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...those who knew the scriptures 'changed the words from their right places' and 'forgot a good part of the message'. Regarding the Injil: ...re We excited among them enmity and hatred to the day of resurrection; and Allah will inform them of what they did.}}

...er to be saved from [[Hell|eternal damnation]] or otherwise reprieved from his wrath. Throughout history, the Qur'an claims, Allah has sent four books as [[Revelation|revelations]]. These are:

...rophets. These special privileges were a sign of Allah's divine favor upon his appointed apostle. ==Allah "hastens in fulfilling your wishes and desires"==

...rophets. These special privileges were a sign of Allah's divine favor upon his appointed apostle. ==Allah "hastens in fulfilling your wishes and desires"==

==The word== ...is from the form I (known in Arab grammar as wazn fa'ala وزن فعل) and the word takfeer is from the form II (called wazn fa'ala in Arabic وزن فعّل''

...ammad]], who is known to them as ''al-Insān al-Kāmil'' (the perfect human) and ''[[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]]'' (an excellent model of conduct). ...er]], and to do this they have to refer to the [[Sirat Rasul Allah|Sirah]] and [[Hadith]] which collectively form Muhammad's Sunnah.

This article lists all occurrences of the words sun (ٱلشَّمْس, ''ash-shams'') and light (ٱلنُّور, ''al-noor'') in the Qur'an to consider the claim tha The "translation" column also includes the context of the word, so that we know what the Qur'an says about the sun.

...ch Allah hath forbidden save in (course of) justice, nor commit adultery - and whoso doeth this shall pay the penalty;}} ...n 'Abbis says: He who enters the fold of Islam and understands its command and then kills the soul there is no repentance for him.|See also: {{bukhari|6|6

...ntastic tales of the doings of Jesus from [[Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures|apocryphal]] literature. ...el]] (جبريل ''Gabriel'') was sent to breathe [[Gabriel and the Holy Spirit|Allah's spirit]] into Maryam's (Mary's) vagina in order to conceive Jesus.

...is understandable, as it reflects a misconception and conflation that was and perhaps still is common among the laity. ...family of Imraan"). Verse 3:33 says that the family of Imran was chosen by Allah:

...ah to lead people to be infallible, because their job is to guide humanity and convey the divine scripture to them. Therefore, every prophet from Adam to ...allibity is the concept of having a pure soul by virtue of being chosen by Allah.

...cholars|the Islamic scholarly community]], The evaluation of hadith, sira, and tafsir for its trustworthiness constitutes a large part of the work done fo ...in the Qur'an, in English translation, arranged by the order of the verses and chapters as they appear in the Qur'an.

...rong?" Abu Bakr said, "O the son of Al-Khattab! He is Allah's Apostle, and Allah will never neglect him." '''Then Sura Al-Fath (The Victory) was revealed."' ...e Qur'anic Verse might be revealed about me.' So I went to Allah's Apostle and greeted him. He said, 'Tonight there has been revealed to me a Surah which

...ather a swarm of semantic relations often produced by history and analogy, and thus words derived from the same root came have very different meanings des ...ut rather clouds of semantic relationships often connected only by history and analogy but not actual meaning. For instance, all of these words are derive

...happens except by Allah’s will. <BR>3. Allah Himself has free will. <BR>4. Allah cannot make a mistake. ...ens except by Allah’s will, all human beings are created only according to Allah’s will.

...>According to tafsir text, the Qur'an mentions in two separate places that Allah sent Angel Gabriel to blow into Mary's vagina.]] ...word "Farj" is used in these verses to indicate where Allah/Jibreel blew, and Farj means "vagina." The verse uses "Farjaha" which means "her vagina."

...window of time dedicated to each of them has begun. The root of the Arabic word Adhaan means "to hear" or "to be informed". In modern times, loudspeakers h The [[Shias]] add one verse about Ali and they utter the last sentence 2 times.

This article lists all occurrences of the Arabic words ''iman'' (إِيمَٰن) and ''kufr'' (كُفْر) in the Qur'an. ''Iman'' means faith or belief, ''kufr In order to count genitive forms we have to know how to determine whether a word is in the genitive.

Da'wah can refer to both "external" and "internal" proselytism, as it is considered equally meritorious in Islam to ==The word==

...as a specific mark on [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] back which supposedly proved his prophethood. ...'I stood behind him and saw the seal of Prophethood between his shoulders, and it was like the "Zir-al-Hijla" (means the button of a small tent, but some

...tence of one god who created the universe and has very specific wishes for his creations. It stands in contrast to [[shirk]] in all of its forms. ==The word==

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ..., that one might not say to his fellow, 'my father was greater than thine, and that the minim might not say, there are many ruling powers in heaven;}}

...academic scholars, the interpretation of the Quranic concepts of fighting and Jihad underwent significant evolution during the early part of the Islamic ...ionist warfare but rather emphasises defensive fighting against aggression and religious persecution, with the expansionist-abrogationist view being linke

...[Injil]]). Although the Zabur is only mentioned three times in the Qur'an, Allah tells us that he revealed them to Dawud (the Biblical King David). ...d Jacob and the tribes, and Jesus and Job and Jonah and Aaron and Solomon, and as We imparted unto David the Psalms; }}

...ated as ''shaitan'' or translated as Satan) and angel(s) in the [[Qur'an]] and considers the "miracle" of both appearing 88 times. ...n (generally referred to as "the ''shaytan''". Shaytans follow Iblees. The word ''shaytan'' has two meanings in the Qur'an, either it refers to a non-belie

...is not found in the [[Qur'an]], but within the [[Sirat Rasul Allah|sirah]] and [[hadith]], outside of which the specific formulation of the five pillars [ ...is the messenger of Allah." Shi'ite Muslims add "and Ali is the friend of Allah," but do not consider the additon obligatory.<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.or

...first chapter, or [[surah]], of the [[Qur'an]]. It comprises seven verses and is recited at least once during each unit of each of the five daily Islamic ...ealed]] to Muhammad, with Ibn Abbas arguing for a [[Mecca|Meccan]] descent and others a [[Medina|Medinan]] descent.

