List of Genocides, Cultural Genocides and Ethnic Cleansings under Islam

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This article is a dynamic list of genocides, cultural genocides and acts of ethnic cleansing under Muslim regimes from the origin of Islam to present day.

Such actions are not uniquely perpetrated by any particular religion or culture and this page should not be used to suggest otherwise, nor used in an attempt to justify contemporary human rights abuses. Muslims themselves suffer persecution in various parts of the world today and have suffered genocides (for example, in Bosnia). However, it can be seen that regimes in the Islamic world have not been uniquely peaceful, harmonious, or innocent of the kinds of attrocities perpetrated throughout history.

Excluded from the list below are mutual population exchanges, massacres and war crimes involving non-Muslims and Muslims (such as Greece–Turkey, India–Pakistan or Israel–Palestine).

The Main Table

Key:

  • No color: Non-Muslims targeted
  • Light green: Predominantly Muslims targeted
  • Orange: Both Muslims and Non-Muslims targeted
  • Dark green: Mainly Shia perpetrators
No. Victims Region Country (Present-Day Geographical Location) Who was Responsible Period Notes
1 Arab polytheists Arabian peninsula Saudi Arabia
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600s AD
2 Jews Arabian peninsula 600s AD
3 Christians Arabian peninsula 600s AD
Traditional Berber religion North Africa Arab Muslims 647 onwards
Berber Christians Algeria Umayyad Caliphate[1] 647 onwards
Zoroastrians Persia Iran
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, Iraq
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Arab and Persian Muslims 642-early 10th century [2][3][4]
Hindus Afghanistan
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Buddhists Kabul valley, Bamiyan etc. Afghanistan
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Saffarid dynasty 9th century AD [5]
Dards Kashmir and northern Pakistan India
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, Pakistan
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Arab invaders, Swat princely state c. 700 AD and 1858-1969 Most Dards were converted to Islam[6][7]
Turgesh Turks, Sogdians Transoxiana Uzbekistan
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, Tajikistan
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, Kyrgyzstan
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Umayyad Caliphate 721 onwards The culture and heritage of the Sogdians was destroyed so thoroughly that it is almost impossible to reconstruct their history.[8] In the post-Umayyad period, Islam had firmly penetrated here.
Coptic Christians Egypt
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Caliph al-Mamun and Muslim mobs c.832-837 In a clash between Spanish Muslim invaders and Egyptian Muslims, Copts supported the former. So they were punished by looting and destruction of churches. The caliph also put down their rebellion by massacring them. Many monks were killed and monasteries destroyed in later years.[9]
Buddhists, proto-Iranian Hindus, Shamanists, Manichaeans Xinjiang province Western China
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Kara Khanids[10] 900s to 1500s There were centuries-long attacks in this region.[11] Buddhist monuments and artefacts were also destroyed on a large scale. The area was largely Islamized.
Hindus and Buddhists Gandhara Afghanistan
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Mahmud of Ghazni 998-1030 Mass conversions and coercions.[12]
Hindus India
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Various Muslim invaders and rulers 1000-1525 The Hindu population of India fell by 60 to 80 million in this period according to one estimate.[13] Detailed analyses are rare, and the author's claim has been criticised for poor sources and methodological weaknesses by a number of writers.[14]
Jews Siege of Cordoba Spain
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Berber Muslims led by Umayyad ruler 1013 The inhabitants of Cordoba including Jews were massacred and looted. It is said that 2000 of them were killed.[15][16][17][18]
Jews Fez Morocco
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Berber soldiers 1033 In this pogrom, Muslims killed more than 6000 Jews and took away their women and belongings.[19][20][21][22]
Ismaili Shias Sindh, in the Indian subcontinent Pakistan
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Mahmud of Ghazni 1025 Mahmud defeated the Shia ruler and slaughtered many Ismailis.[23][24]
Serer religion Tekrur Senegal
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Gambia
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and nearby areas
King War Jabi, his Almoravid allies and many other African Muslims 1035-1867 The Serer were under pressure to embrace Islam for centuries. An unknown number of them died in these jihads but many of them scattered.[25][26][27][28][29]
Armenian Christians Ani Turkey
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Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan 1064 Part of the Muslim conquest of Anatolia.[30][31]
Jews Granada Spain
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1066 Muslims crucified the Jewish vizier and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city.[32][33]
Jews Maghreb and Andalusia Morocco
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, Spain
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(southern), Portugal
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, Tunisia
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Almohad Caliphate 1126-1269 Jews were expelled, killed or forced to convert to Islam.[34][35][36]
Jains India
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Various Muslim invaders 1100s-1600s The Jains are a non-violent religion. Muslims killed many Jains, destroyed many of their temples and idols, looted their treasures, and burnt books. This persecution was frequent till the 17th century.[37][38][39]
