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...shall turn (their) backs.<BR>46. Nay, the hour is their promised time, and the hour shall be most grievous and bitter.}} ...han their worldly failure)." (54.45-46) Khalid said that was on the day of the battle of Badr. }}

...ye return (to disbelief).<BR>16. On the day when We shall seize them with the greater seizure, (then) in truth We shall punish.}} ...appened in the battle of Badr and no doubt smoke, Al-Batsha, Al-Lizam, and the verse of Surat Ar-Rum have all passed .|See also: {{bukhari|6|60|333}}, {{b

...//tanzil.net/pub/ebooks/History-of-Quran.pdf|2=2011-05-13}} The History of the Quran] - Al-Tawheed Vol. 4, No. 3; Vol. 5, No. 1, 2, & 3</ref><ref>[{{Refer |1||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Alaq (The Clot)|Al-Alaq]]||19||La Meca||96

|title=Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars |description=WikiIslam portal for articles about Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars pages

...u'atazilite heresy. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today (see also [[History of Islamic Though ==Career of the Prophet==

|1||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Alaq (The Clot)|Al-Alaq : L’Adhérence]]||19||La Mecque||96 |2||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qalam (The Pen)|Al-Qalam : La Plume (Calame)]]||52||La Mecque||68

...Allah's Apostle, and Allah will never neglect him." '''Then Sura Al-Fath (The Victory) was revealed."''' }} ...o me a Surah which is dearer to me than that on which the sun shines (i.e. the world).' Then he recited: 'Verily! We have given you (O Muhammad I, a manif

...//tanzil.net/pub/ebooks/History-of-Quran.pdf|2=2011-05-13}} The History of the Quran] - Al-Tawheed Vol. 4, No. 3; Vol. 5, No. 1, 2, & 3</ref><ref>[{{Refer |1 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Alaq (The Clot)|Al-Alaq]]||Kapka přilnavá ||19 ||Mekka ||96||العَلَق nebo

...en might belongeth to Allah and to His messenger and to the believers; but the hypocrites know not.}} ...m, but they turned away their heads as if they were hooks of wood fixed in the wall (lxiii. 4), and they were in fact apparently good-looking persons.|See

{{Quote|[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Muddathir (The Cloaked One)#74:1|Qur'an 74:1-5]]|1. O thou enveloped in thy cloak,<BR>2. Arise and warn!<BR>3. Thy ...e he was in the cave of Hira. The angel came to him and asked him to read. The Prophet replied, "I do not know how to read.

{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|49|1}}|O ye who believe! Be not forward in the presence of Allah and His messenger, and keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah ...eve ! Do not be forward in the presence of Allah and His Apostle..." (till the end of Verse)...(49.1)|See also: {{bukhari|6|60|370}} }}

...fsir for its trustworthiness constitutes a large part of the work done for the Islamic community by its scholars. ==Qur'an==

...c commentators take him to be synonymous with the Holy Spirit, even though the term was only used in Christian and Jewish literature to refer to god himse ==Jibreel in the Qur'an==

...p' (Al-Muddaththir)." I said, "I have been informed that it was, 'Read, in the Name of your Lord who created........ (i.e. Surat Al-Alaq). }} ...lot.<BR>3. Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous,<BR>4. Who teacheth by the pen,<BR>5. Teacheth man that which he knew not.}}

...ye proclaim? And whosoever doeth it among you, he verily hath strayed from the right way.}} ...warriors), do what you like, for I have forgiven you. "Then Allah revealed the Sura:--

...as a mercy from their Lord; and I did it not upon my own command. Such is the interpretation of that wherewith thou couldst not bear.}} ...found Khadir. (And) what happened further to them is narrated in the Holy Qur'an by Allah. (18.54 up to 18.82)|See also: {{bukhari|1|3|78}} }}

...s quoted here describe some of the verses which are not present in today's Qur'an. ...voked evil on the infidels every morning for 30 days. He invoked evil upon the (tribes of) Ril, Dhakwan, Bani Lihyan and Usaiya who disobeyed Allah and Hi

...mples than are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} According to the Qur'an, Jesus (with the permission of Allah) created a clay bird which he blew into and brought to