...erses are defensive or pre-emptive in nature in response to the aggression and treaty breaking of the Quraysh. For more information on these interpretatio ===Religious Tolerance and Coexistence with Other Religions===

...arge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and ''because they spend of their property (for the support of women)''. So goo So while Islamic inheritance law stopped the practice of inheriting widows and guaranteed female heirs a share of their deceased male relatives' estates,

{{Quote|{{cite quran|19|88|end=92|style=ref}}| They say: "(Allah) Most Gracious has begotten a son!" (19:88) ...on for (Allah) Most Gracious. For it is not consonant with the majesty of (Allah) Most Gracious that He should beget a son.|}}

...with most other fields modernity has forced the concentration of efforts, and modern Islamic scholars tend not to be polymaths. Included in this portal a ...e of reason or philosophy vis-a-vis revelation were settled in this period and remain more or less uncontested today.

The word fitrah is usually translated as "nature" without looking at other words der ...h himself is called faatir (فاطر) many times (it's also a name of sura 35) and it was translated as "creator" or "originator".

...n]] states the previous [[Islam and Scripture|scriptures]] (the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]) were physically corrupted. ...sically corrupted by those who were charged with safeguarding it (the Jews and Christians). Thus, the Qur'an is the 'return' to the true message of the Go

...he differentiation between Taqiyya and [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception]]. ...n Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah...''" - {{Quran|16|106}}</ref>

|keywords=Islam, Hadith, Skepticism, Allah, Quran ...tion from traditional and critical perspectives on the beliefs, practices, and development of Islam.

...Sahabah|companions]]. Whereas the [[Qur'an]] was written down in book form and later codified by Caliph Uthman, the ahadith did not benefit from such a pr ...ibn al-Hajjaj Qushayri al-Nishapuri) would use the same criteria to guide his collection. Muslim's collection is known as 'Sahih Muslim.' These are the o

...a hidden message "taxes are blessings" into the Qur'an via the equality in word count. ...g this Arabic word in English, it is sometimes transliterated as ''zakah'' and sometimes ''zakat'', due to the letter ''ta marbuta'' at the end.

...belief itself is widespread in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean societies and is attested to widely in ancient Greek literature, where it was part of the ...im, but if the target is cautious and armed, the arrow will have no effect and may even come back on the one who launched it.}}

...ritics see this as a way to dismiss concerns around Islam and excuse human and biological natural drive. The Arabic word وسوس (''waswas'') in various forms appears five times in the Qur'an.

...as a unique history in [[Islam and Scripture|scripture]] and its early use and conception. ==Difference between Allah and Ilah==

...sacrifice" of the Mass, where the priest consecrates the sacrificial "body and blood" of the Lord Jesus Christ. ...brahim faithfully followed up until the last second when Allah stopped him and provided a ram to sacrifice in Isma'il 's stead, saving Isma'il .

This article lists the pronouns of the Arabic language and discusses their usage in the Qur'an. To understand this section it would be good to know the [[Arabic letters and diacritics|Arabic alphabet]], although transliterations will be provided. O

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...esus (with the permission of Allah) created a clay bird which he blew into and brought to life.

...lieve in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''..." - [http://www.as-sidq.org/glossary.html Islamic Glossary]</ref><ref> ...ims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptur

...then we will pray humbly (to our Lord) and (solemnly) invoke the curse of Allah upon those who lie.}} ...(may peace be upon him) called 'Ali, Fitima, Hasan and Husain and said: O Allah, they are my family.}}

...he Sunnah of the prophet and the Qur'an placed in creation before all time and space after the defeat of the Mu'atazilite heresy. These years thus can be The career of the prophet forms the basis of his [[Sunnah]], as such his doings are of utmost importance to the latter generations of believers. Muh

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} The Bible, unlike the Qur'an, is silent on Mary’s birth, upbringing and relationship with Zachariah. The following is what one finds in the Qur'an:

...hen adding], "If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will guide me to what is nearer than this to right co ...hands. The phrase has also developed a connotation of positive expectation and is most frequently used to express hope rather than simple uncertainty abou

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} The Qur'anic story that Satan was expelled from Heaven for defying Allah’s command that the angels prostrate to Adam has an antecedent in a pre-Is

...fic Islamic conception of Heaven. It is also the place from where Adam and his wife Hawa (Eve) are said to have descended after eating from a tree forbidd ...nd things prohibited for Muslim men in particular, such as silken garments and golden bracelets.<ref name=":02" />

...dea of [[Allah]] was simply a transformation of preexisting ideas of Hubal and perhaps, another pagan Arab god, Baal, however these claims appear untenabl ...heir rear was calling them back. Only twelve men remained with the Prophet and the infidels martyred seventy men from us.

...[[Gabriel]] and compares this to Biblical explanations of the Holy Spirit and Gabriel, as the Qur'an claims to confirm the previously revealed scriptures '''Allah's Spirit was breathed into Adam.'''

...y large differences in doctrine and belief, though, between modern Muslims and the other "people of the book", however, makes the conclusion that the othe Allah brought down the Torah and the Gospel:

...the Qur'an, but according to claimants, the ratio is hidden in a ratio of word counts. ...' (ٱلْبَرّ) for "land" and ''al-bahr'' (ٱلْبَحْرِ) for "water" (though the word ''al-bahr'' means "the sea", not "water")

...o the mujahid, including providing forgiveness for the sins of his family, and guarantees him 72 hour al-'ayn (sex nymphs) for all eternity. ...ho sell the life of this world for the other. Whoso fighteth in the way of Allah, be he slain or be he victorious, on him We shall bestow a vast reward.}}

...e [[fire]]. As such the Islamic tradition has much to say about how, when, and where a person does both things, as well as how they are to clean themselve ==Do's and Dont's==

...yr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. ...calling those who die for the faith "witnesses" the nascent proto-Islamic and later Islamic movement was borrowing a Greek Christian idiom which was by t

...o the mujahid, including providing forgiveness for the sins of his family, and guarantees him 72 hour al-'ayn (sex nymphs) for all eternity. ...ho sell the life of this world for the other. Whoso fighteth in the way of Allah, be he slain or be he victorious, on him We shall bestow a vast reward.}}

...id</i><br><i>Kitab al-Qur'an</i><br><i>Treatise on the Foundation of Islam and its principles</i><br><i>Clarification of the Doubts</i><br><i>The Three Fu ...argar, "Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh," ''UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law'' 16, no. 1 (2017), 65-114.</ref>

...mean to fight or to commit massacres. Its use is ubiquitous in the Qur'an and a proper understanding of this verb is essential to understanding the text. ...death". Only if "fight" is used in reference to fighting in a war does the word ever connote the loss of lives.

