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Coran, hadith et savants : Le viol de captives, de femme libres et esclaves

2024-03-31T23:11:29Z

Tharpa: Capital punishment refers only to execution, so the existing text was self-contradictory.

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Rape, or az-[[zina]] bil jabr (الزنا بالجبر), is a crime under Islamic law, and the perpetrator is subject to the [[w:hudud|hudud]], punishments such as whipping and execution. The Islamic understanding of rape, though, differs markedly from the understanding of rape present in modern codes of law. "Maa malakat 'aymaanakum"ما ملكت أيمانكم" or "what your right hand possess", that is, [[Slavery in Islamic Law|slaves]], do not have the right to refuse the sexual advances of their owners, and likewise for women taken as booty by victorious Muslim warriors. Wives, likewise, do not have the right to refuse the sexual advances of their husbands. As such, the rape of slaves and wives is not considered unlawful in [[Islamic law]]. Almost to emphasise the point, the rape of the slaves of other men is treated as property damage, not as zina bil jabr deserving a [[w:hadd|hadd]] punishment.

==Qur'an==

{{quote | {{cite quran|2|222|end=223|style=ref}} |
They ask thee concerning women's courses. Say: They are a hurt and a pollution: So keep away from women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean. '''But when they have purified themselves, ye may approach them in any manner, time, or place ordained for you by Allah'''.

"Your women are a tilth for you (to cultivate) '''so go to your tilth as ye will''', and send (good deeds) before you for your souls, and fear Allah, and know that ye will (one day) meet Him. Give glad tidings to believers, (O Muhammad)."}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|3}}| If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, '''or (a captive) that your right hands possess.'''}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}| "Also (prohibited are) women already married, '''except those whom your right hands possess''': Thus hath Allah ordained (Prohibitions) against you: Except for these, all others are lawful, provided ye seek (them in marriage) with gifts from your property,- desiring chastity, not lust, seeing that ye derive benefit from them, give them their dowers (at least) as prescribed; but if, after a dower is prescribed, agree Mutually (to vary it), there is no blame on you, and Allah is All-knowing, All-wise."}}

{{quote | {{cite quran|23|5|end=6|style=ref}} |
Who abstain from sex, '''Except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess''',- for (in their case) they are free from blame,}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}|O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; '''and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war''' whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess;- in order that there should be no difficulty for thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.}}

{{quote | {{cite quran|70|22|end=30|style=ref}} |
"Not so the worshippers, who are steadfast in prayer, who set aside a due portion of their wealth for the beggar and for the deprived, who truly believe in the Day of Reckoning and dread the punishment of their Lord (for none is secure from the punishment of their Lord); who restrain their carnal desire (save with their wives '''and their slave girls''', for these are lawful to them: he that lusts after other than these is a transgressor..."}}

==Hadith==

===Raping Prisoners of War===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|459}}|Narrated Ibn Muhairiz:

I entered the Mosque and saw Abu Said Al-Khudri and sat beside him and asked him about Al-Azl (i.e. coitus interruptus). Abu Said said, "We went out with Allah's Apostle for the Ghazwa of Banu Al-Mustaliq and we received captives from among the Arab captives and we desired women and celibacy became hard on us and we loved to do coitus interruptus. So when we intended to do coitus interrupt us, we said, 'How can we do coitus interruptus before asking Allah's Apostle who is present among us?" We asked (him) about it and he said, 'It is better for you not to do so, for if any soul (till the Day of Resurrection) is predestined to exist, it will exist."}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (Allah her pleased with him) reported that at the Battle of Hanain Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, the Companions of Allah's Messenger (may peace te upon him) seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess (iv. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3433}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) sent a small army. The rest of the hadith is the same except this that he said: Except what your right hands possessout of them are lawful for you; and he did not mention" when their 'idda period comes to an end". This hadith has been reported on the authority of AbuSa'id (al-Khudri) (Allah be pleased with him) through another chain of transmitters and the words are: They took captives (women) on the day of Autas who had their husbands. They were afraid (to have sexual intercourse with them) when this verse was revealed:" And women already married except those whom you right hands posses" (iv. 24)}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3371}}|"Abu Sirma said to Abu Sa'id al Khadri (Allah he pleased with him): 0 Abu Sa'id, did you hear Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) mentioning al-'azl? He said: Yes, and added: We went out with Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) on the expedition to the Bi'l-Mustaliq and took captive some excellent Arab women; and we desired them, for we were suffering from the absence of our wives, (but at the same time) we also desired ransom for them. So we decided to have sexual intercourse with them but by observing 'azl (Interruptus Coitus - Withdrawing the male sexual organ before emission of semen to avoid-conception). But we said: We are doing an act whereas Allah's Messenger is amongst us; why not ask him? So we asked Allah's Mes- senger (may peace be upon him), and he said: It does not matter if you do not do it, for every soul that is to be born up to the Day of Resurrection will be born."}}