Buddhists Bihar India
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Bakhtiyar Khilji c.1197-1203 Famous Buddhist monasteries and universities were also destroyed[40][41][42]
Christians Anatolia Turkey
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Muslim Turks
Buddhists Maldives
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c. 1200s onwards
Kanuri people Kanem empire Chad
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, Nigeria
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, Cameroon
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Dunama Dabbalemi 1203 to 1243 All Kanuris converted to Islam as a result of a jihad.[43][44]
Mongol converts to Islam[45] Delhi India
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Alauddin Khilji 1298 15,000-30,000 were killed
Assyrian Christians Irbil/Arbela Iraq
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Kurds and Arabs 1310 After the siege of Irbil, about 150,000 of its Christians were massacred.[46][47]
Hindus Kashmir India
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, Pakistan
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Sikandar Butshikan 1389-1413 [48][49]
Coptic Christians Egypt
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Mamluk Sultanate 1300s-1517 Rampant discrimination and persecution under the Pact of Umar forced a majority of Copts to convert to Islam.[50] The Mamluks destroyed most of the churches and killed an estimated 300,000 Copts over the 13th century.[51]
Maronites and Greek Orthodox Christians Coast of the Levant Lebanon
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, Syria
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Mamluk Sultanate 1300s These communities were expelled and their settlements were destroyed.[52]
Nestorian Christians Iraq
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, Iran
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, Uzbekistan
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Timur 1380s-1405 Timur's raids and slaughters nearly exterminated the followers of the Nestorian Church in the Near East.[53]
Jews Fez Morocco
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1465 Muslim subjects overthrew the last Marinid ruler who had appointed many Jews to high positions. This had angered many Muslims and was one of the main pretexts for them to massacre the entire Jewish community of Fez.[54][55]
Jews Songhai Empire Mali
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Askia Mohammad I 1492 Askia decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave. He destroyed their synagogue. Most of the Jews converted to Islam, and intolerance by Malians towards them was reported as recently as the 20th century.[56]
Zoroastrians Persia Iran
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Persian Muslims under the Safavid dynasty 1502-1747 [57]
Sunnis Persia Iran
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, Iraq
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[58] Azerbaijan
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[59]
Safavid dynasty 1502-1722
Takkalu tribe Persia Shah Ismail
Shias Kashmir India
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1500s to 1800s [60]
Yazidis Baghdad, Mosul, Diyarbakir, etc. Iraq
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, Syria
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, Turkey
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Ottoman Empire 1500s to 1800s A large Yazidi community existed in Syria, but they declined due to persecution by the Ottoman Empire. Several expeditions were launched against the Yazidis by the Ottoman governors (Wāli) of Diyarbakir, Mosul and Baghdad. The aim of these attacks was forced conversion of Yazidis to Sunni Hanafi Islam.[61][62][63]
Alevis Anatolia Turkey
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Selim I 1514 Sultan Selim, nicknamed "Selim the Grim", conducted a massacre of Alevis in 1514. The death toll is said to be 40,000.[64]
Jews Safed present-day Israel
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Retreating Mamluk army of Egypt and Arab civilians 1517 Jews were evicted from their homes, robbed and plundered, and they fled naked to the villages.[65][66][67][68][69]
Greek Cypriots Nicosia Cyprus
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Ottoman army 1570 20,000 Nicosians were put to death, and every church, public building, and palace was looted. Only women and boys who were captured to be sold as slaves were spared.[70][71][72]
Portuguese India
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Shah Jahan 1632 [6] [7] When negotiations with Portuguese merchants broke down, Shah Jahan massacred their men and enslaved 4000 women and children at Hughli in Bengal.[73][74]
Sikhs Punjab India
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, Pakistan
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Aurangzeb[75] 1658 onwards Aurangzeb's frequent persecution of the Sikhs forced their peaceful community to transform into a warrior community.[76][77]
Jews Yemen
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Imam of Yemen (Rassid dynasty) 1679–1680 The Jews of nearly all cities and towns in Yemen were exiled to a remote desert and left to die. Their property was also confiscated.[78][79][80][81]
Austrian civilians Perchtoldsdorf Austria
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Ottoman Empire 1683 [82]
Civilians Delhi India
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Nadir Shah 1739 In 7 hours, Nadir Shah had 20,000 men, women and children massacred in an incident termed as Qatl-e-aam in Persian. He also seized a lot of booty.[83][84]
Sikhs India
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, Pakistan
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Mughal Empire vassals and Afghan soldiers 1746-62 [85]
Kashmiri Pandits Kashmir valley India
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Afghans 1764-1820s [86]
Mangalorean Catholics Kingdom of Mysore India