...y by clarifying that the women of Sodom and Gomorrah were also homosexuals and thus also deserved to be destroyed, the transformation of the story of Lot ...tory has some salient points which mark its importance in Islamic theology and separate it from its biblical progenitor:

...ed diacritics and super scripted notations to indicate the missing letters and sounds that are to be pronounced. ...consonantal text of the Quran seems to contain grammatical inconsistencies and mistakes. In such cases, the qira'at sometimes differ from each other when

...Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press #His wife

...water in the seemingly deserts of the Arab peninsula. In addition to water and gardens, the believers can expect to enjoy the [[houris]], the ever-virgin, ...en things in similitude; and they have therein companions pure (and holy); and they abide therein (for ever). }}

...uent use of verses and hadiths which when viewed in their full formulation and original context often present a message partially or wholly different than ...d, all, and whoever saves it then (it) is as if he has saved mankind. all. And surely came to them Our Messengers with clear Signs yet, indeed, many of th

...is constitutes a miracle, however that does not appear to be the case. The word count has to be in the Arabic Qur'an, which makes it complicated for most p ...ise (الجنة, ''al-jannah''), literally means "the garden". The root of this word is جنن (j-n-n). Some other Arabic words derived from this root:

...s scholars and [[Dawah|du'aah]] claim that Islam is not 'unjust' to women, and counter that woman can also obtain separation from her husband 'through the *In Khul', a woman has to offer money to her husb<nowiki/>and in exchange for the dissolution of the marriage.

...s of Islam]] is to accept that Allah is the only God (Arabic: la ilaaha il Allah)<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/shahada.htm Shahad ...ditions to Arabia to learn more about the history of the language, scripts and beliefs of Arabia in the centuries before Islam.

..., the ancient vernacular dialect of the Hijaz region which includes Makkah and Medina.<ref>{{cite book | author = Marijn van Putten | date = 2022 | title Old Hijazi has two hallmarks that distinguishes it from classical Arabic and the Quranic reading traditions:

...e sura revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura Tauba (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to Kalala.|See also: {{bukhari|5 ...h their wealth and their lives in Allah's way are of much greater worth in Allah's sight. These are they who are triumphant.}}

...lism, the traditional understanding of the verse in classical commentaries and hadith is in many cases altogether different from this more modern understa ...<BR>Nor will ye worship that which I worship. <BR>Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion.}}

...rom the earliest times of the [[Believers' movement|believers' movement]], and the earliest material in the Islamic canon refers solely to this aspect of ...comfortable with the prominent place of jihad in medieval Islamic sources" and "it is also perfectly clear that when medieval Muslims discussed jihad, the

...ed by the neighboring Byzantine Empire, Sassanid Empire and the Arab kings and warlords of the time. ...ould be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world,''' and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement,}}

...ion]] of [[Qur'an]] 4:129 and evidence in the [[Sahih]] [[hadith|ahadith]] and from [[Islam|Islamic]] scholars as to the true meaning. ...; and if you effect a reconciliation and guard (against evil), then surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." }}

...e contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that close friendship/allied relatio ...abandons his faith, his marriage to his Muslim wife is similarly annulled, and perhaps vice versa.<ref>Alex B. Leeman [https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/article

...|24|3}}|The adulterer shall not marry save an adulteress or an idolatress, and the adulteress none shall marry save an adulterer or an idolater. All that ...nd adulterer or an idolater." He called me and recited this (verse) to me, and said: Do not marry her.}}

...d in the Islamic tradition, with attestation in [[ibn Ishaq]], [[Tabari]], and [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]] inter alia. ...BR>And another, the third (goddess), Manat?<BR>What! for you the male sex, and for Him, the female?<BR>Behold, such would be indeed a division most unfair

...und in modern Salafism, while the most relaxed attitude is found in Sufism and Shi'a Islam. ...make these pictures in it. They will be the worst creature in the sight of Allah on the Day of Resurrection.'''"}}

...r all humans to follow at all times, regardless of historical circumstance and independent of culture. ...ved in, exceeding even their contemporaries' expectations of human cruelty and viciousness.

This article discusses the meaning of the word '''consummate''' as mentioned in [[sahih]] [[hadith]]. ...to Prophet [[Muhammad]] when she was six years old and that he consummated his marriage with her when she was nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]]

...lmost always referenced in relation to Islamic rituals (like the [[Hajj]]) and festivals (like [[Eid al-Adha]]), as it is with the Islamic calendar that t ...alendar: A Multi-Faceted Perspective Based on the Covenants of the Prophet and Specific Date Verification], Religions, 12(1), 42, doi:10.3390/rel12010042

...while she was "preoccupied with [Muhammad's] death", "a tame sheep came in and ate" the scrap of paper upon which the verse of "breastfeeding an adult" wa ...sister), the female does not have to observe all the requirements of hijab and is permitted to be alone with a male.

...y of hadiths which often reflect a later period, and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with non-Muslims is ...'wali' - the male guardian of a female). It is often translated as friends and protectors, or allies.

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...ngly embellishes the Old Testament account with the episodes of the hoopoe and the Queen of Sheba exposing her legs.

...ur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. ...ima two Verses of Surat-at-Tauba which I had not found with anybody else, (and they were)...}}

...ref>A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam series). Oneworld Publications. p. 32. I ===Allah's hadiths===

...to Islam. Overall, the tradition encourages Muslims to keep to themselves and avoid entanglements with non-believers, be they atheist, polytheist, Christ ...'wali' - the male guardian of a female). It is often translated as friends and protectors, or allies.

...[embryology]], particularly with regard to a famous hadith on the sequence and timing of the main Quranic stages. For a full discussion of Quranic embryol ==The Qur'an and Sahih Hadith==

Patricia Crone, Michael Cook, John Wansbrough, and Yahuda Nevo.<ref name="Brown">Brown, Jonathan A. C. "Muhammad. A Very Short ...Islamic history are also listed for reference. Many dates are approximate and noted with a ~.

...ur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. ...ima two Verses of Surat-at-Tauba which I had not found with anybody else, (and they were)...}}

...ecompense for those who do that among you except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punish ...as a result, have at times been willing to straightforwardly profess that Allah must be more powerful than he is just.

