List of Genocides, Cultural Genocides and Ethnic Cleansings under Islam
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| No. | Name | Region | Country | Who was Responsible | Period | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arab polytheists | Arabian peninsula | Saudi Arabia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
600s AD | ||
| 2 | Jews | Arabian peninsula | 600s AD | |||
| 3 | Christians | Arabian peninsula | 600s AD | |||
| Traditional Berber religion | North Africa | Arab Muslims | ||||
| Zoroastrians | Persia | Arab and Persian Muslims | ||||
| Hindus | Afghanistan | |||||
| Buddhists | Afghanistan | |||||
| Dards | Kashmir and northern Pakistan | India Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Pakistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Arab invaders, Swat princely state | c. 700 AD and 1858-1969 | Most Dards were converted to Islam[1][2]
| |
| Hindus and Buddhists | Gandhara | Afghanistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Mahmud of Ghazni | 998-1030 | Mass conversions and coercions.[3] | |
| Buddhists | Bihar | India Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Bakhtiyar Khilji | c.1197-1203 | Famous Buddhist monasteries and universities were also destroyed[4][5][6] | |
| Christians | Anatolia | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Muslim Turks | |||
| Buddhists | Maldives Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
c. 1200s onwards |
| |||
| Kanuri people | Kanem empire | Chad Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Nigeria Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Cameroon Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Dunama Dabbalemi | 1203 to 1243 | All Kanuris converted to Islam as a result of a jihad.[7][8] | |
| Mongol converts to Islam[9] | Delhi | India Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Alauddin Khilji | 1298 | 15,000-30,000 were killed | |
| Hindus | Kashmir | India Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Pakistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Sikandar Butshikan | 1389-1413 | [10][11] | |
| Coptic Christians | Egypt Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Mamluk Sultanate | 1300s-1517 | Rampant discrimination and persecution under the Pact of Umar forced a majority of Copts to convert to Islam.[12] | ||
| Assyrian Christians | Bohtan and Hakkari | Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Badr Khan and Nurallah of Hakkari | 1843-47 | More than 1000 Christians were killed.[13] The Muslim armies destroyed several villages and took prisoners as war booty.[14] | |
| Polytheists | Kafiristan | Afghanistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1890s | |||
| Armenians and Assyrians | Eastern Turkey | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Ottoman Empire Kurdish and Turkoman irregulars |
1894–1896 | 100,000–300,000 were killed.[15]
| |
| Armenians | Adana Vilayet | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire | 1909 | 15,000–30,000 were killed.[16][17]
| |
| Maronite Christians | Mount Lebanon | Lebanon Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Ottoman Empire | 1915-1918 | The Ottomans deliberately cut off food supplies to the Maronites in order to feed their military.[18] | |
|
| ||||||
| Assyrian Christians | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Iran Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination [19] |
1914-1918 | 200,000 to 275,000 were killed.[20][21] About half of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire perished.[22] | |||
| Armenians | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Ottoman Empire, Young Turks | 1915-1918 or 1923 | An estimated 600,000–1,800,000 Armenians were systematically massacred.[23][24] The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars. | ||
|
| ||||||
| Alevi Kurds | Dersim | Turkey Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1937-38 | 13,000-40,000 killed.[25] | ||
| Tibetans | Qinghai Province | China Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Ma Bufang and his Muslim soldiers | 1932-41 | The motive was ethnic cleansing of Tibetans and destruction of their culture, resulting in thousands of casualties.[26][27][28][29][30] | |
| Hindus | Pakistan Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1947-present | ||||
| Hindus | Bangladesh Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1947-present |
| |||
| Egyptian Jews | Egypt Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1948-1957 | ||||
| Iraqi and Kurdish Jews | Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1950s-1969 | [31] | |||
| East Timor Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Indonesia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1975-1999 | Described as a genocide
| |||
| Chakma, Marma, Tripuri and other indigenous people | Chittagong Hill Tracts | Bangladesh Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Bangladeshi army and Muslim settlers | 1977-1997 | [32][33] | |
| Kashmiri Pandits | Kashmir valley | India Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Kashmiri Muslim mobs and Pakistani terrorists | 1989-2001 | ||
| Isaaq clan (Muslim) of Somalis | Somalia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Siad Barre | 1988-1990 | 50,000-100,000 killed (possibly up to 200,000)[34][35][36][37] | ||
| Bantu people (Christians, Muslims and Traditional African religion) | Jubba Valley | Somalia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Somali militias | 1991 onwards | [38]
| |
| Christians | Somalia Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
Al Shabab | 2005 onwards | [39] | ||
|
| ||||||
| Assyrians | Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
1933-2014 | [40][41][42] | |||
| Yazidis | Iraqi Kurdistan | Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
ISIS | 2014- | ||
| Arab Christians, Levantines, Armenians, Arameans, Assyrians (Syriacs or Chaldeans) and Copts | Iraq Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Syria Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination , Libya Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
ISIS | 2014- | At least 1000 casualties.[43] Described as a genocide by EU.[44][45][46][47] |
Key:
- No color: Non-Muslims targeted
- Light green: Predominantly Muslims targeted
- Orange: Both Muslims and Non-Muslims targeted
References
- ↑ "Swat: an Afghan society in Pakistan : urbanisation and change in tribal environment", City Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9tAAAAMAAJ&q=dard+people+swati&dq=dard+people+swati&lr=&cd=1.