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Tipu Sultan 1784-1799 This community were driven out of their homes, forced on a death march and kept as captives for 15 years. Many faced tortures, killings and forced conversions. Out of about 60,000 Catholics, at least 30,000 died en route or in captivity.[87] Only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians.[88]
Nair Hindus Kingdom of Mysore India
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Tipu Sultan Nair Hindus were subjected to forced conversions to Islam, death, and torture.[89][90][91] [92][93] Out of 30,000 Nairs put to captivity (including women and children), only a few hundred returned alive.[94][95]
Zoroastrians Persia Iran
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Persian Muslims under the Qajar dynasty 1796-1925 Zoroastrians regard this period as one of their worst. They were frequently massacred, taken as captives, robbed, overtaxed, converted or married by force, and denied basic rights.[96][97][98]
Mandaeans Iran
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Qajar dynasty of Persia 18th and 19th centuries.[99]
Civilians (mostly Shia) Karbala Iraq
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1801 or 1802 The Saudis killed 2,000–5,000 people in a day. They also plundered and destroyed the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali.[100][101][102]
Mamluks Cairo and other places Egypt
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Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805-1811 About 3,000 descendants of this slave-warrior clan were massacred. It was the end of the Mamluks in Egypt.[103]
Melkite Christians Aleppo Syria
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Ottoman Empire 1817-18 Most of this community fled from Syria and those who stayed were massacred.[104][105]
Bektashis Turkey
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Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II 1826 The Bektashi order was outlawed and 4,000 to 7,500 of them were executed. Their shrines were destroyed.[106]
Assyrian Christians Bohtan and Hakkari Iraq
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, Turkey
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Badr Khan and Nurallah of Hakkari 1843-47 More than 1000 Christians were killed.[107] The Muslim armies destroyed several villages and took prisoners as war booty.[108]
Jews Throughout the Middle East and North Africa 1840-1908 Following the Damascus affair, riots and massacres of Jews occurred in Aleppo (1850, 1875), Damascus (1840, 1848, 1890), Beirut (1862, 1874), Dayr al-Qamar (1847), Jerusalem (1847), Cairo (1844, 1890, 1901–02), Mansura (1877), Alexandria (1870, 1882, 1901–07), Port Said (1903, 1908), Damanhur (1871, 1873, 1877, 1891), Istanbul (1870, 1874), Buyukdere (1864), Kuzguncuk (1866), Eyub (1868), Edirne (1872), Izmir (1872, 1874).[109]
Jews Mashhad, Barfurush Iran
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1839, 1867 Mashhad witnessed forced conversions of Jews to Islam to avert a massarce. In Barfurush, Jews were massacred.[109][110]
Bábís Iran
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1852 [111]
Polytheists Kafiristan Afghanistan
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1890s
Hazara Shias Afghanistan
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Pashtuns 1888-90, 1892, 1893 The emir Abdul Rehman eliminated an estimated 60% of the Hazara population by massacres, enslavement, looting and pillaging of homes.[112] Many of the survivors fled.[113][114]
Armenians and Assyrians Eastern Turkey Turkey
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Ottoman Empire
Kurdish and Turkoman irregulars
1894–1896 100,000–300,000 were killed.[115]
Serbs Kolašin and other areas[116] Kosovo
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(present day)
Albanians under the Ottoman Empire 1901 The Serbs were targeted in several massacres, rapes, looting and eviction.[117][118]
Uighur Christians Xinjiang China
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First East Turkestan Republic 1894-1938 Most Uighur converts to Christianity were killed, tortured and jailed.[119][120][121] Some Hindus were murdered and Christian missionaries were expelled.[122]
Ahmediyyas Afghanistan
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Kings of Afghanistan 1900-1924 Ahmediyyas, a small minority in Afghanistan, were exterminated from there by killings and forced conversions to Sunni Islam.[123][124][125][126]
Jews Afghanistan
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1900s-1951 The Afghan Jewish community declined from about 40,000 in the early 20th Century to 5,000 in 1934.[127] Many Jews were expelled from their homes and robbed of their property.[128][129][130][131] After 1951, most Jews moved to Israel and the United States.[132]
Armenians Adana Vilayet Turkey
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Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire 1909 15,000–30,000 were killed.[133][134]
Bulgarians Thrace Turkey
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Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire 1913 50,000–60,000 Thracian Bulgarians were murdered, which was around 20 % of the Bulgarian population in Thrace at that time. Most of the villages with a Bulgarian population were destroyed and the survivors expelled from their places of origin.[135][136]
Maronite Christians Mount Lebanon Lebanon
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Ottoman Empire 1915-1918 The Ottomans deliberately cut off food supplies to the Maronites in order to feed their military.[137]
Assyrian Christians Turkey
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, Iran
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[138]
1914-1918 200,000 to 275,000 were killed.[139][140] About half of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire perished.[141]
Armenians Turkey