...t-extremist-groups/ Widespread concerns about extremism in Muslim nations, and little support for it] Pew Research Centrue, 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.pe ...ur'anic]] verses forbidding suicide. However, there are also a few hadith (and one Qur'anic passage that has been related to one of them) which some have

...quote this particular verse or leave out the context of the entire passage and also its implications in Islamic law for dissidents in an Islamic State who ...Pregill2021">Pregill, Michael. ''The Two Sons of Adam: Rabinnic resonances and scriptural virtuosity in surat al-Ma'idah.'' Journal of the International Q

...ent scholars came up with different lists. Out of the supposed 99 names of Allah, they altogether found at least 276 names. ==The phrase "beautiful names of Allah" mentioned in the Qur'an==

...elling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition. ...afat. This area located in Saudi Arabia was, and still is, considered holy and even today non-Muslims are forbidden from entering.

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...that the [[Qur'an]] contains an accurate account of the formation of stars and early phases of the Universe.

...e to be a topic of research and academic discussions in Islamic literature and Qur'anic studies. ...of these combinations, however, come together to form a meaningful Arabic word. Still, these letters appear joined together in print.

...s illiterate, and that this was a reinterpretation arising some time after his death. Indeed, there is now known to be abundant evidence of significant li {{Main|Parallels Between the Qur'an and Late Antique Judeo-Christian Literature}}

<metadesc>Qur'anists are a small group who reject the hadith and sunnah, a critical component of Islam. They are rejected as apostates by ma ...) and the [[Sunnah]] (example) of [[Muhammad]], an integral part of Islam, and are viewed by mainstream Islam in much the same way as the Jehovah's Witnes

...ngrateful to Allah)?" He replied, "They are not thankful to their husbands and are ungrateful for the favors done to them. Even if you do good to one of t ...al abode of fiery torment, or the specific Islamic conception of Hell. The word 'Jahannam' comes from the Hebrew 'Gehinnom'.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|titl

...gue) Qur'an, they form the basis for the great majority of [[Islamic law]] and the [[Sunnah]]. Indeed, even the details regarding the [[Five Pillars of Is ...the Shi'ite tradition, the term "Hadith" extends to include the statements and actions of the ''ahl al-bayt'' (Muhammad's descendants through Fatima, as w

...and their context). Peoples of the past were also destroyed by Allah when his terror came to them unexpectedly. ...l terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers''': smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them."}}

...of the Arabic letter "n" ن. Two alternative names of the whale are Liwash and Lutiaya.<ref> ...ngels by whom Allah has sworn, (and that which they write (therewith)) and Allah also swore by what the angels write down of the works of the children of Ad

...s, often with the aide of Allah, cast terror into the hearts of their foes and used terror as a weapon of war in [[Jihad]]. ...l terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers''': smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them."}}

...]] which are noteworthy for historical and literary reasons. One recurrent and still-popular image in the [[Quran]] is that of the Scales of Justice, whic ...ect justice from Allah on grounds of likelihood, Allah is not bound by it, and may arbitrarily decide to punish or reward whoever he wills. This is becaus

...d with the site of a sanctuary built by Abraham where he went to sacrifice his son Ishmael. ==Origins and ritual significance==

...distance. Whereas Islamic law was formulated in the harsh, unpredictable, and austere environment of 7th-9th century Arabia, modern Human rights doctrine .... On occasion, the scriptures diverge from this standard, inclusive usage, and comment specifically on men or women. The perspective taken by Islamic scri

...eligious decision making. The word of the caliph is, however, only legally and not theologically binding upon members of the Muslim ummah who consider him ...hen the Medinans refused to make a choice between these two, Umar declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr as caliph. The Medinans present, it is said, then fo

This article lists all occurrences of the words "life" and "death" in the Qur'an. The purpose is to analyze the claim that they both a ...rent word in Arabic, these words are also counted, but they are '''bold''' and can be easily excluded if we wanted not to count them.

..., first-world variety which likely holds to modern notions of human rights and liberalism. ...ely, given their knowledge and skill) mistranslated the most controversial and problematic verses in Qur'an. That these inaccurate translations are most c

...no endorsement in Islamic scripture, which refers to Jihad overwhelmingly, and some argue exclusively, as a doctrine of military conquest, with the refere ...st to the West". And the following have like Fatawa: Al Kassani, Ibn Najim and Ibn Hammam.<ref name="Islamic Emirate">[http://www.islamicemirate.com/fiqh-

...was [[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad|assassinated]] by his former student Glen Cusford Francis (a.k.a. Benjamin Philips), a traditiona ==Personal life, education, and career==

!Word ...). Father of Islam's prophet, Muhammad. The name literally means "Slave of Allah".

...er a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]]. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy}}

...to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood. ...personalnarrati03burtgoog Personal narrative of a pilgrimage to El-Madinah and Meccah] - G. P. Putnam & Co., p. 394</ref><ref>Francis E. Peters (1994) - [

...law, as shown through the [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic texts]] themselves and the rulings of [[fiqh]], is to compensate the woman for the privilege of co ...t for a mahr in temporary "marriages", the statements of Prophet Muhammad, and the fact that a mahr cannot be taken back (except under extenuating circums

...g speech ({{Quran|22|30}}), to not testify to falsehood ({{Quran|25|72}}), and describes them as the truthful ({{Quran|3|17}}). Similar exhortations to tr ...|erroneously translate]] this term; as can be seen in the following quotes and analysis.

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...iracy of people across centuries and empires, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not take

...ons in the Qur'an]]). Some critics point to this as a failure of the Quran and Muhammad to provide clarity on such an important matter. ...Quran|17|106}}</ref> During those years, a lot had changed in his personal and private life.

...epresentations of Islamic Scripture|misinterpretation]] of [[Qur'an]] 4:3, and evidence provided in the [[sahih]] [[hadith|ahadith]] as to the true meanin ...towards orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you, two and three and four; but if you fear that you will not do justice (between them), then (ma

...a, the forced conversion of so many people has been seen to be impossible, and in its place these people have been offered dhimmitude. These practical exc ...ular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}

...mself never struck a woman and narrations claiming that the instruction in his farewell sermon referred to taping with a siwak (toothbrush stick). ...they return to obedience, seek not against them Means (of annoyance): For Allah is Most High, great (above you all).

...conducted, the classical sources are all in agreement that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers is a duty incum ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

...terature, Muhammad would sometimes assert he had received a message from [[Allah (God)|God]] which was not intended as part of the Quran but which was nonet ...in fact spiritually, legally, or theologically instructive in some manner and thus God is entirely justified to include them in the Quran.

