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...slam]] is from [[Allah]], or God. This page lists summaries of articles on the wiki that are related to Miracles. ===Scientific and historical miracles===

...the creator of the universe and people should follow it, today, tomorrow, and forever. ...ed to have been transmitted of Muhammad's saying in the [[Hadith|hadiths]] and [[sira]].

This page contains a list of Jihadist books, text, and documents, which may be useful as references. ==General Jihad Books and Text==

The Sabbath, in Hebrew שַׁבָּת‎ (shabat), in Arabic سبت (sabt), is ==In Islam==

...pre-emptive in nature in response to the aggression and treaty breaking of the Quraysh. For more information on these interpretations see [[Jihad in Islam ===Religious Tolerance and Coexistence with Other Religions===

|keywords=Islam, Muhammad, Caliphate, Abbassid, Umayyad, Rashidun, Prophetic ...formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today (see also [[History of Islamic Thought]]).

...rs so that they may inform the people of his will, what he wants from them and what they must do for him in order to be saved from [[Hell|eternal damnatio ==Revealed Books according to the Islamic tradition==

| birth_place = Harran, Sultanate of Rum | title = Sheikh al-Islam

==The Zabur according to the Quran== ...three times in the Qur'an, Allah tells us that he revealed them to Dawud (the Biblical King David).

|title=Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars |keywords=Scriptures, Quran, Hadith, ulemaa, scholar, Islam

...ref><ref>Watton, Victor, (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref> ==Structure and content==

...] and Islamic Scholars. Pages can be viewed via the A to Z or the table to the right. ...ibn Abdullah|Muhammad]] is referred to as Allah's apostle or the messenger of Allah.

...that the damage to cultural arts and monuments by ISIS is not according to Islam. ...ges of Jesus, Mary, and Abraham inside the Kaba were kept on the orders of the prophet himself.

| other_names = The Commentator ...Incoherence</i><br><i>On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</i><br><i>The Decisive Treatise</i><br><i>Kulliyat (Colliget)</i>

The sources quoted here describe some of the verses which are not present in today's Qur'an. ...n the (tribes of) Ril, Dhakwan, Bani Lihyan and Usaiya who disobeyed Allah and His Apostle.| See also: {{bukhari|5|59|416}}, {{bukhari|5|59|421}} & {{musl

...het's family or "household" (''ahl al-bayt''), consider him the first Imam and rightful successor to Muhammad. ==Time with the Prophet in Medina==

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...inging and relationship with Zachariah. The following is what one finds in the Qur'an:

...iven accurate and respectful information about other traditions, religions and cultures." ...life of Muhammad, Tilman Nagel mentions Armstrong's writings as an example of work based on Islamic hagiography:

[[Image:Arabic Islam.gif|right]] ...lations often produced by history and analogy, and thus words derived from the same root came have very different meanings despite a common linguistic her

...fsir for its trustworthiness constitutes a large part of the work done for the Islamic community by its scholars. ...lation, arranged by the order of the verses and chapters as they appear in the Qur'an.

...he idea of free will in [[Islam]], especially in light of Islam's doctrine of [[predestination]] (or qadr). Each of these four premises forms a mainstay of Islamic theological orthodoxy.

...ractitioners of any religious faith are simply to be reduced to the status of ''[[Jizyah]]''-paying [[Dhimmitude|''dhimmis'']].<ref>Gerhard Bowering, ed. ...ven if they convert to another monotheistic religion, must convert back to Islam, or be killed.

...wer and questions that cast a doubt on the truthfulness or authenticity of Islam. ==The phrase in Arabic==

...ial punishments for transgressions of female sexual norms compared to when the same offence was committed by men. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating}}

...l explorations, and the spread of Sufi mysticism in the early centuries of the Islamic era are all described. ...t in the Islamic world, from Andalusia to India, from the ninth century to the present.

...significant evolution during the early part of the Islamic era, reflecting the emerging imperial environment. ==Jihad in the Qur'an==

The Seal of Prophethood (خاتم النبوة, ''khaatam an-nubuwa'') according to tra ...khaarim ul-anbiya'') which is Muhammad's title meaning that he is the last of prophets.

...mous with the Holy Spirit, even though the term was only used in Christian and Jewish literature to refer to god himself. ==Jibreel in the Qur'an==

Alongside [[Muhammad]] himself, who [[The Meaning of Consummate|consummated]] his [[marriage]] to nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar| ...some sources suggest even younger). Umar was approximately 58 years old at the time.

...own examples of Muslim intolerance and disregard for [[Free Speech|freedom of speech]]. ...}} Cartoons 'part of Zionist plot'] - The Guardian, February 7, 2006</ref> The priest was shot from behind, while he remained knelt in prayer at church.

...ecific wishes for his creations. It stands in contrast to [[shirk]] in all of its forms. ==The word==

...'' (loyalty and disavowal). A Muslim is required to love what Allah loves, and hate what Allah hates. ...lah-- Our Lord! on Thee do we rely, and to Thee do we turn, and to Thee is the eventual coming:}}

This article analyzes the claim that Muslims 'saved' the works of Greek [[Philosophy|philosophers]] from destruction. ...rom the Greek, in the 12^th century, rather than, in most cases, the Arabic, which were only used where Latin texts could not be found or were u

...t, and the [[hudud]], which specify special punishments for transgressions of female sexual norms. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating}}

...he World), by Rashid al-Din, published in Tabriz, Persia, 1307 A.D. Now at the Edinburgh University Library, Scotland.]] ...nlikely."<ref>Stephen Shoemaker, "Death of a Prophet", p. 301 footnotes 72 and 75.</ref>

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...nd {{Quran-range|37|83|89}}). This has a strong parallel in Jewish Midrash and apocryphal literature.