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Ottoman Empire, Young Turks 1915-1918 or 1923 An estimated 600,000–1,800,000 Armenians were systematically massacred.[142][143] The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars.
Kurds Zilan river valley Turkey
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1930 [8]
Jews Thrace Turkey
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Turkish mobs 1934 The Thrace pogroms of Jews occurred in four cities. 1500 Jews fled the region and many soon left Turkey. Casualties unknown.[144][145]
Alevi Kurds Dersim Turkey
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1937-38 13,000-40,000 killed.[146]
Tibetans Qinghai Province China
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Ma Bufang and his Muslim soldiers 1932-41 The motive was ethnic cleansing of Tibetans and destruction of their culture, resulting in thousands of casualties.[147][148][149][150][151]
Hindus Pakistan
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1947-present
Hindus Bangladesh
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1947-present
Christians[152] Pakistan
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Pakistani Muslim civilians and terrorists 2000s-present In recent decades, Pakistani Christians have increasingly become victims of riots, bombings, church demolitions and imprisonment on mere allegations of blasphemy.
Egyptian Jews Egypt
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1948-1957
Iraqi and Kurdish Jews Iraq
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1941 and 1950s-1969 [153] See also: [9]
Harkis Algeria
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An estimated 30,000 (and possibly as many as 150,000) Muslim supporters of the French colonizers were killed.[154][155][156]
Igbo people Nigeria
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Hausa and Fulani tribes (both Muslim) 1966 10,000 to 30,000 Igbos were killed.[157][158] These events led to a civil war.[159]
Bihari Muslims and West Pakistanis Bangladesh
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Mukti Bahini militias and other Bengali Muslims 1971-72 About 30,000-200,000 were killed, during and after the war of independence of Bangladesh.[160][161][162][163]
East Timor
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Indonesia
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1975-1999 Described as a genocide
Chakma, Marma, Tripuri and other indigenous people Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladesh
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Bangladeshi army and Muslim settlers 1977-1997 [164][165]
Dinka people Diein Sudan
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Rizeigat Muslims 1987 [166][167]
Kashmiri Pandits and other Hindus Kashmir valley India
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Kashmiri Muslim mobs and Pakistani terrorists 1989-2001
Kurds Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq
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Saddam Hussein 1986-89 50,000-182,000 civilians killed.[168][169]
Isaaq clan (Muslim) of Somalis Somalia
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Siad Barre 1988-1990 50,000-100,000 killed (possibly up to 200,000)[170][171][172][173]
Bantu people (Christians, Muslims and Traditional African religion) Jubba Valley Somalia
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Somali militias 1991 onwards [174]
Hazara Shias Mazar-e-Sharif, Bamiyan Afghanistan
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Taliban 1998 More than 8,000 noncombatants were reported killed after the Taliban captured the city.[175] Even goats and donkeys were not spared.[176]
Serbian Christians Kosovo
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1999-2004 Many Serbs were expelled from entire villages and churches and symbols of Serb heritage were destroyed in this period.[177][178][179]
Muslim Roma, Ashkalis and purported Egyptians Kosovo
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Albanian Muslims 1999 onwards The persecution of these communities began during the Yugoslav wars but escalated after 1999. Most of them were expelled from Kosovo and their houses were destroyed.[180][181]
Non-Arab and Black tribes (Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa) Darfur Sudan
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Omar al-Bashir and janjaweed militias 2003-present
Christians Somalia
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Al Shabab 2005 onwards [182]
Christians Palestine
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Hamas, Muslim mobs, Islamic terorrist groups 2002 onwards Muslims targeted Christians frequently in West Bank and Gaza, burning churches and grabbing properties. The Christian population fell from about 3,000 in 2007 to 1,400 in 2011. They were also the target of bomb attacks, murders and discrimination under Hamas rule.[183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190]
Mandaeans Iraq
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2003 onwards [191]
Assyrian Christians Iraq
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1933-2014 [192][193][194]
Yazidis Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq
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ISIS 2014-
Arab Christians, Levantines, Armenians, Arameans, Assyrians (Syriacs or Chaldeans) and Copts Iraq
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, Syria
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, Libya
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ISIS 2014- At least 1000 casualties.[195] Described as a genocide by EU.[196][197][198][199]
Shias (including ethnic Turkmen and Shabak) Iraq
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, Syria
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ISIS 2014-Present [200][201]
Christians and Muslims Nigeria
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Boko Haram 2014-present [202][203]
Coptic Christians North Sinai Egypt
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ISIS Feb 2017-present [204][205][206]