...d Christian audience of the original text <ref> Guillaume Dye, “The Qur’ān and its Hypertextuality in Light of Redaction Criticism,” The Fourth Nangeron ==Biblical and Talmudic accounts of Mary==

...a, the forced conversion of so many people has been seen to be impossible, and in its place these people have been offered dhimmitude. These practical exc ...ular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}

..."the Ismaelites" to Heraclius.<ref name="Anthony">Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam'', Oakland CA: Uni ...of Abraham. You have occupied our lands long enough. Abandon it peacefully and we shall not come into your territory. Otherwise, we shall demand that poss

...r restricted in any way; thus anything that Allah wills will come to pass, and only he knows what this fate is. ===Everything Happens by the Will of Allah===

...ary military-political events, which too may have an escatalogical context and has been of considerable interest to academic scholars. ...Within three to nine years. To Allah belongs the command before and after. And that day the believers will rejoice<BR />

[[File:Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Left: Yellow badge made mandatory by th ...lt.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>

...gether this material is taken to be the prophet's [[Sunnah]] or tradition, and along with the Qur'an it is considered by the authorities of the Sunni Isla ==Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah==

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...aib2" />). Several specific interpretations have been proposed, critiqued, and withdrawn by modern Islamic scholars - none, however, have been welcomed by

...s disagree with the traditional interpretations that require head covering and many Muslim women choose not to do so, as discussed below. ...ss requirements for believing women in general were to prevent molestation and for purposes of modesty.

==Roman North Africa and Early Life== ...Roman (Byzantine) Empire. At that time it comprised Tunisia, north Algeria and some parts of Morocco. Northern Roman Africa, reconquered in 533 AD by Empe

...various jinns, humans and angels make up the three sentient creations of [[Allah]]. Like human beings, the jinn can also be good, evil, or neutrally benevol ...[surah]] titled Sūrat al-Jinn (the 72^nd chapter of the Qur'an), and [[Mistranslations_of_Islamic_Scripture_(English)#.2867:5.29_Shooting_stars|

...Nonetheless, the Shariah serves as a foundation, at times comprehensively and other times nominally, for numerous Muslim-majority nations. Where Muslims ...e is explicit instruction on a legal matter in scripture deemed authentic, and differ where there isn't.

...t least a lack of protest). Reports of Muhammad's marriage to Aisha and of his companions marrying off their minor daughters played a role in some jurist ...rced Marriage Initiative]</ref> There are also government agencies who can and should be contacted when someone is at risk of forced marriage. Some charit

...slam in the deeply patriarchal culture of tribal 7th-century Arabia, where and when these ideas found ample precedent. ...lved value of female testimony in a Sharia court compared to that of a man and the doctrine that the majority of Hell's inhabitants are women.

...y of imperial violence, a smaller minority that also of domestic violence, and yet smaller minority that of civil violence, the overwhelming majority of I ...h as Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and even terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda and Boko Haram, although modern Islamic scholars have argued otherwise.

...pillars]] of Islam, paying it is thus [[fard|mandatory]] for the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbe ...bts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is knowing, Wise.}}

...inues to take place in the Islamic scholarly world over the place of jizya and other dhimmi laws in modern Islamic societies. Although most of the injunct ...r war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}}

...pillars]] of Islam, paying it is thus [[fard|mandatory]] for the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbe {{Quote|{{Quran|2|43}}|Establish worship, pay the poor-due, and bow your heads with those who bow (in worship).}}

...r the clear marks of early sectarian influence, hagiographic idealization, and the competing fancies of early scholars of [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)|I ...two most authoritative, sahih collections of hadith are [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]].

...inues to take place in the Islamic scholarly world over the place of jizya and other dhimmi laws in modern Islamic societies. Although most of the injunct ...r war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}}

...er [[Islamic Law|Islamic law]], which is derived from the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and [[Hadith]] (accounts of [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] life). ...d and is to be lashed 100 times.<ref>See the chapter on "hudud" in Sharaya and Sharh Lum'a also al-Khu'i, Takmilah, p. 42-44.</ref> Some scholars also sug

...s in his heart will disappear. '''She returned and said: So I suckled him, and what (was there) in the heart of Abu Hudhaifa disappeared'''.|}} ...ed that Sahla bint Suhail came to Allah's Apostle (may peace be eupon him) and said:

...oughly the size they appear, and also being castable from heaven by Allah, and all of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of ...West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

...oughly the size they appear, and also being castable from heaven by Allah, and all of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of ...West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

.... By far the most common meaning is armed warfare in the name of spreading and/or defending Islam. This understanding of jihad continues to be taught in I ...ll for jihad against the [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)|Dar-al-Harb]].

...their religion in the face of a modern world which relentlessly evaluates and criticizes its claim, criticisms which Islam was traditionally shielded fro ...r rather miraculous. Hence Muslim apologists assert that the Qur'an is the word of God.

...Cataract" or "The Great Potter", was one of the earliest Egyptian deities and was said to have created mankind from clay.]] ...laim that the [[Qur'an]] displays [[Islam and Science|scientific]] [[Islam and Miracles|foreknowledge]] by correctly asserting the [[creation]] of human b

...s and prophethood. Sex, even lawful sex, is still ritually unclean though, and the believers are required to engage in [[ghusl|ritual cleansing]] before t ...him – said, ‘If one sits between a woman’s four parts (shu’biha Al-arba’) and then fatigues her, then it necessitates that he wash.’

...ted, the classical sources are generally in agreement that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers [[Jihad_as_Obli ==Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah==

| style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[99 names of Allah]]</div> | style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[Al-Nurayn and Al-Wilaya]]</div>

...g of the universe prior to the 16th century when Copernicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. ...ble. The Quran assumes that the sun's movement is familiar to its audience and is to be understood as a sign. In other verses the moon is said to follow t

...ri in his history of the world attributes to the universe an age between 6 and 7 thousand years, a figure more or less in keeping with the biblical timeli ===Heavens and Earth===

...site of the annual Islamic pilgrimage called the [[Hajj]] which physically and financially able Muslims are required to attend at least once in their life It is said that upon his conquest of Mecca, the prophet Muhammad received revelation that prohibited

...ri in his history of the world attributes to the universe an age between 6 and 7 thousand years, a figure more or less in keeping with the biblical timeli ===Heavens and Earth===

...lavery. The event is well attested to in the Islamic historical tradition, and has served as the basis for multiple rulings throughout history dealing wit ...the trench worked to win the battle against the Meccans and their allies, and the confederates were beaten back without many casualties for the Muslims,

...refuse the sexual advances of their husbands. As such, the rape of slaves and wives is not considered unlawful in [[Islamic law]]. Almost to emphasise th ...es, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.