...e Qur'an), and you did not write "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful" between them? ...thy surahs), and I did not write "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful" between them.}}

...en Muslims have negative thoughts about Islam, or thoughts that go against the teachings of Islam this is usually regarded as ''waswas (or waswasa).'' Cri ==Waswas in the Qur'an==

...Friend, and Gabriel and the righteous among the believers; and furthermore the angels are his helpers.}} ...ere 'Aisha and Hafsa And also the Statement of Allah: 'And (Remember) when the Prophet disclosed a matter in confidence to one of his wives!' (66.3) i.e.,

...ur brethren in the faith, and your clients. And there is no sin for you in the mistakes that ye make unintentionally, but what your hearts purpose (that w ...(adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers. That is more than just in the Sight of Allah." (33.5)|See also: {{bukhari|5|59|335}}, {{bukhari|8|78|656}

...ligious tolerance, freedom and pluralism, the traditional understanding of the verse in classical commentaries and hadith is in many cases altogether diff ==Qur'an==

...hat the [[Qur'an]] states the previous [[Islam and Scripture|scriptures]] (the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]) were physically corrupted. ...tians). Thus, the Qur'an is the 'return' to the true message of the God of the Bible.

...iscussing the fate of the [[People of the Book|people of the book]] in the Qur'an. ==Qur'an==

Fitrah (فطرة) is a term in Islamic theology which has many interpretations. The most popular interpretation today is that it's a natural human disposition ==In the Quran==

...the foible of Christianity as preached by Jesus as a religion of "turning the other cheek" to aggressors. ...slamic History of the Crusades|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-race-for-paradise-9780190614461?cc=us&lang=en&|page=30|isbn=9780190614461}}

...d yourselves, then we will pray humbly (to our Lord) and (solemnly) invoke the curse of Allah upon those who lie.}} ...dard to him, and Allah gave him victory. (The third occasion is this) when the (following) verse was revealed:" Let us summon our children and your childr

...in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punishment."<ref>{{Quran|2|85}}</ref> ...enge of whose 'eternal existence' had to be quelled through inquisition in the early history of Islam. Orthodox Islamic theologians hold God to be omnipot

...ich hath been immolated unto idols. And (forbidden is it) that ye swear by the divining arrows. This is an abomination. This day are those who disbelieve ...o the Prophet. It was Friday and the Prophet was standing at 'Arafat (i.e. the Day of Hajj)"|See also: {{bukhari|5|59|689}}, {{bukhari|6|60|130}}, {{bukha

...ran and sunnah and different scholars came up with different lists. Out of the supposed 99 names of Allah, they altogether found at least 276 names. ==The phrase "beautiful names of Allah" mentioned in the Qur'an==

...doctrine of [[naskh]]. Never the less, the incident is well documented in the Islamic tradition, with attestation in [[ibn Ishaq]], [[Tabari]], and [[Sah ==Qur'an==

...mples than are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...embellishes the Old Testament account with the episodes of the hoopoe and the Queen of Sheba exposing her legs.

...jpg|right|thumb|190px|A public stoning carried out in Afghanistan. Rajm is the Islamic punishment for illegal sexual intercourse, as ordered by Muhammad h ...stones which are to be thrown at the criminal "should not be so large that the offender dies after a few strikes, nor so small as to fail to cause serious

...e shall marry save an adulterer or an idolater. All that is forbidden unto believers.}} ...tor said: He kept silence towards me. Then the verse was revealed:"....and the adulteress none shall marry save and adulterer or an idolater." He called m

...ies or to push certain classical interpretations that are not supported by the Quran itself. {{main|If Anyone Slays a Person (Qur'an 5:32)|l1=If Anyone Slew a Person (Qur'an 5:32)}}

...jpg|right|thumb|190px|A public stoning carried out in Afghanistan. Rajm is the Islamic punishment for illegal sexual intercourse, as ordered by Muhammad h ...stones which are to be thrown at the criminal "should not be so large that the offender dies after a few strikes, nor so small as to fail to cause serious

...and homosexuality. In the legal codes of Muslim majority countries today, the inclusion of sharia based punishments varies widely, ranging from complete ...ammad stole, I would cut her hand." Then Allah's Apostle gave his order in the case of that woman and her hand was cut off. Afterwards her repentance prov

...such verses to advocate for religious freedom in Islam. Others argue that the verse relates only to conversion to Islam, but not [[Islam_and_Apostasy|apo ...place and self evident truth in the post-pagan, Christian millieu in which the principle became relevant.<ref>Patricia Crone. [https://www.ias.edu/sites/d

...se without physical harm, which according to some jurists sometimes may be the case while she was still a minor. ...etheless common (including among non-Muslim populations in some regions of the world).

