jumi'a], a verb which means to collect together, gather together, bring together. Given that this would actually require the moon to travel 98 million miles away from Earth and into the sun, which dwarfs it by over 600 times in diameter, it seems vastly less fitting as an apocalyptic event than if the ancient conception of the cosmos was correct. Thus it is far more likely that the author had such a misconception about the sun and moon.<br />
<br />
===The Moon's light===<br />
<br />
A popular claim is that the Qur'an has knowledge that the moon does not emit its own light, but simply reflects light coming from the Sun. The Arabic word for reflected (in`ikaas) does not appear in the two Qur'anic verses that say the Moon is a "light". It instead uses the word "noor" (nooran نُورًا) which simply means a light, and in another verse, muneer (muneeran مُّنِيرًا), which means giving light and is from the same root as noor. This is vague enough to be interpreted either way, so is not necessarily an error, but nor can any special knowledge be claimed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|5}}|<br />
He it is Who appointed the sun a splendour and the moon a light, and measured for her stages, that ye might know the number of the years, and the reckoning. Allah created not (all) that save in truth. He detaileth the revelations for people who have knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|16}}|<br />
And hath made the moon a light therein, and made the sun a lamp?}}<br />
<br />
Noor appears again (this time as a participle muneeran مُّنِيرًا) in a similar verse about the moon:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|61}}|<br />
Blessed be He Who hath placed in the heaven mansions of the stars, and hath placed therein a great lamp and a moon giving light!"}}<br />
<br />
Perhaps the best example of a verse showing the noor simply means light and not reflected light can be found in 33:45-46 in which a lamp is shining light with the exact same Arabic word as in 25:61 above (muneeran مُّنِيرًا):<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|45|46}}|<br />
O Prophet! Lo! We have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner. And as a summoner unto Allah by His permission, and as a lamp '''that giveth light'''.}}<br />
<br />
In Lane's Lexicon of classical arabic, this word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000120.pdf muneer] (مُّنِيرً) is defined as 'Giving light, shining bright, bright, or shining brightly'. Noor is defined on the [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000119.pdf previous page] as 'Light; whatever it may be; and the rays thereof'. In reference to Qur'an verse 10:5 (quoted above) that describe the moon with this word, he says, 'In the Kur. x. 5, the sun is termed ضياء and the moon نور and it is said that ضياء is ''essential'', but نور is ''accidental'' [light]'. It is important to note that this notion of essential and accidental light and its application to the sun and moon originates not from the Arabs at the time of the Qur'an, but rather from the book ''Kitab al-Manazir'', commonly known as 'Optics', published in 1572 by the great polymath and optics pioneer al-Hazen. Lane goes on to say, citing the highly regarded Taj al-Arus classical dictionary, 'it is of two kinds, the light of the present world and that of the world to come; and the former is either perceived sensibly, by the eye, and this is what diffuses itself from luminous bodies, as the sun and moon and stars, and is mentioned in the Kur. x. 5 referred to above'.<br />
<br />
The word "Noor" is also used in this verse to show that Allah is the "light" of the universe. Clearly the author is not implying that Allah reflects light from another source but is the source of the light.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|35}}|<br />
Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The Parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp: the Lamp enclosed in Glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from a blessed Tree, an Olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth Parables for men: and Allah doth know all things.}}<br />
<br />
===Moon was Split in Two===<br />
{{Main|Moon Split Miracle}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and Hadith claim that the moon was miraculously split into two pieces and then, presumably, put back together again. There is absolutely no scientific evidence whatsoever that the moon has ever been split into two. Since the moon is visible to half the planet at any given time, we should expect to see numerous accounts from different parts of the world attesting to this event if it actually happened. The Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese and Indians had avid astronomers who should have seen this event and recorded it in their histories. The absence of historical record from other civilizations, contemporary to Muhammad, is a strong indication that this event never happened.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|54|1-3}}|The hour drew nigh and the moon did rend asunder. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|831}}|Narrated Anas: "That the Meccan people requested Allah's Apostle to show them a miracle, and so he showed them the splitting of the moon."}}<br />
<br />
===Sky is a Tent/Dome===<br />
<br />
A common myth at the time of the Quran's composition was that the sky or heavens were held up with pillars. Many Bedouin people living in Arabia imagined the sky as a large tent covering, similar to the tents they used. The author repeats this myth by describing the sky as being "raised" above the earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|<br />
Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy}} <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}|<br />
Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see}}<br />
<br />
In another verse, the author says that the sky / heaven is a covering that can be removed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|81|11}}|<br />
And when the sky is stripped away}}<br />
<br />
===Sky is a guarded canopy===<br />
<br />
This verse seems to relate to the verses about devils chased by shooting stars (meteors) that guard the lowest heaven. See for example {{Quran-range|37|6|10}} discussed above, in which we find a noun meaning guard from the same Arabic root ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000237.pdf hafiza]) as the verb in this verse). Somewhat ironically, the things supposedly guarding the sky / heaven can actually pose a threat to living things on Earth.<br />
<br />
Asteroids and meteorites have penetrated the atmosphere and hit the earth throughout the course of history. This includes the [[w:Chicxulub crater|massive meteorite]] that hit near the [[w:Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán Peninsula]] 65 million years which killed off numerous species including most dinosaurs.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|32}}|<br />
And We have made the heaven a guarded canopy and (yet) they turn aside from its signs.}}<br />
<br />
===Sky can Fall Down on People===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an author thought that the sky/heaven is like a ceiling held up by Allah that can fall to earth or fragments break off and fall on someone. This is obviously impossible as the earth's atmosphere is simply made of gas and outer space is not a solid object.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|52|44}}|And if they were to see a fragment of the heaven falling, they would say: A heap of clouds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|9}}|See they not what is before them and behind them, of the sky and the earth? If We wished, We could cause the earth to swallow them up, or cause a piece of the sky to fall upon them. Verily in this is a Sign for every devotee that turns to Allah (in repentance).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|9}}|Hast thou not seen how Allah hath made all that is in the earth subservient unto you? And the ship runneth upon the sea by His command, and He holdeth back the heaven from falling on the earth unless by His leave. Lo! Allah is, for mankind, Full of Pity, Merciful.}}<br />
<br />
===The Heavens can be Rolled Up===<br />
<br />
These verses imply that the heavens have two dimensional surfaces.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|104}}|The Day when We shall roll up the heavens as a recorder rolleth up a written scroll. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|67}}|No just estimate have they made of Allah, such as is due to Him: On the Day of Judgment the whole of the earth will be but His handful, and the heavens will be rolled up in His right hand: Glory to Him! High is He above the Partners they attribute to Him!}}<br />
<br />
===The Stars Will Fall===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an says that the stars will fall ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000124.pdf inkadarat] ٱنكَدَرَتْ) along with other dramatic events surrounding the last day. The author clearly had no idea of the size and distance of the stars. The word كدر in the form used in this verse (form VII) meant to dart down as is said of a bird or hawk, or to fall and scatter.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|81|2}}|And when the stars fall}}<br />
<br />
The structure of space-time is such that nothing, not even stars, can move faster than the velocity of light. Even if stars were to somehow move close to light speed across the sky their motion would be imperceivable to the naked eye as many visible stars are hundreds of light years away. Neither would we be able to see anything that the stars are doing recently (when we see a star 100 light years away, we are seeing it as it was 100 years ago).<br />
<br />
===The Cause of Shadows Changing Length===<br />
Shadows are produced when the sun's light is blocked by an obstacle. It is the Earth's rotation that causes these shadows to change size and lengthen. However, verse 25:45 seems to say that the reason that shadows lengthen rather than being stationary is because Allah has made the sun their guide. Yet if the Earth did not rotate (so shadows were stationary) and then the Earth was made to rotate (so that they could lengthen and draw in) the sun would not need to be made to do anything different in either case. Thus the most likely explanation is that the verse represents a geocentric worldview where the sun moves across the sky, guiding the shadows.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|45-46}}|<br />
Hast thou not turned thy vision to thy Lord?- How He doth prolong the shadow! If He willed, He could make it stationary! then do We make the sun its guide; Then We draw it in towards Ourselves,- a contraction by easy stages.}}<br />
<br />
Then the next verse, 25:46, says that shadows are drawn towards Allah which has no scientific meaning.<br />
<br />
===Ignorance of the North and South Poles===<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
<br />
In polar regions, the longevity of day and night vary during summer and winter. The day gets shorter and shorter in winter until there are days or weeks of uninterrupted night. At the poles themselves, day and night alternately last for six months and all phases of the moon occur several times between sunrise and sunset. The author of the Qur'an did not know about this and he only repeated earlier geocentric ideas. See also the [https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran&stable=0#Fasting_and_Prayer_Requirements_Near_the_Poles Fasting and Prayer Requirements Near the Poles] section below.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|36|40}}|<br />
It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit. }}<br />
<br />
Furthermore, when reading this verse one should wonder in what sense day and night each have an orbit. See [[Geocentrism and the Quran]] regarding that question.<br />
<br />
==Biology==<br />
<br />
===Evolution===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an presupposes a [[creation|creationist]] view of life on earth. Its understanding of the history of human life is incompatible with the overwhelming scientific evidence that humans have evolved from prior life forms, over the course of millions of years, through natural selection [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence]. While some Muslims accept the theory of evolution, most reject it in favor of a creationist world view. [[Muslim Statistics - Science#Evolution|Opinion polls]] show that the majority of Muslims agree Islam and evolution are not compatible. <br />
<br />
====Human Creation from Clay====<br />
{{Main|Creation of Humans from Clay}}<br />
<br />
The Qur’an states that man was created instantaneously from clay (salsalin صَلْصَٰلٍ) / mud (hamain حَمَإٍ). There is no indication that the author is aware of the evolution of human life over millions of years nor our common ancestry with apes and primates. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|15|26}}|<br />
We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape; }}<br />
<br />
Similarly, it says that the first man was created from dust (turabin تُرَابٍ).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|59}}|<br />
Lo! the likeness of Jesus with Allah is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust, then He said unto him: Be! and he is.}}<br />
<br />
====First Humans: Adam and Eve====<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
<br />
The Qur’an and Hadith contains stories concerning the 'first humans' and how all people are descended from these two earliest ancestors. It states that humans were created in a garden (paradise) and then brought to earth fully formed. This view of the origins of human life is clearly contradicted by DNA evidence and the numerous fossils of pre-homosapien species that lived on earth for millions of years before modern humans first evolved.[http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence]<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|189}}|<br />
"He it is Who created you from a single being, and of the same (kind) did He make his mate,"}}<br />
<br />
Another verse is clear on literal descent of humanity from one man by sexual means (i.e. semen) after Allah had created him out of clay.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|32|7|8}}|Who made all things good which He created, and He began the creation of man from clay; Then He made his seed from a draught of despised fluid;}}<br />
The word translated “seed” in Pickthall’s translation is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000286.pdf nasl] نسل, which means progeny (i.e. descendants).<br />
<br />
Some Muslim creationists will claim the view of two ancestral “parents” is consistent with recent scientific findings that show a common female and male ancestor of all modern humans. They often exploit the confusion caused by scientists referring to these genetic ancestors as [[W:Mitochondrial Eve|Mitochondrial Eve]] and [[W:Y-chromosomal Adam|Y-chromosomal Adam]]. These two individuals bear little resemblance to the Quranic account as they are simply the last common male and female ancestors of everyone alive today, not of all humans in history. The Qur'an clearly states Eve was created later than Adam, however [[W:Mitochondrial Eve|Mitochondrial Eve]] lived some 50,000 to 80,000 years earlier than [[W:Y-chromosomal Adam|Y-chromosomal Adam]].[http://biologos.org/blog/does-genetics-point-to-a-single-primal-couple] Genetic evidence overwhelmingly indicates that humans diverged from earlier species as a population, not a single couple. [http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/09/18/how-big-was-the-human-population-bottleneck-not-anything-close-to-2/].<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and Hadith contain statements about bodily fluids and the stages of development of the human embryo. Many of these descriptions are vague and unscientific. Most bear a striking resemblance to [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|similar descriptions]] found in the [[w:Talmud|Jewish Talmud]] and the ideas of ancient Greeks [[History of Embryology|such as Galen]], including their errors.<br />
<br />
====Sperm Originates Between the Backbone and Ribs====<br />
{{Main|Quran and Semen Production|l1=Qur'an and Semen Production}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states, incorrectly, that semen originates from somewhere between the backbone and ribs. Today we know sperm comes from the [[w:testicle|testicles]] and semen from various glands behind and below the bladder, which is not between the backbone and ribs.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|86|6|7}}|<br />
He is created from a drop emitted- Proceeding from '''between the backbone and the ribs''' }}<br />
<br />
====Embryo is Initially Formed from Semen====<br />
{{Main|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith}}<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an describes the initial formation of a human embryo out of fluid emanating from the man (and possibly also of the woman), which is placed in the womb. This reflects the contemporary, but incorrect, view that semen is the material from which the embryo is initially formed, as taught by Hippocrates, Galen, and the Jewish Talmud. In fact, semen is the vehicle for the sperm cells, one of which fuses with a woman's [[w:ovum|ovum]] in her [[w:fallopian tube|fallopian tube]], and the resulting cell divides and travels back into the womb for implantation. <br />
<br />
While English translations mention a "drop of seed", or "drop of sperm", the Arabic word in question is nutfah, which literally means a small amount of liquid, a euphemism for semen.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|77|20|22}}|<br />
Did We not create you from a '''liquid disdained'''? And '''We placed it''' in a firm lodging For a known extent.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|13}}|'''Then placed him as''' a drop (of seed) [nutfah] in a safe lodging;}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|80|18|19}}|<br />
'''From what thing''' doth He create him? From a drop of seed [nutfah]. He createth him and proportioneth him}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|76|2}}|Indeed, We created man from a sperm-drop mixture [nutfatin amshajin] that We may try him; and We made him hearing and seeing.}}<br />
<br />
====No Mention of Female Ovum====<br />
<br />
The Qur'an's author did not mention the role of the ovum in human reproduction and appears to have no knowledge of it. This verse fails to mention the important role of the female egg, or ovum, plays in the reproduction of humankind. It implies that reproduction is caused simply by the male semen. The human ovum is very small, though visible to the human eye, and it's purpose wasn't understood in the 7th century. Again, we are left wondering why an all-knowing deity would omit such information.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|86|6}}|He is created from a drop emitted}}<br />
<br />
====Humans Created from a Clot of Blood====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and Hadith depict that humans are formed from a clot of blood after an initial semen stage. There is no stage in embryonic development where humans are formed from a clot of blood. This description is likely influenced by an unscientific and primitive understanding of human reproduction based on observations from an early-term miscarriage and a woman's menstrual cycle. While in modern times some Muslims seek to use alternative meanings for the relevant word, the mere fact that it certainly can mean clotted blood (as also is the consensus interpretation in the classical tafsirs), in a passage about a biological process (formation of a baby), is a major weakness in what should be a perfect description.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood...}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|2}}|<br />
Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
“Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a '''clot of thick blood for a similar period''', and then a piece of flesh for a similar period.”}}<br />
<br />
====Gender of a Baby is Decided After it Becomes a Clot====<br />
The Qur'an says that an embryo is transformed from semen into a clot, then it is shaped, and then the male or female sex is determined. Modern genetics has shown that the sex of a human is decided at the moment of conception.<ref>{{cite book|first=eds.: Anthony S. Fauci [et al.] ; eds. of previous ed.: T. R. Harrison [et al.]|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York [etc.]|isbn=978-0-07-147693-5|pages=2339–2346|edition=17th ed.}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|75|37|39}}|Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth? Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned And made of him a pair, the male and female.}}<br />
<br />
While translators mostly use "And" in verse 39, the Arabic word is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000105.pdf fa], as also in the previous conjunction, which indicates sequence (i.e. 'and then'). The tafsirs also take this view, and it is very much reflected in a sahih hadith found in Bukhari and Muslim:<br />
<br />
Narrated Anas bin Malik:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|315}}|The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "At every womb Allah appoints an angel who says, 'O Lord! A drop of semen, O Lord! A clot. O Lord! A little lump of flesh." Then if Allah wishes (to complete) its creation, the angel asks, (O Lord!) Will it be a male or female, a wretched or a blessed, and how much will his provision be? And what will his age be?' So all that is written while the child is still in the mother's womb."}}<br />
<br />
====Bones are Formed before Flesh====<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Quran|l1=Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an explains that the bones of a human embryo are formed first and then covered up with flesh. Modern scientific studies and research have shown that the cartilage models and muscles start to form at the same time and in parallel. Muscles have started to form before the cartilage models start to be replaced with bone.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|14}}|<br />
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones then (not and) clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create!}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an again parallels the influential Greek physician Galen, who says:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=Galen, ''On semen'', p.101|2=And now the third period of gestation has come. After nature has made outlines of all the organs and the substance of the semen is used up, the time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones...}}<br />
<br />
===All Organisms are Created in Pairs===<br />
{{Main|Quranic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs|l1=Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs}}<br />
<br />
Not every creature procreates or reproduces through male and female sexual relationship. The [[w:Desert grassland whiptail lizard|whiptail lizard]] in the U.S. Southwest, Mexico, and South America, is an all-females species which reproduces by [[w:parthenogenesis|parthenogenesis]]. [[w:virus|Viruses]] reproduce using a host's DNA and are neither female nor male. [[w:Bacteria|Bacteria]] reproduce by cell division. [[w:Fungus|Fungus]] can reproduce either sexually or asexually. Many species of plants also reproduce either asexually or through [[w:Pollination|pollination]]. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|49}}|<br />
And of '''every thing''' We have created pairs: That ye may receive instruction. }}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|36|36}}|<br />
Glory to Allah, Who created in pairs '''all things''' that the earth produces, as well as their own (human) kind and (other) things of which they have no knowledge. }}<br />
<br />
===Fetus is in Three Layers of darkness===<br />
<br />
The word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000257.pdf butun] (بطن) means belly/abdomen/midriff, though some translators like to use the more specific word "womb". Tafsirs interpreted the "three darknesses" as the placenta, womb (uterus) and belly. There are in fact many more layers in the human body such as the endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, peritoneum, besides the cervix uteri, corpus uteri, abdomen (with walls), and placenta (with layers). The idea of three membranes around the fetus ([[w:Chorion|chorion]], [[w:Allantois|allantois]], and [[w:Amnion|amnion]]) was taught by the highly influential Greek physician, Galen. Perhaps the Qur'anic author is simply repeating this idea, which applies only to the embryonic membranes.<br />
<br />
The allantois is a sac-like structure which becomes part of the umbilical cord, hardly a 'a darkness' for the embryo. The other two membranes, the chorion and amnion, together form the [[w:Amniotic_sac|amniotic sac]], which is quite thin and transparent.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one soul. Then He made from it its mate, and He produced for you from the grazing livestock eight mates. He creates you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, within three darknesses. That is Allah, your Lord; to Him belongs dominion. There is no deity except Him, so how are you averted?}}<br />
<br />
===Functions of the Heart===<br />
In several verses, the Qur'an ascribes understanding and thinking to the heart instead of the brain.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|46}}|And We place upon their hearts veils lest they should understand it, and in their ears a deafness; and when thou makest mention of thy Lord alone in the Qur'an, they turn their backs in aversion. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|5}}|Lo! now they fold up their breasts that they may hide (their thoughts) from Him. At the very moment when they cover themselves with their clothing, Allah knoweth that which they keep hidden and that which they proclaim. Lo! He is Aware of what is in the breasts (of men). }}<br />
<br />
===Source and Purity of Milk===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and Milk}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states that milk is produced, in the body, somewhere between excretions and blood. The mammary glands, where milk is produced and stored, are nowhere near the intestines which is where excrement is stored. Many kinds of cattle and goat milk needs processing or pasteurization before they can safely be consumed; the milk is often infected with bacteria and other micro-organisms. A significant number of humans are [[Qur'an and Milk|lactose intolerant]] and unable to digest milk without experiencing abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. This makes the Qur'anic claim that milk is 'pure' and 'agreeable' to those who drink it dubious.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|66}}|<br />
And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies '''between excretions and blood''', We produce, for your drink, milk, '''pure and agreeable''' to those who drink it. }}<br />
<br />
==Geology and Meteorology==<br />
<br />
===The Earth is Flat===<br />
{{Main|Flat Earth and the Quran|l1=Flat Earth and the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
====Facing Toward Mecca====<br />
<br />
The Qur'an tells all Muslims to face in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca when they pray. However, even if you suppose that alligning yourself with a great circle around the globe counts as facing the direction of Mecca, you are simultaneously facing opposite its direction as the circle can be traced behind you. Even worse, on the opposite side of the Earth every direction is equally facing towards and away from Mecca. Astronauts in Earth orbit or (one day) on the Moon and Mars would require even more contrived solutions. The author here presupposes a small world, local to Arabia, that is flat. Only in that world view can people everywhere face Mecca. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|149}}|<br />
From whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque; that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do.}}<br />
<br />
====Fasting and Prayer Requirements Near the Poles====<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an commands Muslims to fast from eating and drinking from sunrise till sunset during Ramadan. The author of the Qur'an was apparently unfamiliar with the polar regions in which there are six months of sunlight and six months of perpetual night during Summer and Winter. Such fasting is not observable by anyone living in the polar regions, and very easy (depth of Winter) or extremely hard (height of Summer) in places within around 40 degrees latitude of the poles. Various contrived rules have been proposed by Muslim scholars for those at such latitudes to try to accommodate the inconvenient fact that we live on a round Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|187}}|<br />
...Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall...}}<br />
<br />
A similar issue exists for the five daily prayers. Anyone living in the polar region would not be able to make a sunset or sunrise prayer for much of the year. Even for cities further south like Aberdeen in Scotland, the gap between the night prayer (Isha) and the dawn prayer (Fajr) is around 4 and a half hours in June, so anyone following these rules has to interupt their sleep around 3.20am, then go back to sleep before getting up for the day. Such issues would not have crossed the mind of a 7th century man in Arabia, who believed that everyone experiences sunrise and sunset when he does, and where it would be perfectly natural to arise at dawn any time of the year.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|78}}|<br />
Establish regular prayers - at the sun's decline till the darkness of the night, and the morning prayer and reading: for the prayer and reading in the morning carry their testimony.}}<br />
<br />
====Earth is Spread Out and Flat====<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an mentions to his audience that the Earth is 'spread out' and layed flat. The arabic word here ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000081.pdf sataha]) was used to describe making the flat top or roof of a house or chamber and making a top surface flat. Words from the same root mean the flat top surface or roof of a house or chamber, a flat plane in geometry, a level place upon which dates can be spread, a rolling pin (which expands the dough), plane or flat.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|88|20}}|And at the Earth, how it is spread out?}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'anic commentary of al-Jalalayn agrees with this understanding of the verse saying that most scholars at his time agree that the earth is flat and not spherical.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=88&tAyahNo=20&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn for verse 88:20]|2=And the earth, how it was laid out flat?, and thus infer from this the power of God, exalted be He, and His Oneness? The commencing with the [mention of] camels is because they are closer in contact with it [the earth] than any other [animal]. As for His words sutihat, 'laid out flat', this on a literal reading suggests '''that the earth is flat, which is the opinion of most of the scholars''' of the [revealed] Law, and '''not a sphere as astronomers (ahl al-hay'a) have it''', even if this [latter] does not contradict any of the pillars of the Law.}}<br />
<br />
====The Earth is a carpet====<br />
<br />
The arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000241.pdf bisaatan]) used here means a thing that is spread or spread out or forth, and particularly a carpet.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|19}}|And Allah has made the earth for you as a carpet (spread out)}}<br />
<br />
====Earth is Like a Couch====<br />
<br />
The Earth is described using an arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000155.pdf firashan]) that means a thing that is spread on the ground to sit or lay upon.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}|<br />
[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].}}<br />
<br />
Ibn-Kathir in his Tafsir agrees with this interpretation that the earth is flat and comfortable like a bed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn-Kathir |who has made the earth as flat and comfortable as a bed and placed upon it mountains standing firm... (Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Part 1) }}<br />
<br />
The same root word for couch in 2:22 is used as a verb in 51.48 in the sense of to spread (the first word translated spread here).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, '''We have spread it'''; how excellent (are) the Spreaders!}}<br />
<br />
====Earth is a Bed====<br />
<br />
The Earth is described like a bed (or carpet in Yusuf Ali's translation) in verse 20:53, and similarly {{Quran|43|10}}. The arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000267.pdf mahdan]) suggests something completely flat and spread out on the ground and not rolled up for storage. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|53}}|<br />
Who hath appointed the earth '''as a bed''' and hath threaded roads for you therein and hath sent down water from the sky and thereby We have brought forth divers kinds of vegetation}}<br />
<br />
Sometimes the same Arabic word is translated as expanse as in this verse. Together with the next verse, the Earth is a thing spread out and pegged down by mountains.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|78|6|7}}|Have We not made the earth as a '''wide expanse''', And the mountains as pegs?}}<br />
<br />
The same root word is used as a participle at the end of 51.48<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|And the earth, We have spread it; how excellent (are) '''the Spreaders!'''}}<br />
<br />
====The Earth was stretched out====<br />
<br />
In the verse below, as also in {{Quran|13|3}} and {{Quran|50|7}}, the Qur'an uses a verb ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000223.pdf madadna]) that meant to extend by drawing or pulling, stretch out, expand.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|15|19}}|And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.}}<br />
<br />
====Earth is a Level Plain====<br />
<br />
The Qur'an describes a time in the future when mountains will be removed. Verse 18:47 uses an arabic word ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000224.pdf baarizatan]) that means "entirely apparent" to describe the Earth at this time. Verse 20:106 uses words ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000248.pdf qa'an] and [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000418.pdf safsafan]) that mean a level plain. This description assumes the Earth is already flat and level with only the mountains giving it shape. The author here appears to have no knowledge that the Earth is round and not level.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|47}}|And (bethink you of) the Day when we remove the hills and ye see the earth emerging, and We gather them together so as to leave not one of them behind.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|20|105|107}}|They will ask thee of the mountains (on that day). Say: My Lord will break them into scattered dust. And leave it as '''an empty plain''', Wherein thou seest neither curve nor ruggedness.}}<br />
<br />
===Permanent Barrier between Fresh and Salt Water===<br />
{{Main|Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Quran}}<br />
<br />
When a fresh water river flows into the sea or ocean, there is a transition region in between. This transition region is called an [[w:estuary|estuary]] where the fresh water remains temporarily separated from the salt water. However, this separation is not absolute (thus cannot be described as a "barrier"), is not permanent, and the different salinity levels between the two bodies of water eventually homogenize. The Qur'an however erroneously says that the seperation between the two types of water is absolute and permanent. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|53}}| It is He Who has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable and sweet, and the other salt and bitter; yet has He made a barrier between them, '''a partition that is forbidden to be passed'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Mountains Prevent Earthquakes===<br />
{{Main|The Quran and Mountains|l1=The Qur'an and Mountains}}<br />
<br />
Modern geology has discovered that large plates in the crust of the earth are responsible for the formation of mountains. Called [[w:Plate tectonics|Plate tectonic]] these massive plates meet and the pressure between them pushes up the crust forming mountains but also causing earthquakes and faults. the Qur'an propagates the idea that mountains are crucial in stabilizing the earth when, in fact, the earth would be much more stable and have less earthquakes if mountains did not exist.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and rivers and roads; that ye may guide yourselves}}<br />
<br />
===Mountains Cast into the Earth===<br />
<br />
Mountains are usually formed through the movement of lithosphere plates. They were not thrown down into the earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|15}}|<br />
And He hath cast into the earth firm hills that it quake not with you, and streams and roads that ye may find a way }}<br />
<br />
The word he has cast is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000266.pdf alqa] (lam-qaf-ya), which in this form means to throw or cast down and is the same word used in 12:10 when Yusuf is cast down into the well, and in 20:20 when Moses casts down his staff, which becomes a snake.<br />
<br />
===Chest Contracts with Altitude===<br />
{{Main|Quran Describes Altitude Sickness|l1=Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness}}<br />
<br />
This verse says that your chest cavity gets smaller with higher altitude when in reality the opposite is true.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|125}}|Those whom Allah (in His plan) willeth to guide,- He openeth their breast to Islam; those whom He willeth to leave straying,- He maketh their breast close and constricted, as if they had to climb up to the skies: thus doth Allah (heap) the penalty on those who refuse to believe.}}<br />
<br />
===Earthquakes are a Punishment from God===<br />
{{Main|Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World}}<br />
<br />
Some of the highest death tolls from natural disasters in the last decade were in Muslim countries. In fact, natural disasters do not differentiate between Muslim or non-Muslim nations nor are they controlled by a divine being. Earth quakes are extremely common along tectonic fault lines and are not a punishment for human behavior but the byproduct of natural forces. The Qur'anic author perpetuates an unscientific understanding of his phenomena in there verses.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|45}}|<br />
Do then those who devise evil (plots) feel secure that Allah will not cause the earth to swallow them up, or that the Wrath will not seize them from directions they little perceive?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|37}}|<br />
But they denied him, and the dreadful earthquake took them, and morning found them prostrate in their dwelling place. }}<br />