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2155|darussalam}}|"Abu Sa’id al-Khudri said: The Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives because of their pagan husbands. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Qur’anic verse: “And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess.” That is to say, they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period."}}

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|11|2153}}; see also [https://quranx.com/Hadith/AbuDawud/Hasan/Hadith-2154 Abu Dawud 2154]|Narrated Ruwayfi' ibn Thabit al-Ansari: Should I tell you what I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say on the day of Hunayn: It is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the last day to water what another has sown with his water (meaning intercourse with women who are pregnant); it is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the Last Day to have intercourse with a captive woman '''till''' she is free from a menstrual course; and it is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the Last Day to sell spoil till it is divided.}}

===Raping Slaves===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|77|600}}|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: That while he was sitting with the Prophet a man from the Ansar came and said, "O Allah's Apostle! We get slave girls from the war captives and we love property; what do you think about coitus interruptus?" Allah's Apostle said, "Do you do that? It is better for you not to do it, for there is no soul which Allah has ordained to come into existence but will be created."}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|34|432}}|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri:

that while he was sitting with Allah's Apostle he said, "O Allah's Apostle! We get female captives as our share of booty, and we are interested in their prices, what is your opinion about coitus interrupt us?" The Prophet said, "Do you really do that? It is better for you not to do it. No soul that which Allah has destined to exist, but will surely come into existence.}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3383}}|Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported that a man came to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and said: '''I have a slave-girl who is our servant and she carries water for us and I have intercourse with her, but I do not want her to conceive. He said: Practise 'azl, if you so like''', but what is decreed for her will come to her. The person stayed back (for some time) and then came and said: The girl has become pregnant, whereupon he said:I told you what was decreed for her would come to her.}}

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|31|4006}}|Narrated Mu'awiyah ibn Haydah: I said: Apostle of Allah, from whom should we conceal our private parts and to whom can we show? He replied: conceal your private parts '''except from your wife and from whom your right hands possess (slave-girls)'''...}}

===Punishments for Raping Slaves (Owned by Someone Else)===

The below hadith concerns slaves owned by someone other than the rapist; in the case of such a rape, reparations are due to the owner in the form of a replacement slave or the amount by which the slave's value has been depreciated. The authenticity of hadiths concerning this incident are graded da'if (weak) by al-Albani, while Dar-us-Salam grade them hasan (good).

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3365}}|It was narrated that Salamah bin Al-Muhabbaq said: "The Prophet passed judgment concerning a man who had intercourse with his wife's slave woman: 'If he forced her, then she is free, and he has to give her mistress a similar slave as a replacement; if she obeyed him in that, then she belongs to him, and he has to give her mistress a similar slave as a replacement.'"}}

The same hadith is found in {{Abudawud|38|4445}}.

In another version of the incident, the rapist of his wife's slave is to be punished by stoning.

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3362}}|It was narrated from An-Nu'man bin Bashir that the Prophet said, concerning a man who had intercourse with his wife's slave woman: "If she let him do that, I will flog him with one hundred stripes , and if she did not let him, I will stone him (to death)."}}

The same hadith in found in {{Abudawud|38|4444}}.