...on that the other scriptures are corrupted almost impossible to escape for the orthodox Muslim. Allah brought down the Torah and the Gospel:

...n]] states the previous [[Islam and Scripture|scriptures]] (the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]) were physically corrupted. ...tians). Thus, the Qur'an is the 'return' to the true message of the God of the Bible.

...ensus of Islamic scholars or [[Muhammad]]'s [[companions]]), and some form of Qiyas (analogical reasoning). ...nce, or a daleel, for the establishment of this fact, such as witnesses to the contract or a document.<ref>www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e

...iversity Press, 2005, P. 140, ISBN 9780674017627</ref> It contains some of the earliest non-Muslim references to Prophet [[Muhammad]]. ==Text from the Haran Gawaitha==

...of Isa.jpg|right|thumb|300px|An old Turkish depiction of the ascension of the Islamic Isa.]] ...ntastic tales of the doings of Jesus from [[Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures|apocryphal]] literature.

...l-Uzza with Zodiac.jpg|right|170px|thumb|The goddess al-Uzza at the Temple of Winged Lions in Petra.]] ...ic]] [[revelation]], only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil.

...ises seven verses and is recited at least once during each unit of each of the five daily Islamic [[prayers]]. ...ealed]] to Muhammad, with Ibn Abbas arguing for a [[Mecca|Meccan]] descent and others a [[Medina|Medinan]] descent.

...nterpretation today is that it's a natural human disposition to believe in Islam. ==In the Quran==

...s to cases where the Quranic text makes strange grammatical shift in point of view or addressee for no apparent reason. ...better. Critics, however, suggest that iltifat is the result and evidence of an imprecisely produced or preserved Qur'an.

|title=WikiIslam - the online resource on Islam |keywords=Islam, Hadith, Skepticism, Allah, Quran

...in the Qur'an, but according to claimants, the ratio is hidden in a ratio of word counts. ...nd ''al-bahr'' (ٱلْبَحْرِ) for "water" (though the word ''al-bahr'' means "the sea", not "water")

...analyzes the Islamic belief that [[Muhammad]] was able to perform [[Islam and Miracles|miracles]]. ...'s life also appear to adaptations of miracle stories from [[People of the Book|earlier faiths]].

...believe in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''..." - [http://www.as-sidq.org/glossary.html Islamic Glossary]</ref 1. (Islam) infidel, Infidel, pagan, non-believer; a non-Muslim aside from ahl al-kita

...ttle would solidify his reputation as a commander and strengthen the faith of his community. ...to his countrymen. The Meccans gathered outside of their place of worship and formed a force to stop Muhammad.

Patricia Crone, Michael Cook, John Wansbrough, and Yahuda Nevo.<ref name="Brown">Brown, Jonathan A. C. "Muhammad. A Very Short ...Islamic history are also listed for reference. Many dates are approximate and noted with a ~.

...ook |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Lega ...f Zina differs from the commonly used definition of "adultery" in English. The meaning also differs in relation to gender under traditional Islamic jurisp

...ter the Day of Judgement.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|publisher=E.J. Brill|volume=3 H-Ir|editor1=B. Lewis|editor2=Ch. Pellat|edit ...sidence of Muslims, eventually including those who have first to be purged of their sins by spending a sentence in Jahannam.

...Islamic law agree on many things, including the death sentence for [[Islam and Apostasy|apostates]].<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://formermuslimsunited ...atter of geography than conscience, as followers of each school exist, for the most part, in certain geographical regions, often divided by country lines.

[[Category:People of the Book]] ...f articles discussing the relationship between Islam and the People of the Book.

This page deals with contradictions in the [[Hadith]]. ...seen the Unseen, he is a liar, for Allah says: 'None has the knowledge of the Unseen but Allah.'"}}

...dea of [[Allah]] was simply a transformation of preexisting ideas of Hubal and perhaps, another pagan Arab god, Baal, however these claims appear untenabl ...rear was calling them back. Only twelve men remained with the Prophet and the infidels martyred seventy men from us.

...ate, and much of the material in it likely consists of later accretions to the original core text. ...rophecy being placed in the mouth of a prophet by a writer composing after the fact, in order to attribute divine prophesy to his character.

...ore Islam to the version of it that was practiced by Muhammad's companions and immediate successors. ...and one will not, of course, expect to find an explanation for the actions of Muhammad's successors from someone who preceded them, such as, say, Muhamma

...ces recount how Muhammad's [[Sahabah|companions]] tied Umm Qirfa to a pair of camels which, after being made to run in opposite directions, tore her body ==Umm Qirfa in the Sirah Narratives==

...planations of the Holy Spirit and Gabriel, as the Qur'an claims to confirm the previously revealed scriptures. ==The Holy Spirit==

...es discussing the fate of the [[People of the Book|people of the book]] in the Qur'an. ...d inclusive of other faiths, as it seems to suggest that Christians, Jews, and Muslims will all be admitted to paradise.