<br />
===Hurricanes and Blizzards are a Punishment from God===<br />
{{Main|Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World}}<br />
<br />
Two of the deadliest blizzards in history happened in Muslim countries. However, the Qur'an regards those natural disasters as violent punishment from God. Weather patterns follow predictable patterns and are not controlled by a divine being. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|68}}|<br />
Do ye then feel secure that He will not cause you to be swallowed up beneath the earth when ye are on land, or that He will not send against you a violent tornado (with showers of stones) so that ye shall find no one to carry out your affairs for you}}<br />
<br />
===No Evaporation in Water Cycle===<br />
{{Main|Responses_to_Zakir_Naik#Water_Cycle_in_the_Qur.27an|l1=Water Cycle in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
Every verse about rain in the Qur'an implies that rain comes either directly from the sky or from Allah. However the crucial step of evaporation of water into the air is conspicuously never mentioned, despite apologetics claiming that the water cycle is described in the Qur'an. Condensation of water is never mentioned. This means that the author of the Qur'an believed in clouds and rainfall as a linear process orchestrated by Allah as opposed to a cyclic process.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|11}}|<br />
That sends down (from time to time) rain from the sky in due measure;- and We raise to life therewith a land that is dead; even so will ye be raised (from the dead)}}<br />
<br />
===Mountains of Hail in the Sky===<br />
<br />
Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds when updrafts raise water droplets to an altitude where they freeze. However, the Qur'anic author seems to have imagined mountain-like masses of hail in the sky / heaven.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|43}}|<br />
Hast thou not seen how Allah wafteth the clouds, then gathereth them, then maketh them layers, and thou seest the rain come forth from between them; '''He sendeth down from the heaven mountains wherein is hail''', and smiteth therewith whom He will, and averteth it from whom He will. The flashing of His lightning all but snatcheth away the sight.<br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' wayunazzilu (and he sends down) mina (from) alssamai (the sky) min (from) jibalin (mountains) feeha (in it ['it' is feminine here so must refer to the sky]) min (of) baradin (hail)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Tafsirs such as Jalalayn and the one attributed to Ibn Abbas say that this means mountains in the sky. Ibn Kathir notes two views, that these are literally mountains of hail in the sky, or that they are a metaphor for clouds. Clouds could poetically be described as mountains in the sky, but for the verse to literally say "mountains of hail in the sky" strongly suggests large masses of ice (in the clouds or otherwise), and we can see it being understood in this literal way as evidenced in tafsirs.<br />
<br />
===Allah Uses Thunderbolts to Smite People===<br />
<br />
The Qur'anic author was superstitious about thunder and lightning and imagined that they strike those whom Allah wishes to smite.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|13}}|<br />
And the thunder declares His glory with His praise, and the angels too for awe of Him; and He sends the thunderbolts and smites with them whom He pleases, yet they dispute concerning Allah, and He is mighty in prowess.}}<br />
<br />
More light on this verse comes in the following hadith, graded hasan (good) by Dar-us-Salam. Muhammad believed the sound of thunder was an angel striking the clouds, which he drives along with a piece of fire.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi|44|5|44|3117}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:<br />
"The Jews came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: 'O Abul-Qasim! Inform us about the thunder, what is it?' He said: 'An angel among the angels, who is responsible for the clouds. He has a piece of fire wherever that he drives the clouds wherever Allah wills.' They said: 'Then what is this noise we hear?' He said: 'It is him, striking the clouds when he drives them on, until it goes where it is ordered.' They said: 'You have told the truth.'}}<br />
<br />
==Zoology==<br />
<br />
===Ants Recognize Humans and Speak with Each Other===<br />
<br />
Ants typically communicate with each other using pheromone which are a chemical signal. While scientists have also discovered that ants make some noises, nothing has ever indicated that the brains of ants could produce such complex communication as is depicted in the Quranic story of Solomon and the ants. However, the Qur'an tells us that not only does an ant warn her fellow ants of the approach of a large army of humans, but it recognizes one of the humans as Solomon. Then, he also understands her speech. How an ant could even see that far or have known the identify of Solomon is never explained. This account of a talking ant is clearly a legend and not scientific.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|27|18|19}}|<br />
At length, when they came to a (lowly) valley of ants, '''one of the ants said: "O ye ants, get into your habitations, lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it." So he smiled, amused at her speech;''' and he said: "O my Lord! so order me that I may be grateful for Thy favours, which thou hast bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may work the righteousness that will please Thee: And admit me, by Thy Grace, to the ranks of Thy righteous Servants." }}<br />
<br />
===Only Four Types of Cattle===<br />
<br />
While the Qur'an states that Allah has provided four kinds of cattle (eight including male and female) for use by humans and for eating, in fact there are more than a dozen kinds of cattle. The word "cattle" in 39:6 is [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000289.pdf al-ana'ami], meaning pasturing (i.e. grazing) animals. The word [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000432.pdf azwajin] ("kinds" in the translation of 39:6 below) generally means mate or member of a pair. {{Quran|6|143-144}} clarifies that this refers to male and female pairs of sheep, goats, oxes and camels, so in fact the author of the Qur'an is aware only of four kinds of cattle useful for humans (horses, mules and donkeys are considered distinct from cattle in {{Quran-range|16|5|8}}). This neglects other types of cattle from the regions outside of Arabia such as reindeer, which are important to people in northern latitudes. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|<br />
He created you from one being, then from that (being) He made its mate; and He hath provided for you of '''cattle eight kinds'''. He created you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, in a threefold gloom. Such is Allah, your Lord. His is the Sovereignty. There is no Allah save Him. How then are ye turned away}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|142-144}}|'''And of the cattle (He produceth) some for burdens, some for food.''' Eat of that which Allah hath bestowed upon you, and follow not the footsteps of the devil, for lo! he is an open foe to you. '''Eight pairs: Of the sheep twain, and of the goats twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain? Expound to me (the case) with knowledge, if ye are truthful. '''And of the camels twain and of the oxen twain.''' Say: Hath He forbidden the two males or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females contain; or were ye by to witness when Allah commanded you (all) this? Then who doth greater wrong than he who deviseth a lie concerning Allah, that he may lead mankind astray without knowledge. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.}}<br />
<br />
===Horses Created as Transportation===<br />
<br />
It took thousands of years of domestication and cross-breeding before horses were domesticated approximately 4,000 years ago in East Europe and Central Asia. Prior to this, horses were wild animals though the Qur'an neglects to mention this important fact. Even today [[w:Feral horse|feral horses]] are descendants of once domesticated horses that aren't tamed or used for human transportation. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|8}}|<br />
And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which ye have no knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
===All Animals Live in Communities===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an is emphatic that ''all'' animals live in communities. Some animals such as the jaguar or leopard are well known for being solitary creatures, rarely meeting in pairs and only to mate. They do not live in communities and routinely fight each other over territory.<br />
<br />
There are also species even whose young are not raised as a family, which lay eggs and abandon them before hatching. Sea Turtles bury their eggs on a beach and leave them. When an egg hatches the baby turtle must dig to the surface and make a sprint to the sea or perish. Some reptiles behave similarly. An even better example is the Carolina anole, which is a lizard species. They lay just a single egg every 2 weeks, around 10 in total, each taking 5 to 7 weeks to hatch. Anole hatchlings must fend for themselves and are by nature solitary creatures from birth.<br />
<br />
One translation attempts to interpret umamun (community / nation) to mean genus (group of species, plural: genera). Even supposing this to be the correct interpretation, it would represent the pre-scientific understanding in which every creature can be neatly categorised, ignorant of the on-going process in which sub-groups of many species are diverging and gradually evolving into new species.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|38}}|<br />
'''There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book''', and they (all) shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.}}<br />
<br />
===Bird Flight is a Miracle===<br />
<br />
Today, engineers and scientists are well aware of the aerodynamic properties of a bird's wing. It functions by creating a difference in the air pressure between the lower and upper part of the wing and this creates lift that pushes the bird upward. The wings of birds evolved over millions of years to acquire this feature. The author of the Qur'an, however, is unaware of these scientific details and says that 'nothing' holds up the bird except the miraculous power of Allah.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|79}}|<br />
Do they not look at the birds, held poised in the midst of (the air and) the sky? Nothing holds them up but (the power of) Allah. Verily in this are signs for those who believe}}<br />
<br />
===Birth Defects and Imperfections===<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an states that there are no flaws in anything. The author fails to mention the numerous defects and imperfections in all species.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|67|3}}|<br />
Who hath created seven heavens in harmony. Thou (Muhammad) canst see no fault in the Beneficent One's creation; then look again: Canst thou see any flaw?}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Wall of Iron between Two Mountains===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
<br />
The author of the Qur'an repeats the Syrian legend of Alexander the Great as a great king who helps a tribe of people build a massive wall of iron between two mountains. Even with satellites and near universal exploration of the world, no archaeologist has ever found even a trace of such a massive structure.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|96|97}}|<br />
"Bring me blocks of iron." At length, when he had '''filled up the space between the two steep mountain-sides''', He said, "Blow (with your bellows)" Then, when he had made it (red) as fire, he said: "Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten lead." Thus were they made powerless to scale it or to dig through it.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Christians Worship Mary as Part of the Trinity===<br />
<br />
Christians have never worshipped Mary as part of the Trinity. The author of the Qur'an seems to be mistaken in his understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity and the theology of Christians.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|116}}|<br />
And behold! Allah will say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Didst thou say unto men, '''worship me and my mother as gods''' in derogation of Allah'?" He will say: "Glory to Thee! never could I say what I had no right (to say). Had I said such a thing, thou wouldst indeed have known it. Thou knowest what is in my heart, Thou I know not what is in Thine. For Thou knowest in full all that is hidden}}<br />
<br />
Further evidence that the author believed Mary was part of the Christian trinity appears in Surah Al-Ma'idah when the subject of the trinity is explicitly addressed:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|72|75}}|They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary. The Messiah (himself) said: O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord. Lo! whoso ascribeth partners unto Allah, for him Allah hath forbidden paradise. His abode is the Fire. For evil-doers there will be no helpers. '''They surely disbelieve who say: Lo! Allah is the third of three'''; when there is no Allah save the One Allah. If they desist not from so saying a painful doom will fall on those of them who disbelieve. Will they not rather turn unto Allah and seek forgiveness of Him? For Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. '''The Messiah, son of Mary, was no other than a messenger''', messengers (the like of whom) had passed away before him. '''And his mother was a saintly woman. And they both used to eat (earthly) food.''' See how We make the revelations clear for them, and see how they are turned away!}}<br />
<br />
It is particularly noteworthy that no other entity is mentioned (i.e. the holy spirit, which is the 3rd member of the trinity in actual Christian doctrine). Verse 75 even uses the statement that the Messiah and Marium both ate food to demonstrate that they are normal humans and not a part of a divine trinity with Allah.<br />
<br />
=== Samaritans existing in ancient Egypt ===<br />
<br />
The Qu'ran claims that Moses dealt with a Samaritan during his time, however they did not exist until over half a millennium after this even supposedly occurred. The term Samari itself comes from the city of Samaria, an archaeologically confirmed city which was built by King Omri in around 870BC, nearly 700 years after Moses is supposed to have existed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|85}}|“( Allah) said; ‘We have tested thy people in thy absence: the Samiri has led them astray’.” }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|95}}|“( Moses) said, ‘What then is thy case, O Samiri?’”}}<br />
<br />
These verses concern the story of the golden calf in the time of Moses. It seems that Muhammad may have been confused because there is another Biblical passage in Hosea 8:5-6 about a much later golden calf that the Samaritans worshipped after the time of Solomon.<br />
<br />
===Mary Confused with Miriam ===<br />
{{main|Mary the sister of Aaron in the Quran}}<br />
<br />
Each of the following verses narrates the story of Jesus's birth. But Mary the mother of Jesus was born in the first century BCE and is not related to Moses and his family that existed 1500 years before. Miriam, not Mary, was the sister of Moses and Aaron and daughter of Amram (Imran).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|19|27-28}}|At length she brought the (babe) to her people, carrying him (in her arms). They said: "O Mary! truly an amazing thing hast thou brought! '''O sister of Aaron!''' Thy father was not a man of evil, nor thy mother a woman unchaste!" }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|66|12}}|And '''Mary, the daughter of 'Imran''', who guarded her chastity; and We breathed into (her body) of Our spirit; }}<br />
<br />
Hence the claim that Mary's mother is the wife of Imran is also false.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|35-36}}| Behold! '''a woman of 'Imran''' said: "O my Lord! I do dedicate unto Thee what is in my womb for Thy special service: So accept this of me: For Thou hearest and knowest all things." When she was delivered, she said: "O my Lord! Behold! I am delivered of a female child!"- and Allah knew best what she brought forth- "And no wise is the male Like the female. I have named her Mary, and I commend her and her offspring to Thy protection from the Evil One, the Rejected." }}<br />
<br />
The fact that two different people are given the exact same name despite supposedly living over 1000 years apart in communities which spoke completely different languages (ancient paleo-hebrew and then syriac-aramiac), with different alphabets, also casts serious doubt on the precise historicity of the Qu'ranic account.<br />
<br />
===Coat of Mail was Invented during the Reign of David===<br />
<br />
There is no evidence that coats of chainmail (as distinct from scale armour) existed during the time of David (10th century BCE). The earliest example of a coat of mail was Celtic and its invention is commonly credited to the Celts in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="books.google.com">Richard A. Gabriel, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&pg=PA79 ''The ancient world''], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 P.79</ref>. Mail has also been found in a 5th century BCE Scythian grave, and there is a cumbersome Etruscan pattern mail artifact from the 4th century BCE.<ref>Robinson, H. R., [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BaDMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 ''Oriental Armour''], New York:Dover Publications, 1995, pp.10-12</ref> Such artifacts would have been easily preserved and found by archeologists if they had existed much earlier. Some older translations of the Bible mention Goliath and David wearing a "coat of mail" in 1 Samuel 17:5 and 17:38 respectively. This is a [http://myarmoury.com/feature_mail.html#Origins well known mistranslation] for a word meaning armour in general.<br />
<br />
In the Qur'an, David is taught by Allah how to make coats of iron chainmail ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000022.pdf sabighatin] سَٰبِغَٰتٍ) and to measure the chainmail links ([http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000071.pdf as-sardi] ٱلسَّرْدِ) thereof. It says people should be thankful for this knowledge which has been passed down from him. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|34|10|11}}| And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him, Saying: Make thou long coats of mail and measure the links (thereof). And do ye right. Lo! I am Seer of what ye do. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|21|79|80}}| And We made Solomon to understand (the case); and unto each of them We gave judgment and knowledge. And we subdued the hills and the birds to hymn (His) praise along with David. We were the doers (thereof). And We taught him the art of making garments (of mail) to protect you in your daring. Are ye then thankful?}}<br />
<br />
===Crucifixions in Ancient Egypt===<br />
<br />
There are no references from any culture anywhere in the world to crucifixion as a method of execution before 500 BCE, where they started to appear in several middle eastern cultures. However, the Qur'an tells of crucifixions at the time of Joseph (approximately 2000 BCE) and Moses (approximately 1500 BCE). <br />
<br />