Additionally, Malik in his Muwatta is reported as commenting:

{{Quote|{{Muwatta|36||14}}|Malik related to me from Ibn Shihab that Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan gave a judgment that the rapist had to pay the raped woman her bride-price ([[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]]). Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "What is done in our community about the man who rapes a woman, virgin or non-virgin, if she is free, is that he must pay the bride-price of the like of her. If she is a slave, he must pay what he has diminished of her worth. The hadd-punishment in such cases is applied to the rapist, and there is no punishment applied to the raped woman. If the rapist is a slave, that is against his master unless he wishes to surrender him.}}

The mention of paying the depreciation in her value implies that as with the other hadiths, this concerns only slaves owned by someone else rather than by the rapist.

===Punishment for Rape of a Free Woman===
{{Quote|{{al Tirmidhi|15|3|15|1454}}|Narrated 'Alqamah bin Wa'il Al-Kindi:
From his father: "A women went out during the time of the Prophet (ﷺ) to go to Salat, but she was caught by a man and he had relations with her, so she screamed and he left. Then a man came across her and she said: 'That man has done this and that to me', then she came across a group of Emigrants (Muhajirin) and she said: 'That man did this and that to me.' They went to get the man she thought had relations with her, and they brought him to her. She said: 'Yes, that's him.' So they brought him to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and when he ordered that he be stoned, the man who had relations with her, said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I am the one who had relations with her.' So he said to her: 'Go, for Allah has forgiven you.' Then he said some nice words to the man (who was brought). And he said to the man who had relations with her: 'Stone him.' Then he said: 'He has repented a repentance that, if the inhabitants of Al-Madinah had repented with, it would have been accepted from them.'"
}}

==Scholars==

===Classical Views===

{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=10797 The Prohibition of Taking Two Sisters as Rival Wives (Qur'an 4:24)] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2= ''Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess.'' The Ayah means, you are prohibited from marrying women who are already married, ''except those whom your right hands possess'', except those whom you acquire through war, for you are allowed such women after making sure they are not pregnant. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri said, "We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah was revealed, ''Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess''. Consequently, we had sexual relations with these women." This is the wording collected by At-Tirmidhi An-Nasa'i, Ibn Jarir and Muslim in his Sahih.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24] Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2= And, forbidden to you are, wedded women, those with spouses, that you should marry them before they have left their spouses, be they Muslim free women or not; save what your right hands own, of captured [slave] girls, whom you may have sexual intercourse with, even if they should have spouses among the enemy camp, but only after they have been absolved of the possibility of pregnancy [after the completion of one menstrual cycle]...}}

{{Quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24] Tafsir 'Ibn Abbas|2=
And all married women (are forbidden unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess of captives, even if they have husbands in the Abode of War, after ascertaining that they are not pregnant, by waiting for the lapse of one period of menstruation....}}

{{Quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=86&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24] Tafsir al-Wahidi |2=''And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess…'' [4:24]. Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Bunani informed us through Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri who said: “We had captured female prisoners of war on the day of Awtas and because they were already married we disliked having any physical relationship with them. Then we asked the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, about them. And the verse, ''And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess'', was then revealed, '''as a result of which we consider it lawful to have a physical relationship with them”.''' Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn al-Harith informed us through ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ja‘far through Abu Yahya through Sahl ibn ‘Uthman through ‘Abd al-Rahim through Ash‘ath ibn Sawwar through ‘Uthman al-Batti through Abu’l-Khalil through Abu Sa‘id who said: “When the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, captured the people of Awtas as prisoners of war we said: ‘O Prophet of Allah! How can we possibly have physical relationships with women whose lineage and husband we know very well?’ And so this verse was revealed: ''And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess''”. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Farisi informed us through Muhammad ibn ‘Isa ibn ‘Amrawayh through Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Sufyan through Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj through ‘Ubayd Allah ibn ‘Umar al-Qawariri through Yazid ibn Zuray‘through Sa‘id ibn Abi ‘Arubah through Qatadah through Abu Salih Abu Khalil through Abu ‘Alqamah al-Hashimi through Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri who reported that on the day of Hunayn the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, sent an army to Awtas. This army met the enemy in a battle, defeated them and captured many female prisoners from them. But some of the Companions of the Messenger, Allah bless him and give him peace, were uncomfortable about having physical relations with these prisoners because they had husbands who were idolaters, and so Allah, exalted is He, revealed about this: ''And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess''.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.bysiness.co.uk/Classical_Other/hedaya.htm The Hidaya (ref. 11, p. 141)] Sheikh Burhanuddin Abi Al Hasan Ali Marghinani|But not if she be refractory.—If a wife be disobedient or refractory and go abroad without her husband’s consent, she is not entitled to any support from him, until she return and make submission, because the rejection of the matrimonial restraint in this instance originates with her; but when she returns home, she is then subject to it, for which reason she again becomes entitled to her support as before. It is otherwise where a woman, residing in the house of her husband, refuses to admit him to the conjugal embrace, as she is entitled to maintenance, notwithstanding her opposition, because being then in his power, he may, if he please, enjoy her by force.}}