...ngly, and some argue exclusively, as a doctrine of military conquest, with the reference to internal struggle being a metaphorical usage. ...-jihad.html Offensive Jihad Vs. Defensive Jihad] - Islamic Emirate Online, The Fiqh Department</ref>}}

...ra revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura Tauba (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to Kalala.|See also: {{bukhari|5|59| ...and the Last Day, and striveth in the way of Allah? They are not equal in the sight of Allah. Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.<BR>20. Those who believe

...oring Byzantine Empire, Sassanid Empire and the Arab kings and warlords of the time. ==Qur'an==

...me in the Quran are prophecies of an escatalogical nature, i.e. concerning the last day. In Surah al-Rum, there is also a prophecy concerning contemporary ==The Romans (Byzantines) have been defeated in the nearest land - Quran 30:2-7==

<metadesc>Qur'anists are a small group who reject the hadith and sunnah, a critical component of Islam. They are rejected as apos ==Qur'an only Islam==

...eir own lives in accordance with it, on penalty of torturous punishment in the hereafter, alongside unbelievers. ...es must be executed, and cousin marriage is permissible. Broadly speaking, the four schools agree where there is explicit instruction on a legal matter in

...ent that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers is a duty incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men. ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

...a' that all non-believers who are not Jews or Christians ought to be given the choice of Islam or death, forced conversion in effect. ===Qur'an===

...th the Qur'an it is considered by the authorities of the Sunni Islam to be the perfect, unerring guide to mankind in all matters. ==Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah==

...ph is, however, only legally and not theologically binding upon members of the Muslim ummah who consider him legitimate. ...ice between these two, Umar declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr as caliph. The Medinans present, it is said, then followed suit.

...a' that all non-believers who are not Jews or Christians ought to be given the choice of Islam or death, forced conversion in effect. ===Qur'an===

...A. Mourad, “Mary in the Qur’an: a reexamination of her presentation,” The Qur'an in its Historical Context, Edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds (2008): 165.</re ...ses were the children of Amram (Imran in Arabic):{{Quote|1 Chronicles 6:3 |The children of Amram:

...he favors to heaven and belief and those he despises to unbelief and hell. The fate of individuals, therefore, is ultimately not in their hands but in All ==Qur'an==

...and if ye fear that ye cannot do justice (to so many) then one (only) or (the captives) that your right hands possess. Thus it is more likely that ye wil ...ment of Allah: "If you fear that you shall not Be able to deal justly With the orphan girls, then Marry (Other) women of your choice Two or three or four.

...an hope for under a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]]. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy}}

...e replied, "They are not thankful to their husbands and are ungrateful for the favors done to them. Even if you do good to one of them all your life, when ...zing fire"), ''Hutamah'' (lit. "that which shatters"), ''Haawiyah'' (lit. "the abyss").

...s have signed the UN Convention Against Torture, though stoning appears in the legislation of a [[w:Stoning|small number of countries]] (though never util ==Qur'an==

...s served as the basis for multiple rulings throughout history dealing with the treatment of captured non-Muslims by Muslim military forces. ...k without many casualties for the Muslims, but this proved to be no end to the fighting.