Ancient Egypt has been extensively studied in archaeology. While there is hieroglyphic evidence of people impaled through upright stakes in ancient Egypt, this is a distinct execution method from the crucifixion on palm trees in the Qur'anic story. Palm trees are far too thick to be used as upright stakes for impaling a person from above, so no-one would choose palm trees for such a purpose. Rather, the Egyptians would have to impale the victim to the side of the palm tree trunk in the Qur'an's anachronistic tale.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|12|41}}|<br />
O two companions of prison, as for one of you, he will give drink to his master of wine; but as for the other, he will be crucified, and the birds will eat from his head. The matter has been decreed about which you both inquire." }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|71}}|<br />
(Pharaoh) said: Ye put faith in him before I give you leave. Lo! he is your chief who taught you magic. Now surely I shall cut off your hands and your feet alternately, and '''I shall crucify you on the trunks of palm trees''', and ye shall know for certain which of us hath sterner and more lasting punishment.}}<br />
<br />
===Noah's Flood===<br />
<br />
Islamic websites try to escape the embarrassment that the Qur'an contains an un-historical, world-wide flood story as found in the Bible and ancient near-Eastern mythology. They claim instead that the textual evidence supports nothing more than a regional flood in the Qur'anic story of Noah. There are many severe weaknesses in this claim.<br />
<br />
If the flood was not world-wide then why was Noah instructed to spend time building a boat at all when he could have just taken his family out of the flood region with sufficient warning? Animals in the region could have done likewise by the same kind of miracle needed to bring them all to an ark. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! '''We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female''', and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him.}}<br />
Why would Noah have to put every kind of animal on the ark to save them when there would have been more members of most species elsewhere in the world, unaffected by the regional flood?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|43}}|The son replied: "I will betake myself to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: '''"This day nothing can save''', from the command of Allah, any but those on whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.}}<br />
A mountain, or simply fleeing the region would be enough to save someone from a regional flood, but this verse says nothing can save them.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|26}}|And Noah, said: "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers, a single one on earth!}}<br />
"The Earth" here could also be translated "the land", but why would Noah only care about a single region of disbelievers?<br />
<br />
The story of Noah was a [[w:Flood myth|famous myth]] of a ''world-wide'' flood. At very least it is a major weakness that the Qur'an makes no attempt to distinguish itself from the same world-wide flood myth that its listeners were familiar with.<br />
<br />
===Noah's Ark holds Every Species===<br />
<br />
The legend of Noah and the Ark states that two of each kind of animal was placed on an ark. However, there are over a hundred thousand species of animals including penguins, polar bears, koala bears, and kangaroos that live spread across the entire planet and in different climates and requiring specialized diets. There is no way such an event could have occurred.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|<br />
At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female, and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him. }}<br />
<br />
===Pharaoh or Pharaohs===<br />
<br />
Geographically, the Coptic land of Egypt was adjacent to Arabia. Thus, most Arabs were aware of the preservation method applied by the ancient Egyptian to their Pharaohs. They were preserved intact using methods such as salt to dry the body (hence salt in the body of Ramesses II is not evidence that he drowned in the sea). There were many Pharaohs ranging from numerous dynasties who were preserved in this way, but the Qur'an merely narrated one un-named Pharaoh who would be preserved as a sign.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|92}}|<br />
This day shall We save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a sign to those who come after thee! but verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our Signs!" }}<br />
<br />
===Jews call Ezra the Son of God===<br />
<br />
Historically, Judaism has been a strict form of monotheism. But the author of the Qur'an accuses Jews of polytheism by stating that they call Uzair (Ezra) the son of God in the same way that Christians see Jesus as the son of God. The author of the Qur'an seems to be unaware of the different theological implications of these two terms between Judaism and Christianity.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|<br />
The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth! }}<br />
<br />
===Nobody before John the Baptist was given the name "John"===<br />
<br />
The name "John" originates from the Hebrew name ''Yohanan''. Several figures in the [[Old Testament]] bore this name. To quote historical examples, there was a high priest named [[w:Johanan (High Priest)|Johanan]] (3rd century BC) and a ruler named [[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus]] (died 104 BC). These people existed before [[w:John the Baptist|John the Baptist]], who was a contemporary of Jesus. But the Qur'an claims that nobody before John the Baptist (''Yahya'' in Arabic) bore his name.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|19|7}}|(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; '''we have given the same name to none before (him).''' }}<br />
<br />
===Supernatural Destruction of Cities===<br />
The author of the Qur'an thought that outside the vicinity of Arabia there were cities and tribes destroyed by Allah for rejecting his messengers and Islam. In each specific example in the Qur'an (A'ad, Thamud, Midian, the people of Lot, Pharoah's army), the destruction of the disbelievers is sudden and total. Thanks to today's scientific progress, historical cities and tribes are known to have been destroyed by natural disasters, famine, wars, migration, or neglect, often taking years or decades to unfold. But the Qur'an merely repeats a common myth of the ancient Near East whereby these incidents are treated as swift and sudden punishments by God for people's sins.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|45}}|And how many a township have We destroyed because it had been immersed in evildoing - and now they [all] lie deserted, with their roofs caved in! And how many a well lies abandoned, and how many a castle that [once] stood high!}}<br />
<br />
The suddenness of Allah's punishment is stressed many times in Surah al-A'raf:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|4}}|How many a township have We destroyed! As a raid by night, or while they slept at noon, Our terror came unto them.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|34}}|And every nation hath its term, and when its term cometh, they cannot put it off an hour nor yet advance (it).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|97|98}}|Are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them as a night-raid while they sleep? Or are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them in the daytime while they play?}}<br />
<br />
In the Qur'an, the people of Thamud were killed instantly by an earthquake {{Quran|7|78}} or thunderous blast {{Quran|11|67}}, {{Quran-range|41|13|17}}, {{Quran|51|44}}, {{Quran|69|5}}. The people of A'ad were killed by a fierce wind for 7 days {{Quran-range|41|13|16}},{{Quran-range|46|24|35}},{{Quran|51|41}}, {{Quran-range|69|6|7}}. The people of Midian (Midyan) were killed overnight by an earthquake {{Quran|7|91}}, {{Quran|29|36}}. The towns of Lot were destroyed by a storm of stones from the sky {{Quran|54|32}}, {{Quran|29|34}}. The actual locations of these towns or tribes are currently unknown, and Midian was a wide geographical area, so claims about their sudden demise may always be unfalsifiable. Many other polytheist towns throughout the world certainly did not experience any sudden destruction.<br />
<br />
===Humans can Live for a Thousand Years===<br />
<br />
The oldest verified human life has been a little over 120 years. Based on fossil records and testing on human remains, anthropologists have concluded that human life spans are increasing, not decreasing. Nevertheless, the Qur'an claims that Noah lived for almost 1,000 years.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|14}}|<br />
We (once) sent Noah to his people, and he tarried among them '''a thousand years less fifty''': but the Deluge overwhelmed them while they (persisted in) sin. }}<br />
<br />
===Non-Existent Mosque in Jerusalem===<br />
<br />
Muslims claim that Al-Aqsa mosque is mentioned in the Qur'an as the furthest mosque, even though there was obviously no mosque in Jerusalem during Muhammad's time.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
<br />
==Sociology==<br />
<br />
===Linguistics ===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|31}}|And He taught Adam the names - all of them. Then He showed them to the angels and said, "Inform Me of the names of these, if you are truthful."}}<br />
<br />
The Qu'ran states that the first humans "Adam and Eve" spoke to each other in some kind of language in many suras, and also that God told them the names of everything. Thanks to the modern field of linguistics and the history of language we know that the type of sentences constructed in the Qu'ran would simply not have been able to be spoken by humans until over 100,000 years since the first humans evolved. The language of the first humans would be incomprehensible to us and they would not be able to express the kinds of sentences that Adam and Eve do in the Qu'ran.<br />
<br />
Allah taught Adam the names of all things. Does he know how long it takes to speak these names? Some 1.9 million species of plants and animals have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist.<ref name=plos>{{cite journal | author= Mora, C.| title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|date=August 23, 2011|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Millions more have become extinct. Let us not even talk about the names of non-living objects, galaxies, the countless stars and planets of the universe.<br />
<br />
<br />
===People are Protected in Mecca===<br />
{{Main|Hajj}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an claims Allah has made Mecca and the Ka'aba a place of safety. However, historically it has been attacked and seen battles numerous times. Juhayman al-Otaybi, Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and Abu Tahir al-Janabi killed thousands of Muslim pilgrims in Mecca. Moreover, Yazid Bin Muawiya sent an army battalion to attack Mecca and desecrated the Ka'aba. The universal safety of people in Mecca has no historical evidence supporting it.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|125}}|<br />
Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and '''a place of safety'''; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma'il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|97}}|<br />
Allah made '''the Ka'ba, the Sacred House, an asylum of security for men''', as also the Sacred Months, the animals for offerings, and the garlands that mark them: That ye may know that Allah hath knowledge of what is in the heavens and on earth and that Allah is well acquainted with all things. }}<br />
<br />
===Requirement to Learn in Arabic===<br />
<br />
There are over 5,000 languages and dialects in the world, with less than 4% of the world's population being native Arabic speakers. Moreover, even native speakers of modern Arabic in its various dialects need additional study to be able to understand well the Qur'anic Arabic from which the modern language developed. Even then, both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars acknowledge that the meaning of certain words, and historical allusions in the Qur'an have become lost or have always been uncertain (as indeed anyone familiar with the discussions of competing interpretations in the tafsirs will be aware).<br />
<br />
However, it is incumbent upon Muslims to pray in Arabic, recite the Qur'an in Arabic, and understand commentaries and the traditions of Muhammad in classical Arabic. We are left wondering why an all-knowing being would not provide a more efficient way to send his message to all people on earth and why he does not account for the immense diversity of languages.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|3}}|<br />
We have made it a Qur'an in Arabic, that ye may be able to understand (and learn wisdom). }}<br />
<br />
==Myths and Legendary Tales==<br />
<br />
While miracles by definition are supposed to defy the laws of nature and scientific explanation, it is interesting to observe some of the strange and absurd myths and legends in the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
===Humans Transformed into Apes===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an records a miraculous event where Sabbath breakers are transformed into apes. This account seems to be a mere legend and has no basis in scientific fact.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|65}}|<br />
And well ye knew those amongst you who transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath: We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected." }}<br />
<br />
=== Golden Calf Statue Moos ===<br />
<br />
A statue of a calf was cast out of ornaments but it could moo.<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|88}}|So he brought forth for them a calf, a (mere) body, which had a mooing sound, so they said: This is your god and the god of Musa, but he forgot.}}<br />
<br />
===Tribes Trapped Behind a Wall===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
<br />
The story of Dhul-Qarnayn says that two tribes are trapped behind a massive wall of Iron. According to the Qur'an, these two beast tribes were trapped by Dhul-Qarnayn behind this metal wall and will only be let free on the day of Judgement. Obviously, no such wall has ever been found nor are there tribes somewhere on earth trapped behind it.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|96}}|<br />
Until the Gog and Magog (people) are let through (their barrier), and they swiftly swarm from every hill. }}<br />
<br />
===Supernatural Food===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an states Mary received food sent down from heaven. There have never been any scientifically verified accounts of fully cooked food falling from the sky.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|114}}|<br />
Jesus, son of Mary, said: O Allah, Lord of us! '''Send down for us a table spread with food from heaven, that it may be a feast for us''', for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee. Give us sustenance, for Thou art the Best of Sustainers.}}<br />
<br />
===A Stick Transforms into a Serpent===<br />
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|107}}|<br />
Then (Moses) threw his rod, and behold! it was a serpent, plain (for all to see)! }}<br />
<br />
===Solomon's Army of Genies and Birds===<br />
<br />
Throughout history, kings and emperors had commanded huge and small amount of armies. None was ever recorded to possess armies that entirely consists of birds and genies. This story in the Qur'an draws on Jewish folklore.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|16-17}}|<br />
And Solomon was David's heir. He said: "O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed (a little) of all things: this is indeed Grace manifest (from Allah.)And before Solomon were marshalled his hosts― of Jinns and men and birds, and they were all kept in order and ranks.}}<br />
<br />
He spoke with a [[w:Hoopoe|Hoopoe]] bird and wanted to punish it for a small error.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|20-22}}|<br />
And he took a muster of the Birds; and he said: "Why is it I see not the Hoopoe? Or is he among the absentees? I will certainly punish him with a severe Penalty, or execute him, unless he bring me a clear reason (for absence).}}<br />
<br />
The Hoopoe bird was in fact busy eavesdropping on a beautiful female ruler, Queen Sheba.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|27|23}}|<br />
I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.}}<br />
<br />
===Jonah Performs Repentance inside a Fish===<br />
<br />
A human could not live inside a fish and pray. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|142}}|<br />
Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah,He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection.But We cast him forth, on the naked shore in a state of sickness}}<br />
<br />
===Muhammad Flies on a Winged Horse to Heaven===<br />
{{Main|Buraq}}<br />
<br />
It took one week to travel from Mecca to the Farthest Mosque by camel. But the Qur'an reveals that a magical winged horse, called the Buraq, traveled a similar distance in a matter of minutes. No such creature has ever been shown to be real and it seems to only exist in legend and mythology.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|1}}|<br />
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}<br />
<br />
===Body Parts Speak===<br />
<br />
The limbs and organs of a human are controlled by the brain that conveys electrical signal through the nervous system. But the Qur'an believes that the limbs can talk and testify against the person, even though they would have no voice, memory or mind of their own.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|24|24}}|<br />
On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions. }}<br />
<br />
===Sea Split in Half===<br />
<br />
Moses and the Israelites crossed a sea that was split into two halves.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|50}}|<br />
And remember '''We divided the sea for you''' and saved you and drowned Pharaoh's people within your very sight. }}<br />
<br />
===Solomon can Control the Wind===<br />
<br />
King Solomon had the authority to manipulate the wind at his command and could fly anywhere he wanted.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|38|36}}|<br />
Then We subjected the wind to his power, to flow gently to his order, Whithersoever he willed }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Ibn-Kathir on 21:81 | A flying carpet made from wood, on top of which he could carry everything in his kingdom including chairs, to wherever Solomon wants to go, whilst flocks of birds would fly over to give shade }}<br />
<br />
===A Dead Man Testified against his Killer===<br />
<br />
Allah told some people to hit a murder victim with a piece of cow to temporarily resurrect him.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|73}}|<br />
And We said: Smite him with some of it. Thus Allah bringeth the dead to life and showeth you His portents so that ye may understand. }}<br />
<br />
===Mountains and Birds can Sing Songs===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|34|10}}|<br />
And assuredly We gave David grace from Us, (saying): O ye hills and birds, echo his psalms of praise! And We made the iron supple unto him}}<br />
<br />
==Others==<br />
<br />
===Mathematical Error in Hereditary Laws===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|11-12}}|<br />
4.11: Allah (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. For parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased Left brothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases ('s) after the payment of legacies and debts. Ye know not whether your parents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Al-wise. <br />