...der to justify their claims of an inerrant, scientifically accurate Qur'an and prophetic tradition. ==Qur'an and Sunnah==

...g touches a vast, vast array of subjects. Below are a collection of hadith and fatawa(fatwas) which may be of interest to the professional researcher or m ...e or a female slave'''. The guardian of the lady who was fined said, '''"O Allah's Apostle! Shall I be fined for a creature that has neither drunk nor eaten

...g touches a vast, vast array of subjects. Below are a collection of hadith and fatawa(fatwas) which may be of interest to the professional researcher or m ...e or a female slave'''. The guardian of the lady who was fined said, '''"O Allah's Apostle! Shall I be fined for a creature that has neither drunk nor eaten

...Jews in relation to the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ...teous. And whatever good they do - never will it be removed from them. And Allah is Knowing of the righteous.}}

...Jews in relation to the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ...elations and slew the prophets wrongfully. That was for their disobedience and transgression.}}

...work has situated this picture within the context of earlier Mesopotamian and Biblical cosmological concepts, while noting its own distinctive identity. .../www.jstor.org/stable/40379198 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=223-246 |doi= |access-date=25 Ap

...t its verses as alluding to the process. This article describes the verses and arguments that are sometimes employed for such purposes, as well as those c ...backed by multiple lines of evidence, including overwhelming DNA evidence and the numerous fossils of pre-Homo sapiens species that lived on earth for mi

...bn Ishaq]]. These sources imparts to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model beh ...hasana'') for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembereth Allah much.}}

...ing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorter than modern humans. {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|55|543}}, See also: {{Muslim|40|6809 }} and {{Muslim|32|6325}}|Narrated Abu Huraira:

...ren't allowed to be eaten include carnivores with fangs such as dogs, cats and lions. Birds with talons are also not allowed to be eaten such as falcons. ...[[Buraq]] is a mythical flying creature which Muhammad claimed he rode on his "Night Journey."

...mals such as dogs and reptiles is condemned, so likewise is vegetarianism, and indeed the tradition states that meat will be served to the believers in he ...[[Buraq]] is a mythical flying creature which Muhammad claimed he rode on his "Night Journey."

...system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]] ...onner|author-link=Michael Bonner|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2008|page=89|isbn=97

...dith]], and [[scholars]] place many restrictions on what the believers can and cannot do. ===Displaying your Beauty and Ornaments===

| other_names = Rasul Allah (Messenger of God) ...s Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.</q>

...es]] en [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|droit islamique]] exigent que les [[Islam and Women|femmes]] musulmanes qui ont atteint l'âge de la majorité observent ...ée comme un personnage peu recommandable, mais aussi parce cela suggère qu'Allah n'était pas seul responsable de la formulation de la charia, qui est cens�

...uslim world (though persists illegally in a few places such as Mauritania) and is considered no longer permissable in the modern context by most Islamic s ...es, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.

...ray Muhammad as a typical Arab battle commander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...camelry: but Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things.}}{{quote | {{cite quran|8|68|end=69|style=ref}}

[[File:Galen.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The writers of the Qur’an and hadith were influenced by Galen, the hugely influential 2^nd Cent ...e origins of each of these ideas at least as far back as the Jewish Talmud and the ancient Greek physicians.

...ray Muhammad as a typical Arab battle commander, very concerned with booty and driven by the need to acquire more of it. ...camelry: but Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things.}}{{quote | {{cite quran|8|68|end=69|style=ref}}

...tiple independent Islamic states, as have often existed throughout history and as exist today, could together constitute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a ...estined to be conquered by the Islamic state, these non-Muslims themselves and their property were in fact booty earmarked for the Muslim [[Ummah]]. Howev

...prudence)]] differ on the requirements for women to cover their feet, face and wrists. ...ern scholars disagree with the traditional interpretations of these verses and many Muslim women today do not cover their hair.

...hat a woman would not marry a new man while pregnant from her last husband and impute fathership of her baby to the wrong husband. Pursuant to these rules ...omen whose menstruation has been interrupted (for example, due to illness) and interpret the Quran as sanctioning marriage only with those who have reache

...tiple independent Islamic states, as have often existed throughout history and as exist today, could together constitute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a ...estined to be conquered by the Islamic state, these non-Muslims themselves and their property were in fact booty earmarked for the Muslim [[Ummah]]. Howev

...ous".<ref>Jonathan A. C. Brown, ''Slavery & Islam'', Chapter 7: Concubines and consent, London: Oneworld Publications, 2019.<BR /> ...e traditional sources compare her concubinage to that of Hajar to Ibrahim, and the son that Mariyah bore was named Ibrahim. According to classical Islamic

...in the context of ancient near east mythologies about eavesdropping devils and celestial phenomena. ==Ancient beliefs around stars and meteors pre-Islam==

...d to go there, but Jews, Christians, and believers who commit sins against Allah may also be sent there. The hadith also adds in the curious detail that mos {{Quote|{{Quran|2|39}}|"But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the Fire; they shall abide the

...</ref> The Quran provides a physical and personal description of the houri and denotes them as awards to believers. A [[hadith]] graded [[Sahih]] (authent ...m] will marry seventy [sic] houris, besides the women he married on earth, and all will have appetizing vaginas.''" - Al-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'a

...f the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness. ...ing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) are, however, shorter than modern humans.

...to bear! Pardon us, absolve us and have mercy on us, Thou, our Protector, and give us victory over the disbelieving folk.}} ...m thy housefolk to assign to the believers their positions for the battle, Allah was Hearer, Knower.}}

...Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are per ...corded as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are per ...corded as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar.".