...rturing her husband in order to find his gold) and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ...he Glorious, defeated them (the inhabitants of Khaibar), and there fell to the lot of Dihya a beautiful girl, and Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) got her in excha

...his gold), and had earlier killed her father, and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ...he Glorious, defeated them (the inhabitants of Khaibar), and there fell to the lot of Dihya a beautiful girl, and Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) got her in excha

...ed unlawful in [[Islamic law]]. Almost to emphasise the point, the rape of the slaves of other men is treated as property damage, not as zina bil jabr des ==Qur'an==

...couraged mass conversion to Islam to escape it, which is in large part how the Muslim countries came to have their Muslim majority populations. ==Qur'an==

...s payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbelief. {{Quran|9|60}} gives the definitive set of beneficiaries of zakat. ==Qur'an==

...Islam, paying it is thus [[fard|mandatory]] for the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbelief. ==Qur'an==

...ross.jpg|thumb|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their ch ...Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')|url=https://archiv

...Islamic scholars to this day do continue their calls for re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad. ===Curse the Kafir===

<metadesc>Syrian legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Qur'an</metadesc> ...ic manuscript depicting the Seven Sleepers and the evil emperor led by a [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Racism|dark-skinned Satan]]. Iran, Qazvin. 1550s.]]

...now illegal, though is not recognised as a crime in others (especially in the Arab world), which is true also of some non-Muslim countries. ==Qur'an==

...Islamic scholars to this day do continue their calls for re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad. ===Curse the Kafir===

...(their ''qibla'', or direction of prayer) five times a day (another one of the Five Pillars of Islam). ...] (which the revelation describes as ''najas'', or "filthy") from entering the city. This law remains in effect until today.

{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|2|115}}|Unto Allah belong the East and the West, and whithersoever ye turn, there is Allah's Countenance. Lo! Allah is {{quote|{{muslim|4|1499}}|Ibn 'Umar reported that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) used to say prayer on his camel

...ute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...ese perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim communities.

...ng that Muhammad himself never struck a woman and narrations claiming that the instruction in his farewell sermon referred to taping with a siwak (toothbr {{Main|Wife Beating in Islamic Law|Wife Beating in the Qur'an}}

...in [[ghusl|ritual cleansing]] before they are allowed to pray or read the Qur'an. The following narration does not exist in the English translations of Sahih Muslim, but a similar (but sanitized version)

...ute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...ese perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim communities.

...ent that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers [[Jihad_as_Obligation_(Fard)|is a duty]] incumbent upon all abl ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

...izyah]] and subjection to Islamic political dominion and the strictures of the [[dhimma]]. 3. Fighting until death. ...m of the ''dhimmi'' in question<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeʼor|first1=B|title=The decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam|date=2011|publisher=Madison, NJ

...ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. ...example''' (أسوة حسنة, ''uswa hasana'') for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembereth Allah much.}}

...l Muttalib (عبدالله بن عبد المطلب‎‎). Father of Islam's prophet, Muhammad. The name literally means "Slave of Allah". ...n of Muhammad, who was also the father Muhammad’s wife Aisha. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of Islam after Muhammad’s death.

[[Image:72-houris.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An artist impression of the 72 virgins.]] ...as awards to believers. A [[hadith]] graded [[Sahih]] (authentic) details the number of houris that will be awarded to [[Martyr|martyrs]] (see "72 Virgin

...Qibtiyya.png|220px|right|thumb|Islamic seal of Mariyah as a "mother of the believers"]] ...writers who believe Muhammad married Mariyah, but found in each case that the source was "both extremely rare and unreliable, or it is ambiguous".<ref>Jo

...dia of the Islamic World''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. ...e was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.</q>

...tinues to be taught in Islamic religious schools, even mainstream ones, to the present day. ==Jihad in the Qur'an==

...Qur'an]], [[hadith]], and [[scholars]] place many restrictions on what the believers can and cannot do. ==Qur'an==

...ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. ...nded to portray Muhammad in a way that would seem positive to believers of the early Islamic era. From a modern secular point of view, many of these repor

...the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ==Qur'an==

...the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ==Qur'an==

...a lot more complicated than this, particularly when multiple hadiths with the same/similar message are considered together). ...ers' audiences now have access to the internet which can be used to verify the authenticity of a hadith and, as a result, preachers are wary of quoting ma

...ing about Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are ...ed as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...ing about Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are ...ed as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...lso be sent there. The hadith also adds in the curious detail that most of the inhabitants of hell are/shall be women. ==Qur'an==

...am, a fact which explains the huge amount of material the Muslims wrote on the subject. ==Qur'an==

...ggests the importance of rejecting medieval interpretations and not taking the Quran and hadiths as a repository of regulations to be applied at all times ...ent modern Islamic scholars have dissented from the favorable consensus of the Islamic tradition and ruled it to be unlawful.