...o the mujahid, including providing forgiveness for the sins of his family, and guarantees him 72 hour al-'ayn (sex nymphs) for all eternity. ==The Rewards of Jihadists==

...Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam series). Oneworld Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-1851686636.</ref>. The words of Allah are not only in the Quran but in the hadiths also:

...o the mujahid, including providing forgiveness for the sins of his family, and guarantees him 72 hour al-'ayn (sex nymphs) for all eternity. ==The Rewards of Jihadists==

...women and children sold into slavery. For more info, see [[The Massacre of the Banu Qurayza]]. ..., Allah's Apostle mentioned for me both his parents saying, "Let my father and mother be sacrificed for you."' }}{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|68}}, See Also: {{

...y little to say about atheists. Scholars in later ages who have dealt with the question, though, agree that atheism is as great if not a greater crime aga ...'s punishment (fire).' I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Apostle, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'"}}

...nterest. These topics include reproductive science, embryology, cosmology, and medicine, among others. ...entific ideas circulating in the world during, and often from well before, the seventh century.

...de of Justinian, though this might not have been known by the author(s) of the Qur'an <ref>https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/1316442397560246272</re ===Mischief-makers hands and feet cut off from opposite sides===

...es only to conversion to Islam, but not [[Islam_and_Apostasy|apostasy from Islam]]. ...ge ‘a Etan Kohlberg. Edited by Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Meir M. Bar-Asher and Simon Hopkins. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009, pp. 131–78</ref>

...ar-universal assent in the Muslim world and comprise a fundamental part of the Islamic self-identity. ...wives and extended family shaped at times indirectly and at times directly the religious message he would be reported as having left behind.

...ina, a title given to her by the Arab Muslims, which means "the witch" or "the sorceress." ==Roman North Africa and Early Life==

...de of Justinian, though this might not have been known by the author(s) of the Qur'an <ref>https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/1316442397560246272</re ===Mischief-makers hands and feet cut off from opposite sides===

...ur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. {{Main|Textual History of the Qur'an}}

This article examines some of the problems that have been pointed out in [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] [[w:Christology| ==Qur'anic Christology of Jesus' Essence==

...e contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that close friendship/allied relatio ...rticles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal

{{Incompletetranslations|Quran and Modern Science – Conflict or Conciliation|Malayalam}} ...d=2355640483472559724 Zakir Naik - Questions and Answers 4 of 4] (30:15 in the video)</ref> .

...ur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. ==Difficulty in Collecting the Qur'anic Verses==

...martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. ...orrowing a Greek Christian idiom which was by the time of prophet hundreds of years old.

...y with the English philosopher John Locke's ideas of ''natural rights'' in the 17th century. ...y on men or women. The perspective taken by Islamic scriptures on women is of special interest in recent times due to frequent collision with modern valu

...jpg|right|thumb|190px|A public stoning carried out in Afghanistan. Rajm is the Islamic punishment for illegal sexual intercourse, as ordered by Muhammad h ...ould Sharia laws be reconsidered?] - Sandhya Jain - International Humanist and Ethical Union, March 9, 2004</ref>

...u and completed My favour unto you, and have chosen for you as religion al-Islam. Whoso is forced by hunger, not by will, to sin: (for him) lo! Allah is For ...ophet. It was Friday and the Prophet was standing at 'Arafat (i.e. the Day of Hajj)"|See also: {{bukhari|5|59|689}}, {{bukhari|6|60|130}}, {{bukhari|9|92

...rds' Mecca and consequently, there would be no one direction that would be the correct one.]] ...Muslims. It is a ritual prayer, having prescribed conditions, procedures, and times. Muslims must wash before prayer; this washing is called [[Ablution|w

...y of hadiths which often reflect a later period, and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with non-Muslims is ...'wali' - the male guardian of a female). It is often translated as friends and protectors, or allies.

...jpg|right|thumb|190px|A public stoning carried out in Afghanistan. Rajm is the Islamic punishment for illegal sexual intercourse, as ordered by Muhammad h ...ould Sharia laws be reconsidered?] - Sandhya Jain - International Humanist and Ethical Union, March 9, 2004</ref>

...to Islam. Overall, the tradition encourages Muslims to keep to themselves and avoid entanglements with non-believers, be they atheist, polytheist, Christ ...'wali' - the male guardian of a female). It is often translated as friends and protectors, or allies.

...-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> ...e also a few hadith (and one Qur'anic passage that has been related to one of them) which some have interpreted as indicating that killing oneself is all

...:Kaaba-flood-1941 1.jpg|right|220px|thumb|The Ka'aba was flooded by 5 feet of water in 1941.]] ...In the Quran and Islamic tradition the Ka'bah is identified with the site of a sanctuary built by Abraham where he went to sacrifice his son Ishmael.

...ife; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punishment."<ref>{{Quran|2|85}}</ref> ...slamic theologians hold God to be omnipotent and omniscient above all else and, as a result, have at times been willing to straightforwardly profess that

...ngly, and some argue exclusively, as a doctrine of military conquest, with the reference to internal struggle being a metaphorical usage. ...-jihad.html Offensive Jihad Vs. Defensive Jihad] - Islamic Emirate Online, The Fiqh Department</ref>}}

==Muhammad and Polygamy== ...." - al Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref> He was also attributed the sexual prowess of many men:

...ations with each other, or when a woman marries someone against the wishes of her parents. ...unishment is death by stoning. These punishments are only to be applied by the authorities.