Miscellaneous

  • The Serbian church was persecuted for centuries under Turkish rule and severely weakened by the 18th century. This caused an out-migration of many Serbs from their native region and also a failed revolt.[207]
  • Since mid-1980s, more than 20,000 Shia Muslims and hundreds of Ahmadis have been killed in Pakistan by Sunni terrorists sponsored by generals of Pakistan Army.[208]

References

  1. The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec., 1960), pp. 379-397
  2. Stepaniants 2002, p. 163
  3. Boyce 2001, p. 148
  4. Dr. Daryush Jahanian, "The History of Zoroastrians After Arab Invasion", European Centre for Zoroastrian Studies (archived from the original), https://web.archive.org/web/20090414093548/http://www.gatha.org/english/articles/000258.html. 
  5. Hamid Wahed Alikuzai, A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 Trafford Publishing, 2013. 1490714413. p.120
  6. "Swat: an Afghan society in Pakistan : urbanisation and change in tribal environment", City Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9tAAAAMAAJ&q=dard+people+swati&dq=dard+people+swati&lr=&cd=1. 
  7. "Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes. Around 700 CE, Arab invaders swept through the region now known as Afghanistan, destroying or forcibly converting the population to their new Islamic religion. Refugees from the invaders fled into the higher valleys to escape the onslaught. In their mountain strongholds, the Nuristani escaped conversion conversion to Islam and retained their ancient religion and culture. The surrounding Muslim peoples used the name Kafir, meaning "unbeliever" or "infidel," to describe the independent Nuristani tribes and called their highland homeland Kafiristan.", Minahan, James B., "Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia" (in English), ABC-CLIO, p. 205, ISBN 9781610690188 
  8. Peter Roudik. The History of the Central Asian Republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-313-34013-0, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=-8_3jbZU9ikC&pg=PT48&dq=sogdian+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUpcz5uu3OAhXJ0RQKHeXYCoEQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=sogdian%20islam&f=false. 
  9. Robert Morgan History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress, 21-Sep-2016. ISBN 9781460280270 p.203-205
  10. Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. pp. 479–. ISBN 978-986-81419-8-8.
  11. Zhang, Longxi; Schneider, Axel, eds. (7 June 2013). "Lecture 4 The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for its Sealing". Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang. Brill's Humanities in China Library. 5. BRILL. pp. 132–. ISBN 90-04-25233-9.
  12. Afghanistan: a new history By Martin Ewans Edition: 2, illustrated Published by Routledge, 2002, Page 15, ISBN 0-415-29826-1, ISBN 978-0-415-29826-1
  13. Lal, K. S. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India(1000-1800) (1973) pp. 211–217.
  14. See the Wikipedia article on Lal's book Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India for a summary of the criticisms by Digby and Habib
  15. Kantor, Máttis (2005-11-01). Codex Judaica: Chronological index of Jewish history, covering 5,764 years of Biblical, Talmudic & post-Talmudic history. Zichron Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-9670378-3-7.
  16. (Fletcher, Richard (2006-05-05). Moorish Spain. University of California Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-520-24840-3.)
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Bibliography

See also