<br />
4.12: In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or woman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth; but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to any one). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Most Forbearing. }}<br />
<br />
* Wife: 1/8 = 3/24,<br />
* Daughters: 2/3 = 16/24,<br />
* Father: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
* Mother: 1/6 = 4/24,<br />
* '''Total''' = 27/24=1.125<br />
<br />
The total does not equal to 1. This error can never be reconciled in any way. [http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/i001.html]<br />
<br />
===People use the Forehead to Lie===<br />
{{Main|Quran and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum|l1=Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum}}<br />
<br />
According to a particularly imaginative miracle claim made by some Islamic websites, the Qur'an identifies which part of the brain is used for telling lies. Brain wave technology has shown that electrical activity happens in the entire brain when a person is being deceitful. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|15-16}}|<br />
Let him beware! If he desist not, We will drag him by the forelock. A lying, sinful forelock.}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Contradictions and Errors|Contradictions and Errors}}<br />
* [[Scientific Errors in the Qur'an (Response)]] <br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest_Point_on_Earth_Miracle&diff=121329WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest Point on Earth Miracle2019-12-28T20:17:09Z<p>Guillotino: /* Lingual claim */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dead-sea.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
{{underconstruction}}<br />
Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “lowest spot on earth” is correctly identified by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
It is from the eve of sura Ar-Rum (The Romans):<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|2-3}}|<br />
30:2 The Roman Empire has been defeated-<br />
<br />
30:3<br />
<br />
YUSUF ALI: In a '''land close by''' (أَدْنَى); but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious-<br />
<br />
PICKTHAL: In '''the nearer land''', and they, after their defeat will be victorious<br />
<br />
SHAKIR: In a '''near land''', and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,<br />
<br />
<br />
as the word near أَدْنَى can also be translated as "lower" and hence the above could be read: "The Roman Empire was defeated in the lowest land". Then they claim that since the Dead Sea is it the lowest point on Earth Muhammad said something that no one could have known.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The claim of apologists involves many arguments. They start with this lingual argument:<br />
<br />
1- The Quran says that the place of the Roman-Sassanian war is "adna al-ardi" (أدنى الأرض)<br />
<br />
2- "adna al-ardi" can be translated as "the lowest land on earth"<br />
<br />
So the quran described the place of the Roman-Sassanian war as the lowest land on earth.<br />
<br />
Then they use this conclusion as a premise in a historical argument to prove what that place was,<br />
then in a geographical argument to prove that place as truly the lowest spot on earth,<br />
then they come with a historical claim that none could know that at the time of Muhammad with natural methods, then it is supposed to be a miracle for him to know that, so there must be a supernatural intervention.<br />
<br />
==Lingual claim==<br />
<br />
We shall stop here for a moment to examine this lingual argument. It is clearly an invalid argument. Its obvious invalidity in reasoning comes from the second premise, which says that the word adna "can mean" lowest. It does not "necessarily mean", it just "can mean". Yet we have another meaning which is "nearest", so how we "know" for sure which translation was meant by the author? We simply can't, and the argument unfortunately does not help us in doing so, the argument does not prove its conclusion at all.<br />
<br />
It is a fundamental of logic that the argument to be valid, it must necessarily prove its conclusion, yet a presence of a counterexample (a possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion isn't) will always render the argument invalid, an unproven assertion, in our situation, the two premises still can be true while the conclusion is not true, simply if Muhammad only meant "nearest" , as all commentators and translators has understood all over the time, and among them there was prominent experts in the Arabic language . <br />
<br />
So, first of all, Muslims have to prove that the Quran's writer "necessarily" meant "lowest" when he said "adna", since its more obvious meaning is "nearest", and that's because, having another and a more obvious meaning of the word, used by all translators. The lowest point miracle is a counterexample which makes it impossible to prove that the writer "necessarily" meant "lowest"! it is just a possibility, actually an improbable one!<br />
<br />
It's improbable because the writer could say it plainly, in non-equivocal statement, obvious for any one to notice, instead of no one in the whole 14 centuries.<br />
<br />
In this case we can say that it is a re-interpretation after the discovery, dependent upon equivocation, which is easy to do in a rich-semantic language like the Arabic language with any text. In the same way find variable different meanings of the Quranic words that renders the Quranic statements erroneous, would they then accept that the Quran is false? Or would they immediately appeal to counterexamples (other equally valid meanings), or even to metaphors?<br />
<br />
Actually, in many other cases, the obvious meaning of the Quranic words render the verses false, and Muslim apologists then appeal to improbable counterexamples to save situations, if not found, metaphors are always present to save situations.<br />
<br />
Some muslim say "we do accept all the "true" meanings of the quranic words, apply this rule to the whole quran .." yet it is a fallacious rule, it begs the question, it presupposes that the quran is true, hence the true meanings is the only to be accepted, it uses circular reasoning, by using the veracity of the quran to prove the veracity of the quran.<br />
<br />
===Occam's razor===<br />
But shall we be pure agnostics regarding what is the real meaning of the word?<br />
No, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor Occam's razor] which is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving, states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It tells us that our suppositions should not go beyond the need,we should seek simplicity,so if we have two explainations for something ,equal in the explanatory power, the explanation that postulates less unproven assumption is the one we should accept.<br />
<br />
Generally in the discussion about miracles in the Quran, the two explanations differ in the number of suppositions they postulate, apologetic one implies a miraculous case in which there is a supernatural intervention, consequently implies a whole supernatural world ,there is a population in heavens then ,god,angels,gardens,hell also ,resurrection,judgement,satan,winged donkeys are true things, also all the quranic miracles of the prophets occurred, mouses split the sea, jesus created real birds by the mud, a she-camel was born from a rock .. etc .. endless list of supernatural stuff, truly this is the most extraordinary claim in the world, so it requires the most extraordinary evidence in the world, but what we have ? , an invalid argument ! to accept all this exceptional metaphysics, what they provide as exceptional evidence ? an unproven assertion ! how great !! truly it's an exceptional evidence , why we do object ?!<br />
<br />
This clear logical stupidity follows directly from ignoring occam's razor, that the other explanation postulates nothing special, he was just a man of his time, saying what everybody else could say, what could be more simpler , with equal explanatory power since the two meanings of the word _in most of cases_ are equally valid .(for this case im going to show that even if he meant "lowest land" it is not a miracle).<br />
<br />
However there is no room for all of this since the lingual argument is unsound .. <br />
the second premise is false ..<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries===<br />
The word "adna" in the arabic language has nothing to do with meaning "low in elevation" it can mean "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap", it can mean low distance in between, low value of a thing, or low price, low position of a man,or low morality, but it HAS NO THING TO DO WITH "low elevation of places" meaning, it is similar meaning as obvious, but SEMANTICS IS NOT PROVED BY SUCH SIMILARITY. To prove that Muslims must mention a NATIVE LITERATURE using the word ''adna'' in the meaning of "low elevation of land".<br />
<br />
The meaning "lowest" may be felt in the modern use of the word only, NO OLD DICTIONARY at all states the claimed "low elevation of a land". There is OLD USE in that meaning too.<br />
<br />
Here is the links of the major old dictionaries in one link [http://baheth.info/ baheth.info/], these dictionaries are :-<br />
<br />
1- lisan al-arab (i.e the tongue of arabs)<br />
<br />
2- maquaiees alloghah (i.e.the standards of language)<br />
<br />
3-alquamoos almoheet (i.e.the comprehensive dictionary)<br />
<br />
4-alsahah fe al-loghah (i.e.the true in language)<br />
<br />
5-al'obab al-zakher (i.e. the teeming ocean)<br />
<br />
There is no single mention to the meaning "low in elevation " at all ..<br />
and the most special dictionary among them is (maquaiees al-loghah i.e.the standards of language) dictionary, which states that :<br />
{{Quote||<br />
دنـي (مقاييس اللغة)<br />
<br />
الدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصلٌ واحد يُقاس بعضُه على بعض، وهو المقارَبَة.<br />
<br />
ومن ذلك الدّنِيُّ، وهو القَريب، مِن دنا يدنُو.<br />
<br />
وسُمِّيت الدُّنيا لدنوّها، والنِّسبة إليها دُنْياوِيّ.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيُّ من الرجال: الضعيف الدُّونُ، وهو مِن ذاكَ لأنّه قريب المأخذ والمنزلة.<br />
<br />
ودانَيْت بين الأمرَين: قاربْتُ بينهما.<br />
<br />
وهو ابن عَمِّهِ دُِنْيا ودِنْيَةً.<br />
<br />
والدّنِيُّ: الدُّون، مهموز. يقال رجلٌ دنيءٌ، وقد دَنُؤَ يَدْنُؤُ دَناءةً.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب أيضاً، لأنّه قريبُ المنزِلة.<br />
<br />
والأدْنَأُ من الرّجال: الذي فيه انكبابٌ على صدرِهِ.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب، لأنّ أعلاه دانٍ من وَسطه.<br />
<br />
وأدْنَتِ الفَرَسُ وغيرُها، إذا دنا نِتاجُها.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيّة: النقيصة.<br />
<br />
وجاء في الحديث: "إذا أكْلتُم فَدَنُّوا" أي كلُوا ممّا يلِيكُم مما يدنُو منكم.<br />
<br />
ويقال لقيتُه أدنَى دَنِيٍّ، أي أوّل كلِّ شيء. }}<br />
<br />
<br />
Here is the translation of this one ..<br />
<br />
"dana or danawa are the same root means "near" and this is the standard meaning to consider in understanding the meanings of its derivatives ..<br />
<br />
then he states that ..<br />
<br />
(dani)means (the nearby) ..<br />
<br />
(donia) means (this life) or (this world) .. because it is nearer to us than the afterlife .. <br />
<br />
(dani) is the weak man, or the vile man, or the mean man, because his position is near to reach i.e not a position which is beyond reach .<br />
<br />
(adna') is the (gibbose ), because his head is near to his waste .<br />
<br />
(dania) means the (demerit) or (vice) .<br />
<br />
in the other dictionaries we find :<br />
<br />
(adna) the first one, because it is nearer to you than the last one .<br />
<br />
(adna) (cheap ). because its price is in hand, not beyond reach.<br />
<br />
(adna) (less) ... etc<br />
<br />
There is no single mention in an "OLD" dictionary to the meaning "low elevation land" at all ..<br />
asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
<br />
For full english explanation of the word you can read .. <br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000086.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning1.pdf]<br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000087.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning2.pdf]<br />
<br />
screenshots here, [http://captaindisguise.blogspot.com/2012/03/lowest-land-prediction-in-quran.html screenshots.adna-meaning]<br />
<br />
please search for any single mention of low elevation land !<br />
<br />
<br />
This lingual argument is unsound and invalid.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dead-sea 2.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
<br />
==Historical claim==<br />
<br />
The second point here is the historical claim ..<br />
<br />
The quran did NOT talk about the basin of the dead sea, actually it talked about the place of the Roman-Sassanian battle, where was this? None on the basin of the dead sea, [http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-all-roman%E2%80%93persian-wars-battles/reference list-of-all-roman-persian-wars-battles], the nearest to it was a battle in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraa Adhri'at] other one was in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Geography Jerusalem], both cities are above sea level, Dead Sea is roughly 1000 (or approximately 1,373) feet below sea level, Jerusalem, however, is roughly 2500 feet ABOVE sea level, so who ever adopt the "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth! Yet, we have more to say about this here.<br />
<br />
==Geographical facts==<br />
<br />
The third point here is about whether the basin of the dead sea is really the lowest spot on earth ?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Lowest_point_.28natural.29 wikipedia]|<br />
Lowest point (natural)<br />
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level.[3] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard Bathyscaphe Trieste and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.<br />
<br />
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) under surface. For example the altitude difference in the Voronya Cave between the entrance and the deepest explored point (its depth) is 2,191 ± 20 metres (7,188 ± 66 ft). The lowest point underground has not been explored.<br />
<br />
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under Byrd Glacier, which reaches 9,120 feet (2,780 metres) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice. See the extremes on Earth page. <br />
<br />
The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level<br />
<br />
The point closest to the Earth's centre (~6,353 km (3,948 mi)) is probably at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (greatest depth 5,450 m (17,881 ft)) near the Geographic North Pole (the bottom of the Mariana Trench is near 6,370 km (3,958 mi) from the centre of the Earth). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm /lowest-places-on-earth.]|<br />
Earth’s Lowest Elevations<br />
<br />
<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m)<br />
<br />
Turpan Pendi (China) -505 feet (-154 m)<br />
<br />
Qattara Depression (Egypt) -435 feet (-133 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Kaundy (Kazakstan) -433 ft (-132 m)<br />
<br />
Denakil (Ethiopia) -410 ft (-125 m)<br />
<br />
Laguna del Carbón (Argentina) -344 ft (-105 m)<br />
<br />
Death Valley (United States) -282 ft (-86 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan) -266 ft (-81 m)<br />
<br />
Salton Sea (California) -227 ft (-69 m)<br />
<br />
Sebkhet Tah (Morroco) -180 ft (-55 m)<br />
<br />
Sabkhat Ghuzayyil (Libya) -154 ft (-47 m)<br />
<br />
Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) -151 ft (-46 m)<br />
<br />
Salinas Chicas (Argentina) -131 ft (-40 m)<br />
<br />
Caspian Sea (Central Asia) -92 ft (-28 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Eyre (Australia) -49 ft (-15 m) }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So it is the lowest point on the "DRY" land, lower points exist put covered with ice.<br />
<br />
==Knowledge in Muhammad's time==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above the dead sea basin is the lowest point of dry land, 3 times lower than the next low point:<br />
{{Quote||<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m) }}<br />
<br />
Approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) away from it , is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level.<br />
<br />
<br />
That shows how steep is the slope of this area, make it easy to observe its depression.<br />
if this area is the lowest point on earth, so necessarily it is the lowest point in its surroundings, hence it is reasonable that people of this area called it the lowest land ! <br />
<br />
That is exactly what happened, since the region of ( modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, the western part of Jordan and southwestern Syria ), exactly the surroundings of the dead sea, was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East, called Canaan and the word Canaan :<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan Canaan]|<br />
has an original meaning of "lowlands", from a Semitic root knʿ "to be low, humble, depressed" }}<br />
<br />
So what we have here, if we accepted the "lowest land" meaning of the quranic verse, it is nothing but a translation of the name of the region from the language of its local people into Arabic, without any need for a supernatural intervention, what is supernatural in translation!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is always happening, in Hawaii island, the largest volcano on "dry land" exist, no surprise it is called in the local language [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_loa Mauna loa] i.e "the long mountain", a miracle?!<br />
<br />
==Conclusions==<br />
<br />
1- The word "adna" dose NOT mean "low elevation land" at all, in any OLD dictionary, it only means "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap" ,asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
2-Even if it can mean so, it cant be proven that mohammed meant "low elevation" since other meanings are counterexamples that render the argument invalid, the meaning "lowest" then, as a possibility is dismissed by occam's razor, it postulates to much assumptions without need for them.<br />
<br />
3 - The place of the roman_sassanian battle is NOT dead sea basins, it is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level . So who ever adopt "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth!<br />
<br />
4- The arena of the battles is a region called in its people's local language "canaan" literally means "lowlands" so if we accept the meaning "lowest", it is no thing more than a translation of the name of the region into the arabic language, this explanation is far better since it is very natural and has a higher explanatory power and precision, it is not an error like number three point, but it has only a problem with number one and number two points (in conclusion ).<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121328Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2019-12-28T18:19:03Z<p>Guillotino: /* The truth */</p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.<br />
<br />
al-Baldahuri writes, under the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi after conquering Kandahar, destroyed its idol temple and built a mosque in its place.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=2|title= A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry|publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[Tel Aviv University]]|author=[[Yohanan Friedmann]]|page=177|year=1972}}</ref><br />