...d in the Islamic tradition, with attestation in [[ibn Ishaq]], [[Tabari]], and [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]] inter alia. ...r, the third (goddess), Manat?<BR>What! for you the male sex, and for Him, the female?<BR>Behold, such would be indeed a division most unfair!}}

...eir opinions on this matter and the general consensus is that the practice of free-mixing is a crime punishable under [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|Islamic la ...is cited by scholars who argue that free-mixing and socialization between the sexes is prohibited:

...lity. In the legal codes of Muslim majority countries today, the inclusion of sharia based punishments varies widely, ranging from complete absense to de ...oved sincere and she got married. 'Aisha said, "That lady used to visit me and I used to convey her demands to Allah's Apostle.}}

...ic Law|Jihad]] regarding the Quranic verses and their context). Peoples of the past were also destroyed by Allah when his terror came to them unexpectedly ...l terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers''': smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them."}}

...the foible of Christianity as preached by Jesus as a religion of "turning the other cheek" to aggressors. ...slamic History of the Crusades|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-race-for-paradise-9780190614461?cc=us&lang=en&|page=30|isbn=9780190614461}}

...breastfeeding an adult" was written. The practice, sanctioned by a  number of traditional jurists, is popularly rejected by Islamic scholars today. ...sister), the female does not have to observe all the requirements of hijab and is permitted to be alone with a male.

...lah, cast terror into the hearts of their foes and used terror as a weapon of war in [[Jihad]]. ...l terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers''': smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them."}}

...dissidents in an Islamic State who do not want to abide by the strictures of [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)]]. ...nic resonances and scriptural virtuosity in surat al-Ma'idah.'' Journal of the International Quranic Studies Association. 6 (2021): 167-224 (see pp. 205-2

...me 9, Book 83 - Blood Money (Ad-Diyat), Number 17] - USC-MSA, [[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]</ref> One who commits apostasy is called a ''murtad'' (مر� ...for apostasy is execution in 11 Muslim-majority countries and is outlawed and otherwise punishable in many, many more.<ref>https://persecution.exmuslims.

...ra revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura Tauba (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to Kalala.|See also: {{bukhari|5|59| ...eir homes and striven with their wealth and their lives in Allah's way are of much greater worth in Allah's sight. These are they who are triumphant.}}

...and are ungrateful for the favors done to them. Even if you do good to one of them all your life, when she seems some harshness from you, she will say, " ...zing fire"), ''Hutamah'' (lit. "that which shatters"), ''Haawiyah'' (lit. "the abyss").

...be it [[Jahannam (Hell)|Hell]] or [[Jannah (Paradise)|Heaven]]) on the Day of Judgement. ...ect justice from Allah on grounds of likelihood, Allah is not bound by it, and may arbitrarily decide to punish or reward whoever he wills. This is becaus

...me 9, Book 83 - Blood Money (Ad-Diyat), Number 17] - USC-MSA, [[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]</ref> One who commits apostasy is called a ''murtad'' (مر� ...for apostasy is execution in 11 Muslim-majority countries and is outlawed and otherwise punishable in many, many more.<ref>https://persecution.exmuslims.

...eech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition. ...afat. This area located in Saudi Arabia was, and still is, considered holy and even today non-Muslims are forbidden from entering.

{{Quote|{{Quran|8|12}}|A hle, Pán tvůj vnukl andělům: „Jsem s vámi, podpořte tedy ty, kdož uvěřili! '''Já vrhnu do ...my hand." Abu Huraira added: Aláh's Apostle left (this world) and now you people are carrying those treasures from place to place.}}

...er 18, 1965) is an Indian apologist for [[Islam]]. He travels extensively and has been featured at many Islamic conferences. ...philosophical logic and the comparative study of other religions vis-a-vis Islam.

...se without physical harm, which according to some jurists sometimes may be the case while she was still a minor. ...etheless common (including among non-Muslim populations in some regions of the world).

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...res, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not taken seriously by modern scholars.

...of the Arabic letter "n" ن. Two alternative names of the whale are Liwash and Lutiaya.<ref> ...llah also swore by what the angels write down of the works of the children of Adam"

...niversity of California, 2020, pp. 194-6</ref> Manuscripts purported to be the original letters sent by Muhammad are known to be forgeries.<ref>See this [ ...ium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]]

...the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars today embrace the tradition of Islamic violence in all three respects. ===Invitations to Islam Prior to Violence===

...been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood. .../www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68328/Black-Stone-of-Mecca Black Stone of Mecca] - Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007</ref>

...n-believers who are not Jews or Christians ought to be given the choice of Islam or death, forced conversion in effect. ...ent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}

...er a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]]. ==People==

...n-believers who are not Jews or Christians ought to be given the choice of Islam or death, forced conversion in effect. ...ent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}

..._Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_Ḥigāzī_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt The Damascus Psalm Fragment] . 2020. p59</ref> Old Hijazi has two hallmarks that distinguishes it from classical Arabic and the Quranic reading traditions:

...or re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad. ===Curse the Kafir===

...ons in the Qur'an]]). Some critics point to this as a failure of the Quran and Muhammad to provide clarity on such an important matter. ...Quran|17|106}}</ref> During those years, a lot had changed in his personal and private life.