...Ibn Ishaq]]. These sources impart to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model beh ...ot necessarily present Muhammad in a favourable light. Either way, hadiths and sirah material in general are considered to be very unreliable sources of h

...disadvantaged in matters of sexual, domestic, legal, financial, sartorial, and physical autonomy. According to Islamic legal theory, while not all of Isla ...uran and hadiths as a repository of regulations to be applied at all times and places.<ref>Ibid. pp. 153-157</ref>

...2. Payment of the [[jizyah]] and subjection to Islamic political dominion and the strictures of the [[dhimma]]. 3. Fighting until death. ...e of paper or parchment or as a seal humiliatingly placed upon their neck, and was thereafter compelled to carry this receipt wherever he went within the

...nding on the source, as having had over 30 wives in addition to concubines and "possessions of the right hand" or slave girls. Although many of these marr ..."We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wiv

...hari%27ah_(Islamic_Law)#Interfaith_Marriage|annulment of their marriages]] and other consequences when local religious authorities pressure families to fo ...nt in this world and the next. Hypocrites who "turn away" are to be seized and killed if they might join the fight against the believers.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Mawdu' (Fabricated) and Da'if (Weak) Hadiths}} ...s to the internet which can be used to verify the authenticity of a hadith and, as a result, preachers are wary of quoting material that their audiences w

...epicting the Seven Sleepers and the evil emperor led by a [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Racism|dark-skinned Satan]]. Iran, Qazvin. 1550s.]] ...on taught by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore of Tarsus (d. 690 CE), and which can be situated in an early 7th century Palestinian context.<ref name

...o of the most important scholarly opinions: those of Al-Suyuti (d.1505 CE) and Ibn Salama (d. 1019 CE). Dr David Powers notes the following regarding the highs and lows of abrogation in the Qur'an.

...:34 in Arabic script.<BR>According to the majority of Qur'anic translators and the Arabic lexicon<ref name="arabic-lexicon">[http://lexicons.sakhr.com/htm ...ntries, and fly in the face of over a thousand years of Islamic commentary and exegesis.

...protection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex {{Quote|{{Quran|2|228}}|And it is for the women to act as they (the husbands) act by them, in all fairn

...rehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...ines around this time allowed girls to be married from the age of thirteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve. ...ww.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Marriage_7_factsheets.php Muslim Women's Network UK] and [https://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-pakistan/ Tahir

...ines around this time allowed girls to be married from the age of thirteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve. ...ww.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Marriage_7_factsheets.php Muslim Women's Network UK] and [https://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-pakistan/ Tahir

...sic is for halal purposes. Many Sufi orders use music as a form of worship and music commonly plays a role in public religious celebrations in Shi'a Islam ...and foot soldiers and become a partner in their wealth and their children and promise them." But Satan does not promise them except delusion.

.... On occasion, the scriptures diverge from this standard, inclusive usage, and comment specifically on men or women. The perspective taken by Islamic scri ...disadvantaged in matters of sexual, domestic, legal, financial, sartorial, and physical autonomy. According to Islamic legal theory, while not all of Isla

...gs of the Arab-Israeli conflict, while others trace it to the 19th century and possible influence from Arab Christians. ...the hand of [[Muhammad]] (being executed, expelled, [[Slavery|enslaved]], and extorted by [[Sahabah|Muhammad's companions]] in [[Medina]]).

...protection as well as the [[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]] from her husband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex ==Men and women in the Quran==

...pg|210px|right|thumb|''Mein Kampf'' is a best-seller in the Islamic World, and is often sold along-side religious literature.<ref name="Alastair Lawson">A ...this, modern Islamic anti-Jewish polemics often feature in Arab book-fairs and bookstores alongside Arabic translations of Hitlers ''Mein Kumpf'' (sometim

...ore immediate surroundings continue to this day in terms of names, rituals and some specific beliefs. ==History of the name Allah and the Basmala==

...do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than Allah, they would have found within it much contradiction." ...blematic, of the proposed contradictions are precisely of the theological, and not legal, variety.

...e general principles of fighting are pre-emptive and defensive throughout, and emphasise the hostile environment in which the believers found themselves ( ...atever seems good to you, for, by the one who holds Abu Hurayrah's soul in His hand, you have conquered no city, neither shall you conquer any until the D

...of war, constantly interested in gaining booty and expanding his holdings and the dominion of the believers. ...atever seems good to you, for, by the one who holds Abu Hurayrah's soul in His hand, you have conquered no city, neither shall you conquer any until the D

...e of paper or parchment or as a seal humiliatingly placed upon their neck, and was thereafter compelled to carry this receipt wherever he went within the Jews and Christians were required to pay the ''jizyah'' while pagans were required t

...hin Islamic scripture, wife-beating was permitted by Islamic jurisprudence and understood as a means of enforcing obedience to husbands, albeit with limit ==Islamic scriptures and wife-beating==

...n because they were widows, elderly, or otherwise destitute and in need of his aide. ...to these terms. The “elderly” group would refer to those brides between 28 and 40 while the “middle-aged” group would mean the teenagers.

...However, critics claim the [[Ayat|verses]] to be scientifically inaccurate and influenced by Greek theories which had been available at the time. ...Myers, believe the Quranic verses that mention embryology are incomparable and unacceptable to scientific standards.<ref>Dr. P.Z. Myers ''[https://science

...on and speech are essential cornerstones of Capitalism. The right to speak and what are the limits of speech are therefore all defined by human beings. ...the right of speech to people and defined the limits on what is acceptable and unacceptable speech.

...omen whose menstruation has been interrupted (for example, due to illness) and interpret the Quran as sanctioning marriage only with those who have reache ...ww.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Marriage_7_factsheets.php Muslim Women's Network UK] and [https://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-pakistan/ Tahir

...ng Trust dengan judul, "''Age of Aisha (The Truthful Women, May Allah Send His Blessings)''"</ref> Pada bulan November 2004 setelah Habib Kandhalvi lama m ...ng berpengaruh di dunia",<ref name="The 500">Edited by Prof. John Esposito and Prof. Ibrahim Kalin - [http://thebook.org/books_pdf/500Muslims_2009.pdf The

...hammad and Aisha freeing chief's daughter.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Mohammed and his wife Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief. From the Siyer-i Nebi]] ...hat''', or '''Aishah''') was married to [[Muhammad]] at the age of 6 or 7, and the marriage was consummated by Muhammad, then 53, when Aisha was aged 9 or

..., the ancient vernacular dialect of the Hijaz region which includes Makkah and Medina. ...ar as most modern Arabic dialects are completely devoid of the case system and devoid of the Hamzah to varying degrees.

...r to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually includes clitoridectomy. ...ibulation is associated with the transportation of slaves), and the nature and degree of historical Christian influence (which tends to eliminate FGM).

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...cientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity, specificity, and accuracy as to qualify as anything Miraculous.