...m world in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is now considered forbidden in the modern context by most scholars, though a minority, such as Saudi Sheikh Sa =Qur'an=

...t [[Ali]] to lay claim to the caliphate, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. ==Reasons for the Marriage==

...s a typical Arab battle commander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...9|6}}|What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from them [the Jews] - for this ye made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry: but

...t [[Ali]] to lay claim to the caliphate, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. ...Aisha's hand in marriage. '''Abu Bakr said "''But I am your brother."''''' The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she

...s a typical Arab battle commander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...9|6}}|What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from them [the Jews] - for this ye made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry: but

...s of the [[Qur'an]], and passages of the [[hadith]] and [[tafsir]] provide the rational for totally banning alcohol. By extension, other substances that c ==Qur'an==

...he avoidance of statements in the Hadith that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on ...t 90 feet (60 cubits) tall, and have been decreasing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorte

...t 90 feet (60 cubits) tall, and have been decreasing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorte ...and Allah's Mercy be upon you). Thus the angels added to Adam's salutation the expression, 'Wa Rahmatu-l-lahi,' Any person who will enter Paradise will re

...men. The tradition also imputes impressive sexual prowress to him, such as the following hadith: ...hat the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleve

...renounces the faith, is death. This punishment is based on the command of the prophet mentioned and practiced by his companions according to hadiths. Thi ...e tradition as inauthentic, in line with their relative skepticism towards the hadith corpus.

...types of instruments are permissable, others that all types are allowed if the music is for halal purposes. Many Sufi orders use music as a form of worshi ==Qur'an==

...tection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even ...the women to act as they (the husbands) act by them, in all fairness; but the men are a step above them.}}

...ieth-century reformers such as Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan opposed the practice, the pressure to abolish slavery generally came from some combination of Europea ===In the Quran and hadiths===

...e unjustly.|url= http://islamqa.info/en/11419|title= The female martyr and the male martyr’s reward of seventy-two hoor al-‘iyn|publisher= Islam Q&A|a ..., as one of the Awliya said, some of them will need ghusl just for hearing the verse {Same-age young-bosomed girls} (78:33). As for us hard-hearted analph

...are essential cornerstones of Capitalism. The right to speak and what are the limits of speech are therefore all defined by human beings. ...ngs Allah سبحانه وتعالى who gave the right of speech to people and defined the limits on what is acceptable and unacceptable speech.

...tection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even ==Men and women in the Quran==

...nd fatwa material which do not fit into any other category but which never the less are remarkable in their own way. {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} ==Muhammad humiliates Satan the genie by choking him with his bare hands==

...d to the beginnings of the Arab-Israeli conflict, while others trace it to the 19th century and possible influence from Arab Christians. ...in punishments at the hand of God (being turned into pigs and apes) and at the hand of [[Muhammad]] (being executed, expelled, [[Slavery|enslaved]], and e

...mages-nazism-0022.jpg|210px|right|thumb|''Mein Kampf'' is a best-seller in the Islamic World, and is often sold along-side religious literature.<ref name= ...ties permitted to keep to their faiths under Islamic rule, in recent times the Islamic intellectual, social, and political milieu has grafted itself onto

...this standard, inclusive usage, and comment specifically on men or women. The perspective taken by Islamic scriptures on women is of special interest in ...rms - however much an improvement in 7th century Arabia - as took place in the ideas of Islamic law that finally emerged.