<br />
==What about the spared monuments?==<br />
If the Caliphs have spared some famous monuments and artworks of non-Muslims, it does not mean they can be forgiven for the destruction many other monuments.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121327Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2019-12-28T18:00:16Z<p>Guillotino: </p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100612/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/opinion/why-does-isis-destroy-historic-sites|The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Pagan_Architecture_and_Art_in_Islamic_Law&diff=121326Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law2019-12-28T17:59:46Z<p>Guillotino: Created page with "A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam...."</p>
<hr />
<div>A Muslim author wrote an article for Tony Blair Faith Foundation. He is trying to prove to us that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam.<br />
<br />
{{Quote||The justification for these acts is often linked to the time of the Prophet Mohammad in which, according to hadith literature, he destroyed idols and images depicting pagan deities in the Kaba after the conquest of Mecca. However, according to early Islamic historians, images of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.<br />
<br />
There is scant regard for the example of the early Muslims.<br />
Furthermore, when the companions of the prophet and earlier generations of Muslims conquered lands containing historic sites like Petra, Nimrud, the Pyramids of Giza, the Bamiyan Buddhas and Palmyra, they did not feel compelled to destroy the historical monuments. }}<br />
<br />
==The truth==<br />
When the Persian capital of Ctesiphon in province of Khvarvaran (today Iraq) fell to the Muslims in 637 under the military command of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the caliphate of Umar, the palaces and their archives were burned. The Tarikh al-Tabari describes that Waqqas wrote to Caliph Umar asking what should be done with the books at Ctesiphon. Umar wrote back: "If the books contradict the Qur'an, they are blasphemous. On the other hand, if they are in agreement, they are not needed, as for us Qur'an is sufficient." Thus, the huge library was destroyed and the books, the product of the generations of Persian scientists and scholars were thrown into fire or the river Euphrates.<br />
<br />
Persecution of Zoroastrians increased significantly under the Abbasids. Their temples and sacred fire shrines were destroyed.</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest_Point_on_Earth_Miracle&diff=121325WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest Point on Earth Miracle2019-12-28T17:30:01Z<p>Guillotino: /* Knowledge in Muhammad's time */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dead-sea.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
{{underconstruction}}<br />
Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “lowest spot on earth” is correctly identified by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
It is from the eve of sura Ar-Rum (The Romans):<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|2-3}}|<br />
30:2 The Roman Empire has been defeated-<br />
<br />
30:3<br />
<br />
YUSUF ALI: In a '''land close by''' (أَدْنَى); but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious-<br />
<br />
PICKTHAL: In '''the nearer land''', and they, after their defeat will be victorious<br />
<br />
SHAKIR: In a '''near land''', and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,<br />
<br />
<br />
as the word near أَدْنَى can also be translated as "lower" and hence the above could be read: "The Roman Empire was defeated in the lowest land". Then they claim that since the Dead Sea is it the lowest point on Earth Muhammad said something that no one could have known.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The claim of apologists involves many arguments. They start with this lingual argument:<br />
<br />
1- The Quran says that the place of the Roman-Sassanian war is "adna al-ardi" (أدنى الأرض)<br />
<br />
2- "adna al-ardi" can be translated as "the lowest land on earth"<br />
<br />
So the quran described the place of the Roman-Sassanian war as the lowest land on earth.<br />
<br />
Then they use this conclusion as a premise in a historical argument to prove what that place was,<br />
then in a geographical argument to prove that place as truly the lowest spot on earth,<br />
then they come with a historical claim that none could know that at the time of Muhammad with natural methods, then it is supposed to be a miracle for him to know that, so there must be a supernatural intervention.<br />
<br />
==Lingual claim==<br />
<br />
We shall stop here for a moment to examine this lingual argument ..<br />
it is clearly an invalid argument .. its obvious invalidity in reasoning comes from the second premise, which says that the word adna "can mean" lowest .. not "necessarily mean" , just "can mean" , yet we have another meaning which is "nearest" , so how we "know" for sure which translation was meant by the author? we simply can't, and the argument unfortunately dos not help us in doing so, the argument dose not prove its conclusion at all.<br />
<br />
It is a fundamental of logic that the argument to be valid, it must necessarily prove its conclusion, yet a presence of a counterexample (a possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion isn't) will always render the argument invalid, an unproven assertion, in our situation, the two premises still can be true while the conclusion is not true, simply if Muhammad only meant "nearest" , as all commentators and translators has understood all over the time, and among them there was prominent experts in the Arabic language . <br />
<br />
So, first of all, Muslims have to prove that the Quran's writer "necessarily" meant "lowest" when he said "adna", since its more obvious meaning is "nearest", and that's because, having another and a more obvious , used by all translators_ meaning of the word is a counterexample which makes it impossible to prove that he the writer "necessarily" meant "lowest"! it is just a possibility, actually an improbable one!<br />
<br />
It's improbable because the writer could say it plainly, in non-equivocal statement, obvious for any one to notice, instead of no one in the whole 14 centuries.<br />
<br />
In this case we can say that it is a re-interpretation after the discovery, dependent upon equivocation, which is easy to do in a rich-semantic language like the Arabic language with any text. In the same way find variable different meanings of the Quranic words that renders the Quranic statements erroneous, would they then accept that the Quran is false? Or would they immediately appeal to counterexamples (other equally valid meanings), or even to metaphors?<br />
<br />
Actually, in many other cases, the obvious meaning of the Quranic words render the verses false, and Muslim apologists then appeal to improbable counterexamples to save situations, if not found, metaphors are always present to save situations.<br />
<br />
Some muslim say "we do accept all the "true" meanings of the quranic words, apply this rule to the whole quran .." yet it is a fallacious rule, it begs the question, it presupposes that the quran is true, hence the true meanings is the only to be accepted, it uses circular reasoning, by using the veracity of the quran to prove the veracity of the quran.<br />
<br />
===Occam's razor===<br />
But shall we be pure agnostics regarding what is the real meaning of the word?<br />
No, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor Occam's razor] which is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving, states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It tells us that our suppositions should not go beyond the need,we should seek simplicity,so if we have two explainations for something ,equal in the explanatory power, the explanation that postulates less unproven assumption is the one we should accept.<br />
<br />
Generally in the discussion about miracles in the Quran, the two explanations differ in the number of suppositions they postulate, apologetic one implies a miraculous case in which there is a supernatural intervention, consequently implies a whole supernatural world ,there is a population in heavens then ,god,angels,gardens,hell also ,resurrection,judgement,satan,winged donkeys are true things, also all the quranic miracles of the prophets occurred, mouses split the sea, jesus created real birds by the mud, a she-camel was born from a rock .. etc .. endless list of supernatural stuff, truly this is the most extraordinary claim in the world, so it requires the most extraordinary evidence in the world, but what we have ? , an invalid argument ! to accept all this exceptional metaphysics, what they provide as exceptional evidence ? an unproven assertion ! how great !! truly it's an exceptional evidence , why we do object ?!<br />
<br />
This clear logical stupidity follows directly from ignoring occam's razor, that the other explanation postulates nothing special, he was just a man of his time, saying what everybody else could say, what could be more simpler , with equal explanatory power since the two meanings of the word _in most of cases_ are equally valid .(for this case im going to show that even if he meant "lowest land" it is not a miracle).<br />
<br />
However there is no room for all of this since the lingual argument is unsound .. <br />
the second premise is false ..<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries===<br />
The word "adna" in the arabic language has nothing to do with meaning "low in elevation" it can mean "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap", it can mean low distance in between, low value of a thing, or low price, low position of a man,or low morality, but it HAS NO THING TO DO WITH "low elevation of places" meaning, it is similar meaning as obvious, but SEMANTICS IS NOT PROVED BY SUCH SIMILARITY. To prove that Muslims must mention a NATIVE LITERATURE using the word ''adna'' in the meaning of "low elevation of land".<br />
<br />
The meaning "lowest" may be felt in the modern use of the word only, NO OLD DICTIONARY at all states the claimed "low elevation of a land". There is OLD USE in that meaning too.<br />
<br />
Here is the links of the major old dictionaries in one link [http://baheth.info/ baheth.info/], these dictionaries are :-<br />
<br />
1- lisan al-arab (i.e the tongue of arabs)<br />
<br />
2- maquaiees alloghah (i.e.the standards of language)<br />
<br />
3-alquamoos almoheet (i.e.the comprehensive dictionary)<br />
<br />
4-alsahah fe al-loghah (i.e.the true in language)<br />
<br />
5-al'obab al-zakher (i.e. the teeming ocean)<br />
<br />
There is no single mention to the meaning "low in elevation " at all ..<br />
and the most special dictionary among them is (maquaiees al-loghah i.e.the standards of language) dictionary, which states that :<br />
{{Quote||<br />
دنـي (مقاييس اللغة)<br />
<br />
الدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصلٌ واحد يُقاس بعضُه على بعض، وهو المقارَبَة.<br />
<br />
ومن ذلك الدّنِيُّ، وهو القَريب، مِن دنا يدنُو.<br />
<br />
وسُمِّيت الدُّنيا لدنوّها، والنِّسبة إليها دُنْياوِيّ.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيُّ من الرجال: الضعيف الدُّونُ، وهو مِن ذاكَ لأنّه قريب المأخذ والمنزلة.<br />
<br />
ودانَيْت بين الأمرَين: قاربْتُ بينهما.<br />
<br />
وهو ابن عَمِّهِ دُِنْيا ودِنْيَةً.<br />
<br />
والدّنِيُّ: الدُّون، مهموز. يقال رجلٌ دنيءٌ، وقد دَنُؤَ يَدْنُؤُ دَناءةً.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب أيضاً، لأنّه قريبُ المنزِلة.<br />
<br />
والأدْنَأُ من الرّجال: الذي فيه انكبابٌ على صدرِهِ.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب، لأنّ أعلاه دانٍ من وَسطه.<br />
<br />
وأدْنَتِ الفَرَسُ وغيرُها، إذا دنا نِتاجُها.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيّة: النقيصة.<br />
<br />
وجاء في الحديث: "إذا أكْلتُم فَدَنُّوا" أي كلُوا ممّا يلِيكُم مما يدنُو منكم.<br />
<br />
ويقال لقيتُه أدنَى دَنِيٍّ، أي أوّل كلِّ شيء. }}<br />
<br />
<br />
Here is the translation of this one ..<br />
<br />
"dana or danawa are the same root means "near" and this is the standard meaning to consider in understanding the meanings of its derivatives ..<br />
<br />
then he states that ..<br />
<br />
(dani)means (the nearby) ..<br />
<br />
(donia) means (this life) or (this world) .. because it is nearer to us than the afterlife .. <br />
<br />
(dani) is the weak man, or the vile man, or the mean man, because his position is near to reach i.e not a position which is beyond reach .<br />
<br />
(adna') is the (gibbose ), because his head is near to his waste .<br />
<br />
(dania) means the (demerit) or (vice) .<br />
<br />
in the other dictionaries we find :<br />
<br />
(adna) the first one, because it is nearer to you than the last one .<br />
<br />
(adna) (cheap ). because its price is in hand, not beyond reach.<br />
<br />
(adna) (less) ... etc<br />
<br />
There is no single mention in an "OLD" dictionary to the meaning "low elevation land" at all ..<br />
asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
<br />
For full english explanation of the word you can read .. <br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000086.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning1.pdf]<br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000087.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning2.pdf]<br />
<br />
screenshots here, [http://captaindisguise.blogspot.com/2012/03/lowest-land-prediction-in-quran.html screenshots.adna-meaning]<br />
<br />
please search for any single mention of low elevation land !<br />
<br />
<br />
This lingual argument is unsound and invalid.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dead-sea 2.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
<br />
==Historical claim==<br />
<br />
The second point here is the historical claim ..<br />
<br />
The quran did NOT talk about the basin of the dead sea, actually it talked about the place of the Roman-Sassanian battle, where was this? None on the basin of the dead sea, [http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-all-roman%E2%80%93persian-wars-battles/reference list-of-all-roman-persian-wars-battles], the nearest to it was a battle in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraa Adhri'at] other one was in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Geography Jerusalem], both cities are above sea level, Dead Sea is roughly 1000 (or approximately 1,373) feet below sea level, Jerusalem, however, is roughly 2500 feet ABOVE sea level, so who ever adopt the "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth! Yet, we have more to say about this here.<br />
<br />
==Geographical facts==<br />
<br />
The third point here is about whether the basin of the dead sea is really the lowest spot on earth ?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Lowest_point_.28natural.29 wikipedia]|<br />
Lowest point (natural)<br />
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level.[3] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard Bathyscaphe Trieste and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.<br />
<br />
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) under surface. For example the altitude difference in the Voronya Cave between the entrance and the deepest explored point (its depth) is 2,191 ± 20 metres (7,188 ± 66 ft). The lowest point underground has not been explored.<br />
<br />
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under Byrd Glacier, which reaches 9,120 feet (2,780 metres) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice. See the extremes on Earth page. <br />
<br />
The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level<br />
<br />
The point closest to the Earth's centre (~6,353 km (3,948 mi)) is probably at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (greatest depth 5,450 m (17,881 ft)) near the Geographic North Pole (the bottom of the Mariana Trench is near 6,370 km (3,958 mi) from the centre of the Earth). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm /lowest-places-on-earth.]|<br />
Earth’s Lowest Elevations<br />
<br />
<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m)<br />
<br />
Turpan Pendi (China) -505 feet (-154 m)<br />
<br />
Qattara Depression (Egypt) -435 feet (-133 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Kaundy (Kazakstan) -433 ft (-132 m)<br />
<br />
Denakil (Ethiopia) -410 ft (-125 m)<br />
<br />
Laguna del Carbón (Argentina) -344 ft (-105 m)<br />
<br />
Death Valley (United States) -282 ft (-86 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan) -266 ft (-81 m)<br />
<br />
Salton Sea (California) -227 ft (-69 m)<br />
<br />
Sebkhet Tah (Morroco) -180 ft (-55 m)<br />
<br />
Sabkhat Ghuzayyil (Libya) -154 ft (-47 m)<br />
<br />
Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) -151 ft (-46 m)<br />
<br />
Salinas Chicas (Argentina) -131 ft (-40 m)<br />
<br />
Caspian Sea (Central Asia) -92 ft (-28 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Eyre (Australia) -49 ft (-15 m) }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So it is the lowest point on the "DRY" land, lower points exist put covered with ice.<br />
<br />
==Knowledge in Muhammad's time==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above the dead sea basin is the lowest point of dry land, 3 times lower than the next low point:<br />
{{Quote||<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m) }}<br />
<br />
Approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) away from it , is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level.<br />
<br />
<br />
That shows how steep is the slope of this area, make it easy to observe its depression.<br />
if this area is the lowest point on earth, so necessarily it is the lowest point in its surroundings, hence it is reasonable that people of this area called it the lowest land ! <br />
<br />
That is exactly what happened, since the region of ( modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, the western part of Jordan and southwestern Syria ), exactly the surroundings of the dead sea, was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East, called Canaan and the word Canaan :<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan Canaan]|<br />
has an original meaning of "lowlands", from a Semitic root knʿ "to be low, humble, depressed" }}<br />
<br />
So what we have here, if we accepted the "lowest land" meaning of the quranic verse, it is nothing but a translation of the name of the region from the language of its local people into Arabic, without any need for a supernatural intervention, what is supernatural in translation!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is always happening, in Hawaii island, the largest volcano on "dry land" exist, no surprise it is called in the local language [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_loa Mauna loa] i.e "the long mountain", a miracle?!<br />
<br />
==Conclusions==<br />
<br />
1- The word "adna" dose NOT mean "low elevation land" at all, in any OLD dictionary, it only means "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap" ,asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
2-Even if it can mean so, it cant be proven that mohammed meant "low elevation" since other meanings are counterexamples that render the argument invalid, the meaning "lowest" then, as a possibility is dismissed by occam's razor, it postulates to much assumptions without need for them.<br />
<br />
3 - The place of the roman_sassanian battle is NOT dead sea basins, it is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level . So who ever adopt "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth!<br />