..., there is now known to be abundant evidence of significant literacy among the pre-Islamic Arabs. ==Transfer of Information==

...political events, which too may have an escatalogical context and has been of considerable interest to academic scholars. ==The Romans (Byzantines) have been defeated in the nearest land - Quran 30:2-7==

...or re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad. ===Curse the Kafir===

...th the Qur'an it is considered by the authorities of the Sunni Islam to be the perfect, unerring guide to mankind in all matters. ==Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah==

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...also predict modern science. Criticism of these ideas has been widespread and has even come from Muslim scholars themselves.

...blatantly break gender norms are also condemned both by the tradition and the scholars. {{Main|Islam and Homosexuality}}

...ent that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers is a duty incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men. ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

...he latter part of his life: at most he knew the prophet for 4 years before the latter's death. ...quently abandoned the post then became emir of Madinah under the caliphate of Mu’âwiya.

...eir own lives in accordance with it, on penalty of torturous punishment in the hereafter, alongside unbelievers. ...e is explicit instruction on a legal matter in scripture deemed authentic, and differ where there isn't.

...ph is, however, only legally and not theologically binding upon members of the Muslim ummah who consider him legitimate. ...ice between these two, Umar declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr as caliph. The Medinans present, it is said, then followed suit.

...ref><ref>Watton, Victor, (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref> ...p/bom/written.shtml Could Joseph Smith have written the Book of Mormon?] - The Hundredth Sheep</ref> Le texte n’est pas publié dans son ordre chronolog

...idence provided in the [[sahih]] [[hadith|ahadith]] as to the true meaning of this verse. ...ur right hands possess; this is more proper, that you may not deviate from the right course. " }}

...iman A. Mourad, “Mary in the Qur’an: a reexamination of her presentation,” The Qur'an in its Historical Context, Edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds (2008): 1 ==Biblical and Talmudic accounts of Mary==

..., first-world variety which likely holds to modern notions of human rights and liberalism. ...ve been observed in translations of the hadiths as well as in translations of other key Islamic texts, such as legal manuals.

...re a small group who reject the hadith and sunnah, a critical component of Islam. They are rejected as apostates by mainstream Muslims.</metadesc> ==Qur'an only Islam==

...system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]] ...]|year=2008|page=89|isbn=9780691138381|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wael B. Hallaq|author-link=Wael Hallaq|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Pract

...the of the scriptures and preach against women engaging in an entire range of practices which are seen to artificially affect their beauty. ===Displaying your beauty and ornaments is forbidden===

...ute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...ese perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim communities.

...the of the scriptures and preach against women engaging in an entire range of practices which are seen to artificially affect their beauty. ===Displaying your beauty and ornaments is forbidden===

...should urinate, as well as how they are to ritually clean themselves after the act is finished. .../the-prophet-s-urine.html|2=2013-03-31}} here].</ref> discuss the drinking of Prophet Muhammad's urine

...ute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...ese perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim communities.

...r at least a lack of protest). Reports of Muhammad's marriage to Aisha and of his companions marrying off their minor daughters played a role in some jur ...tunity to explain the situation privately to the security team. Contacting the relevant national embassy is usually advised if already abroad.

...e basis for multiple rulings throughout history dealing with the treatment of captured non-Muslims by Muslim military forces. ...k without many casualties for the Muslims, but this proved to be no end to the fighting.

...r restricted in any way; thus anything that Allah wills will come to pass, and only he knows what this fate is. ===Everything Happens by the Will of Allah===

...fr]] or unbelief. {{Quran|9|60}} gives the definitive set of beneficiaries of zakat. ...n debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is knowing, Wise.}}

...is the price paid by the man for the privilege of sexual intercourse with the woman. ...hat you have given them'''', unless they are guilty of manifest indecency, and treat them kindly; then if you hate them, it may be that you dislike a thin

...the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbelief. {{Quote|{{Quran|2|43}}|Establish worship, pay the poor-due, and bow your heads with those who bow (in worship).}}

...gels make up the three sentient creations of [[Allah]]. Like human beings, the jinn can also be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent.<ref>El-Zein, Amira. [ .../www.islamawareness.net/Jinn/world.html The World of Jinn] - Invitation to Islam, Issue 4, January 1998</ref>

...couraged mass conversion to Islam to escape it, which is in large part how the Muslim countries came to have their Muslim majority populations. ...e People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}}

...lated to Sexual Crimes in Iran and Afghanistan] - Kelly Buchannan, Library of Congress blogs, 30 April 2021</ref> ...to hadith, the Qur'anic verses of stoning were written on a piece of paper and were lost when a goat ate it:

...is the price paid by the man for the privilege of sexual intercourse with the woman. ...hat you have given them'''', unless they are guilty of manifest indecency, and treat them kindly; then if you hate them, it may be that you dislike a thin

...ce, hagiographic idealization, and the competing fancies of early scholars of [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)|Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'')]]. ...two most authoritative, sahih collections of hadith are [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]].