...are forcibly [[Marriage|married]] to older persons (sometimes in their 50s and later), often for various personal gains by the girls' guardian or with the ...ww.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Marriage_7_factsheets.php Muslim Women's Network UK] and [https://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-pakistan/ Tahir

...rization of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologists]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saudi-financed surgeon [[Bucailleism|Dr. Maurice Bucaille]]. ...ption a specific time period in which mountains were supposedly formed and Allah having cast them into the earth.

...r to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually also includes clitoridectomy. ...n the practice. Muhammad maintained the practice after migrating to Medina and is recorded as approving of the practice in four hadith. Two hadith record

...arization of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologist]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saudi-financed surgeon [[Bucailleism|Dr. Maurice Bucaille]]. ...ption a specific time period in which mountains were supposedly formed and Allah having cast them into the earth.

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...cientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity, specificity, and accuracy as to qualify as anything Miraculous.

...should be), could not easily be reconciled with what they held to be basic and incontrovertible facts about history. ...thou say unto men, '''worship me and my mother as gods''' in derogation of Allah'?" He will say: "Glory to Thee! never could I say what I had no right (to s

...khari|1|1|3}}|...najednou se na něj snesla pravda zatímco byl v hoře Híře. Anděl za ním přišel a požádal ho aby četl. Prorok (ﷺ) řekl: "Já neum ...e, if he did not write. (Kull p. 73.) [Some judicious observations on this word are comprised in Dr. Sprenger's Life of Moḥammad (pp. 101-2); a work whic

....pdf/ Mus’ad, M. F. (2001). ''Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: their Strives and Their Lives'', p. 7. Cairo: Islamic Inc.]</ref> Twelve of [[Muhammad's Marr ...it was as a result being her employee that Muhammad came to know Khadijah and ultimately marry her. It is also believed that she had two husbands, with w

...ghly regarded Islamic scholars. All in all the picture of race, ethnicity, and what may be called "race-relations" is a complicated one in the Islamic tra It is important to take note of the verses and hadiths that discourage racism (though as mentioned in the introduction, Is

....pdf/ Mus’ad, M. F. (2001). ''Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: their Strives and Their Lives'', p. 7. Cairo: Islamic Inc.]</ref> Twelve of [[Muhammad's Marr ...it was as a result being her employee that Muhammad came to know Khadijah and ultimately marry her. It is also believed that she had two husbands, with w

...book "reveals" (according to its author), "a more moderate, sophisticated, and nuanced" interpretation of Islam than the "standard image" of Wahhabism.<re ...areas: theology, legal theory, proselytizing through education and jihad, and law on women.}}</ref>

...y expansion and explanation of the former by Islamic jurists and scholars, and the term Shari'ah is also often applied to its body of law. ...a Hasana|uswa hasana]] (perfect example). Since both the practice of Islam and its laws are based on the same source, they are inseparable from one anothe

[[File:OttomanEunuchsConcubines.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Concubines and eunuchs of Ottoman Harem in 1909]] ...slaveholding based in religious principles."<BR />Kecia Ali, Sexual Ethics and Islam, London: Oneworld Publications, 2006, pp. 42 ff.</ref>

...r to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually includes clitoridectomy. ...FGM estimates that in the 30 countries surveyed at least 200 million girls and women have undergone FGM.<ref>UNICEF [https://web.archive.org/web/202202241

...rehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...is a collaboration between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStu ...ention however is challenged both by parts of the Islamic tradition itself and the findings of modern scholarship.

...s Muhammad as having been sensitive to criticism, particularly from poets, and he ordered that a number of poets who had made verses inveighing against hi {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)

...is a collaboration between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStu ...ention however is challenged both by parts of the Islamic tradition itself and the findings of modern scholarship.

...A small number of hadiths describe punishments for the rape of free women and of female slaves who are not owned by the perpetrator. However, the Qur'an, ...lour-coded map is inaccurate. A lack of legal protection in some countries and / or attitudes which refuse to accept the concept of marital rape exacerbat

...mountains that is holding back a tribe of people; it likely never existed and was originally a legendary embellishment of the original Alexander legend. ...xander spread, so too did the claims of his miraculous deeds grow in scope and size.

...early Islamic history (which happened before the predictions were written) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the had And '''the Day the Hour''' appears the criminals will swear they had remained b

...s]] imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|arranged in a geocentric system]]) which conceives of the earth a ...know the Earth was spherical but in fact held it to be flat and disk like, and this is the framework within which the Qur'an operates.

...s]] imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|arranged in a geocentric system]]) which conceives of the earth a ...know the Earth was spherical but in fact held it to be flat and disk like, and this is the framework within which the Qur'an operates.

This is a comprehensive list of internal rhymes in the Quran and Hadith that only appear if the text is read in [[Old Hijazi]]. This list is ...the original language of the Quran (Old Hijazi) lacked final short vowels and nunation.

...f the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness. {{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}

...olars have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, why, and in what fashion Jihad may be undertaken. ...ence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later chief justice (qadi al-qudat) under Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.

...olars have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, why, and in what fashion Jihad may be undertaken. ...ence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later chief justice (qadi al-qudat) under Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.

...iracy of people across centuries and empires, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not take ...ing the Qur'an and to the audience. As such borrowings are to be expected, and in a semi-literate culture before the advent of the printing press differen

...iracy of people across centuries and empires, speaking different languages and holding radically different beliefs, the claim itself is generally not take ...ing the Qur'an and to the audience. As such borrowings are to be expected, and in a semi-literate culture before the advent of the printing press differen

{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating}} ...l'obéissance, ne cherchez pas contre elles des moyens (de nuisance) : Car Allah est le Très Haut, le grand (au-dessus de vous tous).

...was thus a fundamental part of early Islam according to its own tradition and a central occupation of its prophet. ...yyad court. For further discussion see [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]] and [[Jihad in Islamic Law]].

...was thus a fundamental part of early Islam according to its own tradition and a central occupation of its prophet. ...ding us (with his sword). Allah then defeated them. They were then brought and began to take the oath of allegiance to him for Islam...}}

...de l'Enfer étaient vous (des femmes)." Les femmes ont demandé: "Ô Apôtre d'Allah! Quelle en est la raison?" Il répondit: "Ô femmes! Vous maudissez fréque Pendant la bataille d'Al-Jamal, Allah m'a fait bénéficier d'une Parole (j'ai entendu du Prophète). Lorsque le

{{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}} ...ller se lever 'de sa place montante'. Ce cycle se répète, jusqu'au jour où Allah demande au soleil de se lever "de votre lieu de coucher". le jour censé et