<br />
4- The arena of the battles is a region called in its people's local language "canaan" literally means "lowlands" so if we accept the meaning "lowest", it is no thing more than a translation of the name of the region into the arabic language, this explanation is far better since it is very natural and has a higher explanatory power and precision, it is not an error like number three point, but it has only a problem with number one and number two points (in conclusion ).<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest_Point_on_Earth_Miracle&diff=121324WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest Point on Earth Miracle2019-12-28T17:29:29Z<p>Guillotino: /* Dictionaries */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dead-sea.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
{{underconstruction}}<br />
Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “lowest spot on earth” is correctly identified by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
It is from the eve of sura Ar-Rum (The Romans):<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|2-3}}|<br />
30:2 The Roman Empire has been defeated-<br />
<br />
30:3<br />
<br />
YUSUF ALI: In a '''land close by''' (أَدْنَى); but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious-<br />
<br />
PICKTHAL: In '''the nearer land''', and they, after their defeat will be victorious<br />
<br />
SHAKIR: In a '''near land''', and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,<br />
<br />
<br />
as the word near أَدْنَى can also be translated as "lower" and hence the above could be read: "The Roman Empire was defeated in the lowest land". Then they claim that since the Dead Sea is it the lowest point on Earth Muhammad said something that no one could have known.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The claim of apologists involves many arguments. They start with this lingual argument:<br />
<br />
1- The Quran says that the place of the Roman-Sassanian war is "adna al-ardi" (أدنى الأرض)<br />
<br />
2- "adna al-ardi" can be translated as "the lowest land on earth"<br />
<br />
So the quran described the place of the Roman-Sassanian war as the lowest land on earth.<br />
<br />
Then they use this conclusion as a premise in a historical argument to prove what that place was,<br />
then in a geographical argument to prove that place as truly the lowest spot on earth,<br />
then they come with a historical claim that none could know that at the time of Muhammad with natural methods, then it is supposed to be a miracle for him to know that, so there must be a supernatural intervention.<br />
<br />
==Lingual claim==<br />
<br />
We shall stop here for a moment to examine this lingual argument ..<br />
it is clearly an invalid argument .. its obvious invalidity in reasoning comes from the second premise, which says that the word adna "can mean" lowest .. not "necessarily mean" , just "can mean" , yet we have another meaning which is "nearest" , so how we "know" for sure which translation was meant by the author? we simply can't, and the argument unfortunately dos not help us in doing so, the argument dose not prove its conclusion at all.<br />
<br />
It is a fundamental of logic that the argument to be valid, it must necessarily prove its conclusion, yet a presence of a counterexample (a possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion isn't) will always render the argument invalid, an unproven assertion, in our situation, the two premises still can be true while the conclusion is not true, simply if Muhammad only meant "nearest" , as all commentators and translators has understood all over the time, and among them there was prominent experts in the Arabic language . <br />
<br />
So, first of all, Muslims have to prove that the Quran's writer "necessarily" meant "lowest" when he said "adna", since its more obvious meaning is "nearest", and that's because, having another and a more obvious , used by all translators_ meaning of the word is a counterexample which makes it impossible to prove that he the writer "necessarily" meant "lowest"! it is just a possibility, actually an improbable one!<br />
<br />
It's improbable because the writer could say it plainly, in non-equivocal statement, obvious for any one to notice, instead of no one in the whole 14 centuries.<br />
<br />
In this case we can say that it is a re-interpretation after the discovery, dependent upon equivocation, which is easy to do in a rich-semantic language like the Arabic language with any text. In the same way find variable different meanings of the Quranic words that renders the Quranic statements erroneous, would they then accept that the Quran is false? Or would they immediately appeal to counterexamples (other equally valid meanings), or even to metaphors?<br />
<br />
Actually, in many other cases, the obvious meaning of the Quranic words render the verses false, and Muslim apologists then appeal to improbable counterexamples to save situations, if not found, metaphors are always present to save situations.<br />
<br />
Some muslim say "we do accept all the "true" meanings of the quranic words, apply this rule to the whole quran .." yet it is a fallacious rule, it begs the question, it presupposes that the quran is true, hence the true meanings is the only to be accepted, it uses circular reasoning, by using the veracity of the quran to prove the veracity of the quran.<br />
<br />
===Occam's razor===<br />
But shall we be pure agnostics regarding what is the real meaning of the word?<br />
No, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor Occam's razor] which is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving, states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It tells us that our suppositions should not go beyond the need,we should seek simplicity,so if we have two explainations for something ,equal in the explanatory power, the explanation that postulates less unproven assumption is the one we should accept.<br />
<br />
Generally in the discussion about miracles in the Quran, the two explanations differ in the number of suppositions they postulate, apologetic one implies a miraculous case in which there is a supernatural intervention, consequently implies a whole supernatural world ,there is a population in heavens then ,god,angels,gardens,hell also ,resurrection,judgement,satan,winged donkeys are true things, also all the quranic miracles of the prophets occurred, mouses split the sea, jesus created real birds by the mud, a she-camel was born from a rock .. etc .. endless list of supernatural stuff, truly this is the most extraordinary claim in the world, so it requires the most extraordinary evidence in the world, but what we have ? , an invalid argument ! to accept all this exceptional metaphysics, what they provide as exceptional evidence ? an unproven assertion ! how great !! truly it's an exceptional evidence , why we do object ?!<br />
<br />
This clear logical stupidity follows directly from ignoring occam's razor, that the other explanation postulates nothing special, he was just a man of his time, saying what everybody else could say, what could be more simpler , with equal explanatory power since the two meanings of the word _in most of cases_ are equally valid .(for this case im going to show that even if he meant "lowest land" it is not a miracle).<br />
<br />
However there is no room for all of this since the lingual argument is unsound .. <br />
the second premise is false ..<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries===<br />
The word "adna" in the arabic language has nothing to do with meaning "low in elevation" it can mean "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap", it can mean low distance in between, low value of a thing, or low price, low position of a man,or low morality, but it HAS NO THING TO DO WITH "low elevation of places" meaning, it is similar meaning as obvious, but SEMANTICS IS NOT PROVED BY SUCH SIMILARITY. To prove that Muslims must mention a NATIVE LITERATURE using the word ''adna'' in the meaning of "low elevation of land".<br />
<br />
The meaning "lowest" may be felt in the modern use of the word only, NO OLD DICTIONARY at all states the claimed "low elevation of a land". There is OLD USE in that meaning too.<br />
<br />
Here is the links of the major old dictionaries in one link [http://baheth.info/ baheth.info/], these dictionaries are :-<br />
<br />
1- lisan al-arab (i.e the tongue of arabs)<br />
<br />
2- maquaiees alloghah (i.e.the standards of language)<br />
<br />
3-alquamoos almoheet (i.e.the comprehensive dictionary)<br />
<br />
4-alsahah fe al-loghah (i.e.the true in language)<br />
<br />
5-al'obab al-zakher (i.e. the teeming ocean)<br />
<br />
There is no single mention to the meaning "low in elevation " at all ..<br />
and the most special dictionary among them is (maquaiees al-loghah i.e.the standards of language) dictionary, which states that :<br />
{{Quote||<br />
دنـي (مقاييس اللغة)<br />
<br />
الدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصلٌ واحد يُقاس بعضُه على بعض، وهو المقارَبَة.<br />
<br />
ومن ذلك الدّنِيُّ، وهو القَريب، مِن دنا يدنُو.<br />
<br />
وسُمِّيت الدُّنيا لدنوّها، والنِّسبة إليها دُنْياوِيّ.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيُّ من الرجال: الضعيف الدُّونُ، وهو مِن ذاكَ لأنّه قريب المأخذ والمنزلة.<br />
<br />
ودانَيْت بين الأمرَين: قاربْتُ بينهما.<br />
<br />
وهو ابن عَمِّهِ دُِنْيا ودِنْيَةً.<br />
<br />
والدّنِيُّ: الدُّون، مهموز. يقال رجلٌ دنيءٌ، وقد دَنُؤَ يَدْنُؤُ دَناءةً.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب أيضاً، لأنّه قريبُ المنزِلة.<br />
<br />
والأدْنَأُ من الرّجال: الذي فيه انكبابٌ على صدرِهِ.<br />
<br />
وهو من الباب، لأنّ أعلاه دانٍ من وَسطه.<br />
<br />
وأدْنَتِ الفَرَسُ وغيرُها، إذا دنا نِتاجُها.<br />
<br />
والدَّنِيّة: النقيصة.<br />
<br />
وجاء في الحديث: "إذا أكْلتُم فَدَنُّوا" أي كلُوا ممّا يلِيكُم مما يدنُو منكم.<br />
<br />
ويقال لقيتُه أدنَى دَنِيٍّ، أي أوّل كلِّ شيء. }}<br />
<br />
<br />
Here is the translation of this one ..<br />
<br />
"dana or danawa are the same root means "near" and this is the standard meaning to consider in understanding the meanings of its derivatives ..<br />
<br />
then he states that ..<br />
<br />
(dani)means (the nearby) ..<br />
<br />
(donia) means (this life) or (this world) .. because it is nearer to us than the afterlife .. <br />
<br />
(dani) is the weak man, or the vile man, or the mean man, because his position is near to reach i.e not a position which is beyond reach .<br />
<br />
(adna') is the (gibbose ), because his head is near to his waste .<br />
<br />
(dania) means the (demerit) or (vice) .<br />
<br />
in the other dictionaries we find :<br />
<br />
(adna) the first one, because it is nearer to you than the last one .<br />
<br />
(adna) (cheap ). because its price is in hand, not beyond reach.<br />
<br />
(adna) (less) ... etc<br />
<br />
There is no single mention in an "OLD" dictionary to the meaning "low elevation land" at all ..<br />
asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
<br />
For full english explanation of the word you can read .. <br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000086.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning1.pdf]<br />
<br />
[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000087.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning2.pdf]<br />
<br />
screenshots here, [http://captaindisguise.blogspot.com/2012/03/lowest-land-prediction-in-quran.html screenshots.adna-meaning]<br />
<br />
please search for any single mention of low elevation land !<br />
<br />
<br />
This lingual argument is unsound and invalid.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dead-sea 2.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
<br />
==Historical claim==<br />
<br />
The second point here is the historical claim ..<br />
<br />
The quran did NOT talk about the basin of the dead sea, actually it talked about the place of the Roman-Sassanian battle, where was this? None on the basin of the dead sea, [http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-all-roman%E2%80%93persian-wars-battles/reference list-of-all-roman-persian-wars-battles], the nearest to it was a battle in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraa Adhri'at] other one was in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Geography Jerusalem], both cities are above sea level, Dead Sea is roughly 1000 (or approximately 1,373) feet below sea level, Jerusalem, however, is roughly 2500 feet ABOVE sea level, so who ever adopt the "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth! Yet, we have more to say about this here.<br />
<br />
==Geographical facts==<br />
<br />
The third point here is about whether the basin of the dead sea is really the lowest spot on earth ?<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Lowest_point_.28natural.29 wikipedia]|<br />
Lowest point (natural)<br />
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level.[3] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard Bathyscaphe Trieste and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.<br />
<br />
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) under surface. For example the altitude difference in the Voronya Cave between the entrance and the deepest explored point (its depth) is 2,191 ± 20 metres (7,188 ± 66 ft). The lowest point underground has not been explored.<br />
<br />
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under Byrd Glacier, which reaches 9,120 feet (2,780 metres) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice. See the extremes on Earth page. <br />
<br />
The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level<br />
<br />
The point closest to the Earth's centre (~6,353 km (3,948 mi)) is probably at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (greatest depth 5,450 m (17,881 ft)) near the Geographic North Pole (the bottom of the Mariana Trench is near 6,370 km (3,958 mi) from the centre of the Earth). }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm /lowest-places-on-earth.]|<br />
Earth’s Lowest Elevations<br />
<br />
<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m)<br />
<br />
Turpan Pendi (China) -505 feet (-154 m)<br />
<br />
Qattara Depression (Egypt) -435 feet (-133 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Kaundy (Kazakstan) -433 ft (-132 m)<br />
<br />
Denakil (Ethiopia) -410 ft (-125 m)<br />
<br />
Laguna del Carbón (Argentina) -344 ft (-105 m)<br />
<br />
Death Valley (United States) -282 ft (-86 m)<br />
<br />
Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan) -266 ft (-81 m)<br />
<br />
Salton Sea (California) -227 ft (-69 m)<br />
<br />
Sebkhet Tah (Morroco) -180 ft (-55 m)<br />
<br />
Sabkhat Ghuzayyil (Libya) -154 ft (-47 m)<br />
<br />
Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) -151 ft (-46 m)<br />
<br />
Salinas Chicas (Argentina) -131 ft (-40 m)<br />
<br />
Caspian Sea (Central Asia) -92 ft (-28 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Eyre (Australia) -49 ft (-15 m) }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So it is the lowest point on the "DRY" land, lower points exist put covered with ice.<br />
<br />
==Knowledge in Muhammad's time==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above the dead sea basin is the lowest point of dry land, 3 times lower than the next low point:<br />
{{Quote||<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
<br />
Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m) }}<br />
<br />
, approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) away from it , is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level.<br />
<br />
<br />
That shows how steep is the slope of this area, make it easy to observe its depression.<br />
if this area is the lowest point on earth, so necessarily it is the lowest point in its surroundings, hence it is reasonable that people of this area called it the lowest land ! <br />
<br />
That is exactly what happened, since the region of ( modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, the western part of Jordan and southwestern Syria ), exactly the surroundings of the dead sea, was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East, called Canaan and the word Canaan :<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan Canaan]|<br />
has an original meaning of "lowlands", from a Semitic root knʿ "to be low, humble, depressed" }}<br />
<br />
So what we have here, if we accepted the "lowest land" meaning of the quranic verse, it is nothing but a translation of the name of the region from the language of its local people into Arabic, without any need for a supernatural intervention, what is supernatural in translation!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is always happening, in Hawaii island, the largest volcano on "dry land" exist, no surprise it is called in the local language [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_loa Mauna loa] i.e "the long mountain", a miracle?!<br />
<br />
==Conclusions==<br />
<br />
1- The word "adna" dose NOT mean "low elevation land" at all, in any OLD dictionary, it only means "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap" ,asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
<br />
2-Even if it can mean so, it cant be proven that mohammed meant "low elevation" since other meanings are counterexamples that render the argument invalid, the meaning "lowest" then, as a possibility is dismissed by occam's razor, it postulates to much assumptions without need for them.<br />
<br />
3 - The place of the roman_sassanian battle is NOT dead sea basins, it is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level . So who ever adopt "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth!<br />
<br />
4- The arena of the battles is a region called in its people's local language "canaan" literally means "lowlands" so if we accept the meaning "lowest", it is no thing more than a translation of the name of the region into the arabic language, this explanation is far better since it is very natural and has a higher explanatory power and precision, it is not an error like number three point, but it has only a problem with number one and number two points (in conclusion ).<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==</div>Guillotinohttps://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest_Point_on_Earth_Miracle&diff=121323WikiIslam:Sandbox/Lowest Point on Earth Miracle2019-12-28T16:37:52Z<p>Guillotino: changed few words</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dead-sea.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
{{underconstruction}}<br />
Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “lowest spot on earth” is correctly identified by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
It is from the eve of sura Ar-Rum (The Romans):<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|2-3}}|<br />
30:2 The Roman Empire has been defeated-<br />
<br />
30:3<br />
<br />
YUSUF ALI: In a '''land close by''' (أَدْنَى); but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious-<br />
<br />
PICKTHAL: In '''the nearer land''', and they, after their defeat will be victorious<br />
<br />
SHAKIR: In a '''near land''', and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,<br />
<br />
<br />
as the word near أَدْنَى can also be translated as "lower" and hence the above could be read: "The Roman Empire was defeated in the lowest land". Then they claim that since the Dead Sea is it the lowest point on Earth Muhammad said something that no one could have known.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The claim of apologists involves many arguments. They start with this lingual argument:<br />
<br />