...and if ye fear that ye cannot do justice (to so many) then one (only) or (the captives) that your right hands possess. Thus it is more likely that ye wil ...not Be able to deal justly With the orphan girls, then Marry (Other) women of your choice Two or three or four." (4.3)

...question <ref> Yeʼor., B., 2011. The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, p.79 </ref>. ...or die.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |location=New York |date=17 August 2021|acces

...ng that Muhammad himself never struck a woman and narrations claiming that the instruction in his farewell sermon referred to taping with a siwak (toothbr {{Main|Wife Beating in Islamic Law|Wife Beating in the Qur'an}}

...direction of prayer) five times a day (another one of the Five Pillars of Islam). ...] (which the revelation describes as ''najas'', or "filthy") from entering the city. This law remains in effect until today.

...rounds amongst his wives. They also agree that he passed away in the arms of Aisha, his most beloved wife. ...d against Us''' some of the sayings, We would certainly have seized him by the right hand, then We would certainly have cut off his aorta.}}

...rounds amongst his wives. They also agree that he passed away in the arms of Aisha, his most beloved wife. ...d against Us''' some of the sayings, We would certainly have seized him by the right hand, then We would certainly have cut off his aorta.}}

| style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[12 months miracle in the Quran]]</div> | style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[365 days miracle in the Quran]]</div>

...ent that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers [[Jihad_as_Obligation_(Fard)|is a duty]] incumbent upon all abl ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

...Al Qibtiyya.png|220px|right|thumb|Islamic seal of Mariyah as a "mother of the believers"]] ...ous".<ref>Jonathan A. C. Brown, ''Slavery & Islam'', Chapter 7: Concubines and consent, London: Oneworld Publications, 2019.<BR />

...dith]], and [[scholars]] place many restrictions on what the believers can and cannot do. ===Displaying your Beauty and Ornaments===

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...ithdrawn by modern Islamic scholars - none, however, have been welcomed by the professional scientific or historian community.

<metadesc>Syrian legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Qur'an</metadesc> ...epicting the Seven Sleepers and the evil emperor led by a [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Racism|dark-skinned Satan]]. Iran, Qazvin. 1550s.]]

...in [[Islamic law]]. Almost to emphasise the point, the rape of the slaves of other men is treated as property damage, not as zina bil jabr deserving a [ ...They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified t

...his gold) and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ==Story of Her Capture and Marriage to Muhammad==

...s disagree with the traditional interpretations that require head covering and many Muslim women choose not to do so, as discussed below. ...or believing women in general were to prevent molestation and for purposes of modesty.

...ances des personnes vivant au 7ème siècle en Arabie . Les apologistes de l'islam font généralement appel à la métaphore, aux interprétation alternative ...ing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorter than modern humans.

...r father, and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ==Story of Her Capture and Marriage to Muhammad==

...irah genre to lack any sound methodology for authenticating isnads (chains of narration; indeed, in some cases no isnad is given at all). ...formed the most authoritative biographical source available on the life of the prophet.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Mawdu' (Fabricated) and Da'if (Weak) Hadiths}} ...a lot more complicated than this, particularly when multiple hadiths with the same/similar message are considered together).

...form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually includes clitoridectomy. ...s associated with the transportation of slaves), and the nature and degree of historical Christian influence (which tends to eliminate FGM).

...t its verses as alluding to the process. This article describes the verses and arguments that are sometimes employed for such purposes, as well as those c ==Evolution of modern humans==

...izyah]] and subjection to Islamic political dominion and the strictures of the [[dhimma]]. 3. Fighting until death. ...book|last1=Yeʼor|first1=B|title=The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam|date=2011|publisher=Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|page=

...ed as a crime in others (especially in the Arab world), which is true also of some non-Muslim countries. ...They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified t

...ren't allowed to be eaten include carnivores with fangs such as dogs, cats and lions. Birds with talons are also not allowed to be eaten such as falcons. The [[Buraq]] is a mythical flying creature which Muhammad claimed he rode on h

...are a collection of hadith and fatawa(fatwas) which may be of interest to the professional researcher or more casual reader. ...ould be nullified." On that the Prophet said, "This is one of the brothers of soothsayers.'''|See also {{Bukhari|7|71|655}}}}

[[File:ShootingStars.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Long exposure photograph of a meteor shower]] ...in the context of ancient near east mythologies about eavesdropping devils and celestial phenomena.

...the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. Some verses are positive to at least some among the people of the book, especially if they accept Muhammad's message.

...Gibril Haddad - [http://www.webcitation.org/64zXNO08I How Many Wives Will The Believers Have In Paradise?] - SunniPath, Question ID:4828, July 3, 2005</r ...maidens of Paradise; and [6] he shall be granted to intercede for seventy of his relatives.”}}

...are a collection of hadith and fatawa(fatwas) which may be of interest to the professional researcher or more casual reader. ...ould be nullified." On that the Prophet said, "This is one of the brothers of soothsayers.'''|See also {{Bukhari|7|71|655}}}}

...vegetarianism, and indeed the tradition states that meat will be served to the believers in heaven. The [[Buraq]] is a mythical flying creature which Muhammad claimed he rode on h

...ب‎‎). Father of Islam's prophet, Muhammad. The name literally means "Slave of Allah". ...as also the father Muhammad’s wife Aisha. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of Islam after Muhammad’s death.

...the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ...elations and slew the prophets wrongfully. That was for their disobedience and transgression.}}

...e. The hadith also adds in the curious detail that most of the inhabitants of hell are/shall be women. ...ut those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the Fire; they shall abide therein."}}

...he now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth. ...unded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

...f the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness. ...ing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorter than modern humans.