...he biblical timeline (although of course far from the now-known history of the universe as at least over 13 billion years old). ==Qur'an==

...he biblical timeline (although of course far from the now-known history of the universe as at least over 13 billion years old). ==Qur'an==

...nd fatwa material which do not fit into any other category but which never the less are remarkable in their own way. {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} ==Muhammad humiliates Satan the genie by choking him with his bare hands==

...x|Mohammed and his wife Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief. From the Siyer-i Nebi]] ...'', or '''Aishah''') was married to [[Muhammad]] at the age of 6 or 7, and the marriage was consummated by Muhammad, then 53, when Aisha was aged 9 or 10

...h al-Tahira|occupation=Merchant|title=''Umm al-Mu'mineen'' ("Mother of the Believers")|spouse=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]|children=Qasim<br>Abdullah<br>Zainab<br> ...ies a unique position as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...h al-Tahira|occupation=Merchant|title=''Umm al-Mu'mineen'' ("Mother of the Believers")|spouse=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]|children=Qasim<br>Abdullah<br>Zainab<br> ...ies a unique position as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...ent for men to keep otherwise chaste. In addition, various hadiths mention the sexual intercourse which slave owners (including Muhammad) had with their s ...punishment for rape victims, human rights groups are also concerned about the risks faced by women reporting rape in some countries where [[Zina]] (illic

...being largely ignored by the authorities, while reformist scholars reduce the Quranic command to a symbolic gesture (a tap with a small stick) or attempt See Also:[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating]]

[[File:Alexander the Great.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Alexander the Great depicted with horns on a silver tetradrachm of Lysimachos, circa 297- ...e; it likely never existed and was originally a legendary embellishment of the original Alexander legend.

...n|4|82}} makes the confident assertion: "Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than Allah, they would have found within i ...e of the most problematic, of the proposed contradictions are precisely of the theological, and not legal, variety.

...d defensive throughout, and emphasise the hostile environment in which the believers found themselves (for more discussion, see [[Jihad in Islamic Law]]). ...His hand, you have conquered no city, neither shall you conquer any until the Day of Resurrection, but that Muhammad was given its keys beforehand."}}

...rested in gaining booty and expanding his holdings and the dominion of the believers. ...His hand, you have conquered no city, neither shall you conquer any until the Day of Resurrection, but that Muhammad was given its keys beforehand."}}

| name = The History of al-Tabari<BR>Volumes 1-40 | image = [[File:The History of al-Tabari.jpg|150px]]

...ssical Islamic scholars noted that there were certain historical claims in the Quran and hadith which, taken literally (as Islamic orthodoxy holds they sh ===Mary as part of the Trinity===

Jihad has been a perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how ...98) was a student of legist Abu Hanifah and helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later ch

Jihad has been a perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how ...98) was a student of legist Abu Hanifah and helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later ch

...between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/1265265 ...on however is challenged both by parts of the Islamic tradition itself and the findings of modern scholarship.

...between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/1265265 ...on however is challenged both by parts of the Islamic tradition itself and the findings of modern scholarship.

...pansion and explanation of the former by Islamic jurists and scholars, and the term Shari'ah is also often applied to its body of law. ...rfect example). Since both the practice of Islam and its laws are based on the same source, they are inseparable from one another.

...loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]] ...ts were translated into Arabic for the first time under the sponsorship of the Abbasid [[Khilafah (Caliphate)|caliphate]].

...res, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not taken seriously by modern scholars. ...s of the same story as well as mistakes in transmission from one medium to the other are also to be expected.

...loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]] ...ts were translated into Arabic for the first time under the sponsorship of the Abbasid [[Khilafah (Caliphate)|caliphate]].

...res, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not taken seriously by modern scholars. ...s of the same story as well as mistakes in transmission from one medium to the other are also to be expected.

...y campaigns and played the role of supreme commander. He also took part in the battles himself, fighting and even being wounded. Jihad was thus a fundamen ...considered to be relatively credible are the letters of 'Urwa b. Zubayr to the late Umayyad court. For further discussion see [[List of expeditions of Muh

...y campaigns and played the role of supreme commander. He also took part in the battles himself, fighting and even being wounded. Jihad was thus a fundamen ...sword). Allah then defeated them. They were then brought and began to take the oath of allegiance to him for Islam...}}

...at least one recorded case of mass execution of a troubling tribe of Jews. The sira tradition also portrays Muhammad as having been sensitive to criticism ...ah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=501}}|The Affair of Ka'b B. Zuhayr After the Departure from al-Ta'if:<br>

...n) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the hadiths were written. Prophecies in this article are from the hadiths. Quranic prophecies have a [[Quranic Prophecies|separate article]].

...en able to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on {{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}

{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}} {{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One}}