1- The Quran says that the place of the Roman-Sassanian war is "adna al-ardi" (أدنى الأرض)<br />
<br />
2- "adna al-ardi" can be translated as "the lowest land on earth"<br />
<br />
So the quran described the place of the Roman-Sassanian war as the lowest land on earth.<br />
<br />
Then they use this conclusion as a premise in a historical argument to prove what that place was,<br />
then in a geographical argument to prove that place as truly the lowest spot on earth,<br />
then they come with a historical claim that none could know that at the time of Muhammad with natural methods, then it is supposed to be a miracle for him to know that, so there must be a supernatural intervention.<br />
<br />
==Lingual claim==<br />
<br />
We shall stop here for a moment to examine this lingual argument ..<br />
it is clearly an invalid argument .. its obvious invalidity in reasoning comes from the second premise, which says that the word adna "can mean" lowest .. not "necessarily mean" , just "can mean" , yet we have another meaning which is "nearest" , so how we "know" for sure which translation was meant by the author? we simply can't, and the argument unfortunately dos not help us in doing so, the argument dose not prove its conclusion at all.<br />
<br />
It is a fundamental of logic that the argument to be valid, it must necessarily prove its conclusion, yet a presence of a counterexample (a possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion isn't) will always render the argument invalid, an unproven assertion, in our situation, the two premises still can be true while the conclusion is not true, simply if Muhammad only meant "nearest" , as all commentators and translators has understood all over the time, and among them there was prominent experts in the Arabic language . <br />
<br />
So, first of all, Muslims have to prove that the Quran's writer "necessarily" meant "lowest" when he said "adna", since its more obvious meaning is "nearest", and that's because, having another and a more obvious , used by all translators_ meaning of the word is a counterexample which makes it impossible to prove that he the writer "necessarily" meant "lowest"! it is just a possibility, actually an improbable one!<br />
<br />
It's improbable because the writer could say it plainly, in non-equivocal statement, obvious for any one to notice, instead of no one in the whole 14 centuries.<br />
<br />
In this case we can say that it is a re-interpretation after the discovery, dependent upon equivocation, which is easy to do in a rich-semantic language like the Arabic language with any text. In the same way find variable different meanings of the Quranic words that renders the Quranic statements erroneous, would they then accept that the Quran is false? Or would they immediately appeal to counterexamples (other equally valid meanings), or even to metaphors?<br />
<br />
Actually, in many other cases, the obvious meaning of the Quranic words render the verses false, and Muslim apologists then appeal to improbable counterexamples to save situations, if not found, metaphors are always present to save situations.<br />
<br />
Some muslim say "we do accept all the "true" meanings of the quranic words, apply this rule to the whole quran .." yet it is a fallacious rule, it begs the question, it presupposes that the quran is true, hence the true meanings is the only to be accepted, it uses circular reasoning, by using the veracity of the quran to prove the veracity of the quran.<br />
<br />
===Occam's razor===<br />
But shall we be pure agnostics regarding what is the real meaning of the word?<br />
No, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor Occam's razor] which is a principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving, states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It tells us that our suppositions should not go beyond the need,we should seek simplicity,so if we have two explainations for something ,equal in the explanatory power, the explanation that postulates less unproven assumption is the one we should accept.<br />
<br />
Generally in the discussion about miracles in the Quran, the two explanations differ in the number of suppositions they postulate, apologetic one implies a miraculous case in which there is a supernatural intervention, consequently implies a whole supernatural world ,there is a population in heavens then ,god,angels,gardens,hell also ,resurrection,judgement,satan,winged donkeys are true things, also all the quranic miracles of the prophets occurred, mouses split the sea, jesus created real birds by the mud, a she-camel was born from a rock .. etc .. endless list of supernatural stuff, truly this is the most extraordinary claim in the world, so it requires the most extraordinary evidence in the world, but what we have ? , an invalid argument ! to accept all this exceptional metaphysics, what they provide as exceptional evidence ? an unproven assertion ! how great !! truly it's an exceptional evidence , why we do object ?!<br />
<br />
This clear logical stupidity follows directly from ignoring occam's razor, that the other explanation postulates nothing special, he was just a man of his time, saying what everybody else could say, what could be more simpler , with equal explanatory power since the two meanings of the word _in most of cases_ are equally valid .(for this case im going to show that even if he meant "lowest land" it is not a miracle).<br />
<br />
However there is no room for all of this since the lingual argument is unsound .. <br />
the second premise is false ..<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries===<br />
The word "adna" in the arabic language has nothing to do with meaning "low in elevation" it can mean "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap", it can mean low distance in between, low value of a thing, or low price, low position of a man,or low morality, but it HAS NO THING TO DO WITH "low elevation of places" meaning, it is similar meaning as obvious, but SEMANTICS IS NOT PROVED BY SUCH SIMILARITY. To prove that Muslims must mention a NATIVE LITERATURE using the word <nowiki>''adna''</nowiki> in the meaning of "low elevation of land".<br />
<br />
The meaning "lowest" may be felt in the modern use of the word only, NO OLD DICTIONARY at all states the claimed "low elevation of a land" , NO ANY OLD USE in that meaning to.<br />
<br />
Here is the links of the major old dictionaries in one link [http://baheth.info/ baheth.info/], these dictionaries are :-<br />
<br />
1- lisan al-arab (i.e the tongue of arabs)<br />
<br />
2- maquaiees alloghah (i.e.the standards of language)<br />
<br />
3-alquamoos almoheet (i.e.the comprehensive dictionary)<br />
<br />
4-alsahah fe al-loghah (i.e.the true in language)<br />
<br />
5-al'obab al-zakher (i.e. the teeming ocean)<br />
<br />
There is no single mention to the meaning "low in elevation " at all ..<br />
and the most special dictionary among them is (maquaiees al-loghah i.e.the standards of language) dictionary, which states that :<br />
{{Quote||<br />
دنـي (مقاييس اللغة)<br />
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الدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصلٌ واحد يُقاس بعضُه على بعض، وهو المقارَبَة.<br />
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ومن ذلك الدّنِيُّ، وهو القَريب، مِن دنا يدنُو.<br />
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وسُمِّيت الدُّنيا لدنوّها، والنِّسبة إليها دُنْياوِيّ.<br />
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والدَّنِيُّ من الرجال: الضعيف الدُّونُ، وهو مِن ذاكَ لأنّه قريب المأخذ والمنزلة.<br />
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ودانَيْت بين الأمرَين: قاربْتُ بينهما.<br />
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وهو ابن عَمِّهِ دُِنْيا ودِنْيَةً.<br />
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والدّنِيُّ: الدُّون، مهموز. يقال رجلٌ دنيءٌ، وقد دَنُؤَ يَدْنُؤُ دَناءةً.<br />
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وهو من الباب أيضاً، لأنّه قريبُ المنزِلة.<br />
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والأدْنَأُ من الرّجال: الذي فيه انكبابٌ على صدرِهِ.<br />
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وهو من الباب، لأنّ أعلاه دانٍ من وَسطه.<br />
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وأدْنَتِ الفَرَسُ وغيرُها، إذا دنا نِتاجُها.<br />
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والدَّنِيّة: النقيصة.<br />
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وجاء في الحديث: "إذا أكْلتُم فَدَنُّوا" أي كلُوا ممّا يلِيكُم مما يدنُو منكم.<br />
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ويقال لقيتُه أدنَى دَنِيٍّ، أي أوّل كلِّ شيء. }}<br />
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Here is the translation of this one ..<br />
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"dana or danawa are the same root means "near" and this is the standard meaning to consider in understanding the meanings of its derivatives ..<br />
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then he states that ..<br />
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(dani)means (the nearby) ..<br />
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(donia) means (this life) or (this world) .. because it is nearer to us than the afterlife .. <br />
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(dani) is the weak man, or the vile man, or the mean man, because his position is near to reach i.e not a position which is beyond reach .<br />
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(adna') is the (gibbose ), because his head is near to his waste .<br />
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(dania) means the (demerit) or (vice) .<br />
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in the other dictionaries we find :<br />
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(adna) the first one, because it is nearer to you than the last one .<br />
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(adna) (cheap ). because its price is in hand, not beyond reach.<br />
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(adna) (less) ... etc<br />
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There is no single mention in an "OLD" dictionary to the meaning "low elevation land" at all ..<br />
asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
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For full english explanation of the word you can read .. <br />
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[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000086.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning1.pdf]<br />
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[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000087.pdf studyquran.org/adna-meaning2.pdf]<br />
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screenshots here, [http://captaindisguise.blogspot.com/2012/03/lowest-land-prediction-in-quran.html screenshots.adna-meaning]<br />
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please search for any single mention of low elevation land !<br />
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This lingual argument is unsound and invalid.<br />
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[[File:Dead-sea 2.jpg|thumbnail]]<br />
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==Historical claim==<br />
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The second point here is the historical claim ..<br />
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The quran did NOT talk about the basin of the dead sea, actually it talked about the place of the Roman-Sassanian battle, where was this? None on the basin of the dead sea, [http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-all-roman%E2%80%93persian-wars-battles/reference list-of-all-roman-persian-wars-battles], the nearest to it was a battle in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraa Adhri'at] other one was in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Geography Jerusalem], both cities are above sea level, Dead Sea is roughly 1000 (or approximately 1,373) feet below sea level, Jerusalem, however, is roughly 2500 feet ABOVE sea level, so who ever adopt the "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth! Yet, we have more to say about this here.<br />
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==Geographical facts==<br />
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The third point here is about whether the basin of the dead sea is really the lowest spot on earth ?<br />
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{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Lowest_point_.28natural.29 wikipedia]|<br />
Lowest point (natural)<br />
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level.[3] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard Bathyscaphe Trieste and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.<br />
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The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) under surface. For example the altitude difference in the Voronya Cave between the entrance and the deepest explored point (its depth) is 2,191 ± 20 metres (7,188 ± 66 ft). The lowest point underground has not been explored.<br />
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The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under Byrd Glacier, which reaches 9,120 feet (2,780 metres) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice. See the extremes on Earth page. <br />
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The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level<br />
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The point closest to the Earth's centre (~6,353 km (3,948 mi)) is probably at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (greatest depth 5,450 m (17,881 ft)) near the Geographic North Pole (the bottom of the Mariana Trench is near 6,370 km (3,958 mi) from the centre of the Earth). }}<br />
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{{Quote|[http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm /lowest-places-on-earth.]|<br />
Earth’s Lowest Elevations<br />
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Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
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Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m)<br />
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Turpan Pendi (China) -505 feet (-154 m)<br />
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Qattara Depression (Egypt) -435 feet (-133 m)<br />
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Vpadina Kaundy (Kazakstan) -433 ft (-132 m)<br />
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Denakil (Ethiopia) -410 ft (-125 m)<br />
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Laguna del Carbón (Argentina) -344 ft (-105 m)<br />
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Death Valley (United States) -282 ft (-86 m)<br />
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Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan) -266 ft (-81 m)<br />
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Salton Sea (California) -227 ft (-69 m)<br />
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Sebkhet Tah (Morroco) -180 ft (-55 m)<br />
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Sabkhat Ghuzayyil (Libya) -154 ft (-47 m)<br />
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Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) -151 ft (-46 m)<br />
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Salinas Chicas (Argentina) -131 ft (-40 m)<br />
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Caspian Sea (Central Asia) -92 ft (-28 m)<br />
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Lake Eyre (Australia) -49 ft (-15 m) }}<br />
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So it is the lowest point on the "DRY" land, lower points exist put covered with ice.<br />
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==Knowledge in Muhammad's time==<br />
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As mentioned above the dead sea basin is the lowest point of dry land, 3 times lower than the next low point:<br />
{{Quote||<br />
Dead Sea (Jordan/Israel) -1360 feet (-414 m)<br />
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Lake Assal (Djibouti, Africa) -509 feet (-155 m) }}<br />
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, approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) away from it , is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level.<br />
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That shows how steep is the slope of this area, make it easy to observe its depression.<br />
if this area is the lowest point on earth, so necessarily it is the lowest point in its surroundings, hence it is reasonable that people of this area called it the lowest land ! <br />
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That is exactly what happened, since the region of ( modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, the western part of Jordan and southwestern Syria ), exactly the surroundings of the dead sea, was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East, called Canaan and the word Canaan :<br />
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{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan Canaan]|<br />
has an original meaning of "lowlands", from a Semitic root knʿ "to be low, humble, depressed" }}<br />
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So what we have here, if we accepted the "lowest land" meaning of the quranic verse, it is nothing but a translation of the name of the region from the language of its local people into Arabic, without any need for a supernatural intervention, what is supernatural in translation!<br />
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This is always happening, in Hawaii island, the largest volcano on "dry land" exist, no surprise it is called in the local language [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_loa Mauna loa] i.e "the long mountain", a miracle?!<br />
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==Conclusions==<br />
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1- The word "adna" dose NOT mean "low elevation land" at all, in any OLD dictionary, it only means "nearest" , "vile" , "less" and "cheap" ,asserting that it do mean "lowest" is a fallacy of equivocation, it abuses the word since that is not a genuine use of the word in the time of mohammed.<br />
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2-Even if it can mean so, it cant be proven that mohammed meant "low elevation" since other meanings are counterexamples that render the argument invalid, the meaning "lowest" then, as a possibility is dismissed by occam's razor, it postulates to much assumptions without need for them.<br />
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3 - The place of the roman_sassanian battle is NOT dead sea basins, it is Jerusalem (2,490 ft) above sea level . So who ever adopt "lowest land" meaning, he has basically proven that Muhammad was a false prophet since he mistakenly assumed that Jerusalem was the lowest part of the earth!<br />
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4- The arena of the battles is a region called in its people's local language "canaan" literally means "lowlands" so if we accept the meaning "lowest", it is no thing more than a translation of the name of the region into the arabic language, this explanation is far better since it is very natural and has a higher explanatory power and precision, it is not an error like number three point, but it has only a problem with number one and number two points (in conclusion ).<br />
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==See also==</div>Guillotino