...he now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth. ...unded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

[[Image:72-houris.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An artist impression of the 72 virgins.]] ...to believers. A [[hadith]] graded [[Sahih]] (authentic) details the number of houris that will be awarded to [[Martyr|martyrs]] (see "72 Virgins Hadith N

...ristian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]]. ...existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.

...n a non-military sense, for example the 'Umrah pilgrimage which appears in the list below. A ghazwa (pl. ghazawat) is an expedition in which Muhammad hims ==The sῑra-maghāzī literature==

...work has situated this picture within the context of earlier Mesopotamian and Biblical cosmological concepts, while noting its own distinctive identity. .../www.jstor.org/stable/40379198 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=223-246 |doi= |access-date=25 Ap

...tinues to be taught in Islamic religious schools, even mainstream ones, to the present day. ==Jihad in the Qur'an==

...x|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]] ...der to justify their claims of an inerrant, scientifically accurate Qur'an and prophetic tradition.

| other_names = Rasul Allah (Messenger of God) | notable_works = Constitution of Medina

...rnicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. ...ich is not allowed to overtake it, though they will be brought together on the last day.

...ore immediate surroundings continue to this day in terms of names, rituals and some specific beliefs. ==History of the name Allah and the Basmala==

...permission to lie about the faith, which is not the case, as explained in the article [[taqiyya]]). ...|erroneously translate]] this term; as can be seen in the following quotes and analysis.

...o of the most important scholarly opinions: those of Al-Suyuti (d.1505 CE) and Ibn Salama (d. 1019 CE). ...d Powers notes the following regarding the highs and lows of abrogation in the Qur'an.

...prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. ...وة حسنة, ''uswa hasana'') for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembereth Allah much.}}

...prudence)]] differ on the requirements for women to cover their feet, face and wrists. ...ern scholars disagree with the traditional interpretations of these verses and many Muslim women today do not cover their hair.

...gage in [[ghusl|ritual cleansing]] before they are allowed to pray or read the Qur'an. The following narration does not exist in the English translations of Sahih Muslim, but a similar (but sanitized version) appears in: {{muslim|3|

Cet article traite de la religion monothéiste de l'Islam et de son héritage pré-islamique païen. ...aux idoles avec un bâton qu'il avait dans sa main et réciter: "La Vérité (Islam) est venu et le Mensonge (mécréance) a disparu."}}

...mage" of Wahhabism.<ref name="DLB2004: 5">[[#DLB2004|DeLong-Bas, ''Wahhabi Islam'', 2004]]: 5</ref> ...areas: theology, legal theory, proselytizing through education and jihad, and law on women.}}</ref>

...ommander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...y or camelry: but Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things.}}{{quote | {{cite quran|8|68|end=69|style=

...ommander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...y or camelry: but Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things.}}{{quote | {{cite quran|8|68|end=69|style=

...nd later), often for various personal gains by the girls' guardian or with the intention to preserve family [[Honor violence|honor]] by helping her avoid ...ww.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Marriage_7_factsheets.php Muslim Women's Network UK] and [https://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-pakistan/ Tahir

...re increasingly finding their way into even the most devout communities of the Muslim world. ...her miraculous. Hence Muslim apologists assert that the Qur'an is the word of God.

...imate contact with her husband. However, the Quran also clarifies a number of other scenarios in verse {{Quran|65|4}}, including that there is also a 3 m ...struation has been interrupted (for example, due to illness) and interpret the Quran as sanctioning marriage only with those who have reached puberty.

...l, and physical autonomy. According to Islamic legal theory, while not all of Islamic law necessarily has a perceptibly rational basis, legal restriction ...uran and hadiths as a repository of regulations to be applied at all times and places.<ref>Ibid. pp. 153-157</ref>

...gs of the Arab-Israeli conflict, while others trace it to the 19th century and possible influence from Arab Christians. ...the hand of [[Muhammad]] (being executed, expelled, [[Slavery|enslaved]], and extorted by [[Sahabah|Muhammad's companions]] in [[Medina]]).

...pg|210px|right|thumb|''Mein Kampf'' is a best-seller in the Islamic World, and is often sold along-side religious literature.<ref name="Alastair Lawson">A ...en feature in Arab book-fairs and bookstores alongside Arabic translations of Hitlers ''Mein Kumpf'' (sometimes translated in Arabic as "My Jihad").

...t [[Ali]] to lay claim to the caliphate, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. ==Reasons for the Marriage==

...t [[Ali]] to lay claim to the caliphate, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. ...r."''''' The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she (Aisha) is lawful for me to marry."}}

...slamic law. [https://persecution.exmuslims.org/countries A maintained list of punishments for apostates] legislated in majority Muslim countries today is ...e tradition as inauthentic, in line with their relative skepticism towards the hadith corpus.

...m world in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is now considered forbidden in the modern context by most scholars, though a minority, such as Saudi Sheikh Sa ...that they may be equal with them in respect thereof. Is it then the grace of Allah that they deny?}}

...omen because they were widows, elderly, or otherwise destitute and in need of his aide. ...to those brides between 28 and 40 while the “middle-aged” group would mean the teenagers.

...e a teacher but was forced to quit her classes upon engagement. Image from the ''New York Times Magazine''.]] ...irteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve.