- ↑ "Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes. Around 700 CE, Arab invaders swept through the region now known as Afghanistan, destroying or forcibly converting the population to their new Islamic religion. Refugees from the invaders fled into the higher valleys to escape the onslaught. In their mountain strongholds, the Nuristani escaped conversion conversion to Islam and retained their ancient religion and culture. The surrounding Muslim peoples used the name Kafir, meaning "unbeliever" or "infidel," to describe the independent Nuristani tribes and called their highland homeland Kafiristan.", Minahan, James B., "Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia" (in English), ABC-CLIO, p. 205, ISBN 9781610690188
- ↑ Afghanistan: a new history By Martin Ewans Edition: 2, illustrated Published by Routledge, 2002, Page 15, ISBN 0-415-29826-1, ISBN 978-0-415-29826-1
- ↑ Ishwari Prasad, Medieval India (Allahabad, Fourth Publication, 1940), p.138.
- ↑ The Indian Antiquary, Vol. IV, pp.366-67.
- ↑ Habibullah, Abul Barkat Muhammad. The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (Allahabad, 1961). p.147.
- ↑ Barkindo, Bawuro, "The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D.", in: J. Ajayi und M. Crowder (ed.), History of West Africa, vol. I, 3. ed. Harlow 1985, 225-254.
- ↑ "Three Continents, One History: Birmingham, the Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Caribbean", p. 18, by Clive Harris.
- ↑ Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Chapter 2, pp 231-235, Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Kaw, K.; Kashmir Education, Culture, and Science Society (2004). Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9788176485371. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
- ↑ Haidar Malik Chãdurãh. Tãrîkh-i-Kashmîr. edited and translated into English by Razia Bano, Delhi, 1991. p. 55.
- ↑ Stilt, Kristen (2011). Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199602438. p.120.
- ↑ Gaunt, D; Beṯ-Şawoce, J (2006), Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0. p. 32.
- ↑ Aboona, Hirmis (2008), Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire, Cambria Press, ISBN 978-1-60497-583-3. pp.218-219
- ↑ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
- ↑ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
- ↑ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
- ↑ Harris, William (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–179. ISBN 9780195181111.
- ↑ Alexander Laban Hinton,Thomas La Pointe,Douglas Irvin-Erickson. Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. pp 117. Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813561647.
- ↑ Travis, Hannibal. 'Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I. Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371.
- ↑ (French) Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156.
- ↑ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. "The Assyrian Genocide." Routledge. ISBN 9781136937965.
- ↑ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 019933420X.
- ↑ Auron, Yair (2000). The banality of indifference: Zionism & the Armenian genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7658-0881-3.
- ↑ David McDowall. A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition p. 209, I.B.Tauris, 2004. ISBN 1850434166.
- ↑ Rab-brtan-rdo-rje (Ñag-roṅ-pa.) (translated by Jamyang Norbu) (1979). Horseman in the snow: the story of Aten, an old Khampa warrior. Information Office, Central Tibetan Secretariat. p. 134.
- ↑ Jamyang Norbu (1986). Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country. Wisdom Publications. p. gbooks says 46, (the actual paper says 146). ISBN 0-86171-050-9.
- ↑ Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49. UBC Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
- ↑ David S. G. Goodman (2004). China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-521-61349-3.
- ↑ Bulag, Uradyn Erden (2002). Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. ISBN 0-7425-1144-8.
- ↑ Republic of fear: the politics of modern Iraq By Kanan Makiya, chapter 2 "A World of Fear", University of California 1998
- ↑ Nagendra K. Singh (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 222–223. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
- ↑ Shelley, Mizanur Rahman (1992). The Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: The untold story. Centre for Development Research, Bangladesh. p. 129.
- ↑ Peifer, Douglas C. (in en). Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781437912814, 2009-05-01. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=50,000&source=bl&ots=gDxdHZNEgV&sig=tQB8KBkmIN2qBGzghefetUE7ITo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig3YSDnsjRAhVI1BoKHbKaBUEQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=50,000%20isaaq%20deaths&f=false.
- ↑ Straus, Scott (in en). Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801455674, 2015-03-24. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi17-PMzMzRAhXLVhoKHZERA3w4ChDoAQg-MAc#v=onepage&q=%22large%20systematic%20scale%22&f=false.
- ↑ Jones, Adam (in en). Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity. Zed Books. ISBN 9781842771914, 2017-01-22. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=By+then,+any+surviving+urban+Isaaks+-.
- ↑ "Investigating genocide in Somaliland", http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html.
- ↑ Catherine L. Besteman, "Genocide in Somalia’s Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees in the U.S.", Social Science Research Council, April 9 2007 (archived), http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Besteman/.
- ↑ "Somalia's embattled Christians: Almost expunged", The Economist (archived), http://www.economist.com/node/14707279.
- ↑ http://www.aina.org/articles/contestednations.pdf
- ↑ http://www.aina.org/reports/ig.pdf
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/06/religion.iraq
- ↑ "At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled.", "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide", NPR, 24 December 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/12/24/460906980/as-christians-flee-governments-pressured-to-declare-isis-guilty-of-genocide
- ↑ 2014. Seven Egyptian Christians found shot execution-style on Libyan beach Reuters.
- ↑ Moore, Jack. "European Parliament Recognizes ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide", February 4, 2016.
- ↑ Kaplan, Michael. "ISIS Genocide Against Christians, Yazidis? European Parliament Recognizes Islamic State Targeting Religious Minorities", February 4, 2016. “The European Parliament characterized the persecution as "genocide" Thursday.”
- ↑ JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION, European Parliament.