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 There is nothing mentioned about how religious leaders are rightfully meant to be chosen, nor how religious laws are meant to be administered. With no direct instructions for a successor, or how to chose one (or them) in the Quran, there was a civil war almost immediately after Muhammad's death - which according to traditional accounts lead to the Sunni-Shia split. A quick summary of this can be read in this history.com [https://www.history.com/news/sunni-shia-divide-islam-muslim article].
-There is no actual direct concept of a political caliph (khilafah) in the Quran, which is central to both branches of Islam. One can see all the ways this word is used on Quran Corpus [https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=xlf here] in the 'noun' sections, denoting general successors rather than the political leader of the Muslim community. In fact the term did not denote a distinct political or religious institution during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. It began to acquire its later meaning and to take shape as an institution after Muhammad’s death.<ref>''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/caliph Caliph Entry]'' | Definition & History | Britannica | Professor Asma Afsaruddin</ref>
+There is no actual direct concept of a political caliph (khilafah) in the Quran, which is central to both of the two most widespread branches of Islam, Sunni and Shi'i Islam. One can see all the ways this word is used on Quran Corpus [https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=xlf here] in the 'noun' sections, denoting general successors rather than the political leader of the Muslim community. In fact the term did not denote a distinct political or religious institution during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. It began to acquire its later meaning and to take shape as an institution after Muhammad’s death.<ref>''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/caliph Caliph Entry]'' | Definition & History | Britannica | Professor Asma Afsaruddin</ref>
 == Other issues ==
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 === Verses that have no meaning and/or make no sense ===
 Many verses lack any clear meaning without further context, a few (of many) are given below. For example it is impossible to know what the following verses are talking about by themselves (tafsirs generally link them to angels, though the third verse is sometimes also linked to humans reciting the Quran).<ref>''[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Jalal/37.1 Tafsir Jalalayn on verse 31:1].'' Al Jalalayn / Jalal ad-Din al-Maḥalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti. Published in 1505.</ref><ref>''[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Kathir/37.1 Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Verse 37:1-5]''. Ibn Kathir d 1373.</ref>
-{{Quote|{{Quran|37|1-4}}|“By those ranged in ranks. Then those who drive away with reproof. And those who recite a reminder. Lo! Your Lord is surely One.”}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|37|1-4}}|“By those ranged in ranks.
+Then those who drive away with reproof.
+And those who recite a reminder.
+Lo! Your Lord is surely One.”}}
 Similarly the versus below are often given fanciful/mythological explanations by commentators, far beyond would ever be possible to gather from the Quran itself:<ref>[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Kathir/52.1 ''Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Verse 52:1-16''.] Ibn Kathir d. 1373.</ref> <ref>''[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Jalal/52.4 Tafsir Jalalayn on verse 52:4.]'' Al Jalalayn / Jalal ad-Din al-Maḥalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti. Published in 1505.</ref>
-{{Quote|{{Quran|52|1-4}}|By the mountain, And a book inscribed, In parchment spread open, And the frequented house}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|52|1-4}}|By the mountain,
-And again:
+And a book inscribed,
-{{Quote|{{Quran|79|1-5}}|By those who extract violently, And those who draw out gently, by those that swim serenely, and those that outstrip suddenly, And those who glide swimming, And those who race each other (in) a race, by those that direct an affair!}}
+In parchment spread open,
+And the frequented house}}
+And again.
+{{Quote|{{Quran|79|1-5}}|By those who extract violently, And those who draw out gently,
+by those that swim serenely,
+and those that outstrip suddenly,
+And those who glide swimming,
+And those who race each other (in) a race,
+by those that direct an affair!}}
+And.
+{{Quote|{{Quran|77|1-4}}|I CALL TO WITNESS those who are sent consecutively,
+And those that strike violently,
+And those that revive by quickening,
+And those that distinguish distinctly,}}
+And.
+{{Quote|{{Quran|51|1-4}}|By oath of those which carry away while dispersing.
+Then by oath of those which carry the burdens.
+Then by oath of those which move with ease.
+Then by oath of those which distribute by the command.}}
 There is no explanation of what the ten nights are.
 {{Quote|{{Quran|89|1-3}}|“By the break of dawn, And ten nights, And the even and the odd,}}Nor the four months.
-{{Quote|{{Quran|9|36}}|The number of months with God is twelve in accordance with God's law since the day He created the heavens and the earth. Of these four are holy. This is the straight reckoning. So do not exceed yourselves during them; but fight the idolaters to the end as they fight you in like manner; and remember, God is with those Who preserve themselves from evil and do the right.}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|9|36}}|The number of months with God is twelve in accordance with God's law since the day He created the heavens and the earth. Of these four are holy.
+This is the straight reckoning. So do not exceed yourselves during them; but fight the idolaters to the end as they fight you in like manner; and remember, God is with those Who preserve themselves from evil and do the right.}}
 Even the whole of Surah 105 (Surah of the Elephant) is left unexplained, which we have to look to traditions and commentaries for the meaning and what it is referring to.<ref>E.g. ''[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Jalal/105.1 Tafsir Jalalayn on verse 105:1.]'' (Al Jalalayn / Jalal ad-Din al-Maḥalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti. Published in 1505.) summarises the general story.</ref>
-{{Quote|{{Quran|105|1-5}}|Have you not regarded how your Lord dealt with the army of the elephants? Did He not put their scheme into ruin? and send against them flocks of birds. Which hit them with stones of baked clay, thus making them like chewed-up straw?}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|105|1-5}}|Have you not regarded how your Lord dealt with the army of the elephants?
+Did He not put their scheme into ruin?
+and send against them flocks of birds.
+Which hit them with stones of baked clay,
+thus making them like chewed-up straw?}}As are the first four verses of surah 90, as there is nothing to link the oath with the city of Mecca and it's meaning to Muhammad without extra-Quranic material.
+{{Quote|{{Quran|90|1-4}}|Nay! I swear by this city,
+And you (are) free (to dwell) in this city.
+And the begetter and what he begot.
+Certainly, We have created man (to be) in hardship.}}
 ==Criticism of hadiths==