...lam) Infidèle, païen, non-croyant; '''tout non-Musulman'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: “Quiconque n’interdit pas aux gens ...e kaafirs sont kaafirs''..." - [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book]]</ref> selon le [[Coran]]. Le terme "kafir" peut être offensant pour les

...prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. ...and sirah material in general are considered to be very unreliable sources of historical information in modern academic scholarship, as well as by Islami

...e a teacher but was forced to quit her classes upon engagement. Image from the ''New York Times Magazine''.]] ...irteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve.

...Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are per ...ed as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are per ...ed as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...ses.'''" He turned out such-and-such person out, and 'Umar turned out such-and-such person.}} ...tafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=698&Itemid=59|title= The Adulteress is Confined in her House; A Command Later Abrogated|publisher=Ta

...and music commonly plays a role in public religious celebrations in Shi'a Islam. ...and foot soldiers and become a partner in their wealth and their children and promise them." But Satan does not promise them except delusion.

...am, a fact which explains the huge amount of material the Muslims wrote on the subject. ...lve us and have mercy on us, Thou, our Protector, and give us victory over the disbelieving folk.}}

..., the ancient vernacular dialect of the Hijaz region which includes Makkah and Medina. ...ern Arabic dialects are completely devoid of the case system and devoid of the Hamzah to varying degrees.

[[File:OttomanEunuchsConcubines.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Concubines and eunuchs of Ottoman Harem in 1909]] ...eholding based in religious principles."<BR />Kecia Ali, Sexual Ethics and Islam, London: Oneworld Publications, 2006, pp. 42 ff.</ref>

...tection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even ==Characteristics of Women==

...khr.com/html/7071942.html Arabic Lexicon] (page in Arabic language)</ref>, the Arabic phrase ''Idri-boo-hunna'' which appears in Qur'an 4:34 (highlighted The [[Qur'an]] ([[surah]] 4:34) says:{{Quote|{{Quran|4|34}}|ٱلرِّجَال�

...rehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...that the sun sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...y on men or women. The perspective taken by Islamic scriptures on women is of special interest in recent times due to frequent collision with modern valu ...l, and physical autonomy. According to Islamic legal theory, while not all of Islamic law necessarily has a perceptibly rational basis, legal restriction

...form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually also includes clitoridectomy. ...e (see [[Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law#FGM in the Hadith|FGM in the Hadith]]).

...he biblical timeline (although of course far from the now-known history of the universe as at least over 13 billion years old). ===Heavens and Earth===

...he biblical timeline (although of course far from the now-known history of the universe as at least over 13 billion years old). ===Heavens and Earth===

...martyr and the male martyr’s reward of seventy-two hoor al-‘iyn|publisher= Islam Q&A|author= Shaykh ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Jibreen|date= |series= Fatwa No. 11419 ...-bosomed girls} (78:33). As for us hard-hearted analphabets we may read it and read it without effect. |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=ht

...tection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even ==Men and women in the Quran==

...tion of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologists]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saudi-financed surgeon [[Bucailleism|Dr. Maurice Bucaille]]. ...in which mountains were supposedly formed and Allah having cast them into the earth.

...humb|250px|Alexander the Great depicted with horns on a silver tetradrachm of Lysimachos, circa 297-281 B.C.]] ...e; it likely never existed and was originally a legendary embellishment of the original Alexander legend.

...ation of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologist]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saudi-financed surgeon [[Bucailleism|Dr. Maurice Bucaille]]. ...in which mountains were supposedly formed and Allah having cast them into the earth.

{{Incompletetranslations|Aishas Age of Consummation|Indonesian}} ...apabila tujuannya adalah untuk mereformasi agama. Tidak ada satu pun ahli Islam sungguhan, seorang yang diterima di dunia muslim dan yang oleh umat muslim

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...cientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity, specificity, and accuracy as to qualify as anything Miraculous.

[[File:Human Embryo.jpg|thumb|Photo of Human Embryo (7 weeks)]] ...ly inaccurate and influenced by Greek theories which had been available at the time.

...martyr and the male martyr’s reward of seventy-two hoor al-‘iyn|publisher= Islam Q&A|author= Shaykh ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Jibreen|date= |series= Fatwa No. 11419 ...s.a.women.html |title=Sex with slaves and women's rights |publisher=Living Islam |author=Shaykh Gibril Haddad |date=June 2, 2003 |quote=Il Corano dice che p

...Quran|4|82}} makes the confident assertion: "Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than Allah, they would have found w ...blematic, of the proposed contradictions are precisely of the theological, and not legal, variety.

...ethnicity, and what may be called "race-relations" is a complicated one in the Islamic tradition. ...e of the verses and hadiths that discourage racism (though as mentioned in the introduction, Islamic anti-Semitism is covered in a separate article).

...ial cornerstones of Capitalism. The right to speak and what are the limits of speech are therefore all defined by human beings. ...the right of speech to people and defined the limits on what is acceptable and unacceptable speech.

...nd fatwa material which do not fit into any other category but which never the less are remarkable in their own way. {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} ==Muhammad humiliates Satan the genie by choking him with his bare hands==

...cides and acts of ethnic cleansing under Muslim regimes from the origin of Islam to present day. ...orld have not been uniquely peaceful, harmonious, or innocent of the kinds of attrocities perpetrated throughout history.

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...cientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity, specificity, and accuracy as to qualify as anything Miraculous.