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|keywords=Islam, Hadith, Skepticism, Allah, Quran ...tion from traditional and critical perspectives on the beliefs, practices, and development of Islam.

...nterest. These topics include reproductive science, embryology, cosmology, and medicine, among others. ...Quran drew on the proto-scientific ideas circulating in the world during, and often from well before, the seventh century.

| style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[Al-Nurayn and Al-Wilaya]]</div> ...width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[Al-Wala' wal-Bara' (Loyalty and Disavowal)]]</div>

..., first-world variety which likely holds to modern notions of human rights and liberalism. ...and skill) mistranslated the most controversial and problematic verses in Qur'an. That these inaccurate translations are most common with verses that would

[[Category:Islam and Science]] ...Criticism of these ideas has been widespread and has even come from Muslim scholars themselves.

...an escatalogical context and has been of considerable interest to academic scholars. ...Within three to nine years. To Allah belongs the command before and after. And that day the believers will rejoice<BR />

...lmost always referenced in relation to Islamic rituals (like the [[Hajj]]) and festivals (like [[Eid al-Adha]]), as it is with the Islamic calendar that t ...alendar: A Multi-Faceted Perspective Based on the Covenants of the Prophet and Specific Date Verification], Religions, 12(1), 42, doi:10.3390/rel12010042

...ndent judgement) to find these names in the Quran and sunnah and different scholars came up with different lists. Out of the supposed 99 names of Allah, they a ==The phrase "beautiful names of Allah" mentioned in the Qur'an==

...g of the universe prior to the 16th century when Copernicus helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. ...ble. The Quran assumes that the sun's movement is familiar to its audience and is to be understood as a sign. In other verses the moon is said to follow t

...mountains that is holding back a tribe of people; it likely never existed and was originally a legendary embellishment of the original Alexander legend. ...xander spread, so too did the claims of his miraculous deeds grow in scope and size.

...a, the forced conversion of so many people has been seen to be impossible, and in its place these people have been offered dhimmitude. These practical exc ===Qur'an===

...a of Iraq in 698 A.D. He was jailed by the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar Mansur and tortured until his death. ...as condemned to Hell along with his wife for their opposition to Muhammad and Islam.

...rehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...work has situated this picture within the context of earlier Mesopotamian and Biblical cosmological concepts, while noting its own distinctive identity. .../www.jstor.org/stable/40379198 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=223-246 |doi= |access-date=25 Ap

...the Quran does not in fact describe Muhammad or his people as illiterate, and that this was a reinterpretation arising some time after his death. Indeed, {{Main|Parallels Between the Qur'an and Late Antique Judeo-Christian Literature}}

...rehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...should be), could not easily be reconciled with what they held to be basic and incontrovertible facts about history. ...am Christian doctrine has never held Mary to be a part of the Trinity. The Qur'an, however, apparently implies as much, leading some to conclude that Muhamma

...sic is for halal purposes. Many Sufi orders use music as a form of worship and music commonly plays a role in public religious celebrations in Shi'a Islam ==Qur'an==

...s]] imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|arranged in a geocentric system]]) which conceives of the earth a ...ld it to be flat and disk like, and this is the framework within which the Qur'an operates.

...ri in his history of the world attributes to the universe an age between 6 and 7 thousand years, a figure more or less in keeping with the biblical timeli ==Qur'an==