{{Quote|The Hidaya p.599. Archived at [https://archive.org/details/TheHedayaCommentaryOnIslamicLawsByShyakhBurhanuddinAbuBakrAlMarghinani]|A man may view his wife or his slave in any part.—It is lawful for a man to look at his slave girl in any part, provided he be not related him within the prohibited degrees; and also at his wife in any part, even in the pudenda, if he pleases; because the Prophet said, “shut your eyes from all excepting your wives and female slaves.” Nevertheless, it is most becoming that a husband and wife should neither of them look at the genital parts of the other, as the Prophet gas said, “when ye copulate with women of your own tribe, you must conceal as much s possible; and be not then naked, as that savours too much of the custom of asses.” }}

{{Quote|The Hidaya p.600. Archived at [https://archive.org/details/TheHedayaCommentaryOnIslamicLawsByShyakhBurhanuddinAbuBakrAlMarghinani]|'''A man may gratify his passion with his female slave in whatever way he pleases- It is lawful for a man to perform the act of Azil (i.e. coitus interruptus) with his female slave without her consent,''' whereas he cannot lawfully do so by his wife unless with her permission. –The reason of this is that the Prophet has forbidden the act of Azil with a free woman without her consent but has permitted it to a master in the case of his female slave. Besides, carnal connexion is the right of a free woman for the gratifying of her passion, and the propagation of children (whence it is that a wife is at liberty to reject a husband who is an eunuch or impotent); whereas a slave possesses no such right.—A man, therefore, is not at liberty to injure the right of his wife, whereas a master is absolute with respect to his slave. If, also, a man should marry the female slave of another, he must not perform the act of Azil with her without the consent of her master. }}

===Modern Views===

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/33597 Husband forcing his wife to have intercourse] Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 33597|2=''Question:'' Is it permissible for a man to force his wife or slave to have intercourse if she refuses?.

''Answer:'' Praise be to Allaah.

The woman does not have the right to refuse her husband, rather she must respond to his request every time he calls her, so long as that will not harm her or keep her from doing an obligatory duty.

Al-Bukhaari (3237) and Muslim (1436) narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If a man calls his wife to his bed and she refuses, and he spends the night angry with her, the angels curse her until morning.”

If she refuses with no excuse, she is disobeying and is being defiant (nushooz), and he is no longer obliged to spend on her and clothe her.

The husband should admonish her and remind her of the punishment of Allaah, and forsake her in her bed. He also has the right to hit her, in a manner that does not cause injury. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“As to those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next) refuse to share their beds, (and last) beat them (lightly, if it is useful); but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance). Surely, Allaah is Ever Most High, Most Great”

[al-Nisa’ 4:34]

Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked what a husband should do if his wife refuses him when he asks for intimacy.

He replied:

It is not permissible for her to rebel against him or to withhold herself from him, rather if she refuses him and persists in doing so, he may hit her in a manner that does not cause injury, and she is not entitled to spending or a share of his time [in the case of plural marriage].” Majmoo’ al-Fataawa, 32/279.

And he was asked about a man who has a wife who is rebellious and refuses intimacy – does she forfeit the right to maintenance and clothing, and what should she do?

He replied:

She forfeits her right to maintenance and clothing if she does not let him be intimate with her. He has the right to hit her if she persists in being defiant. It is not permissible for her to refuse intimacy if he asks for that, rather she is disobeying Allaah and His Messenger (by refusing). In al-Saheeh it says: “If a man calls his wife to his bed and she refuses, the One Who is in heaven will be angry with her until morning comes.”

From Majmoo’ al-Fataawa, 32/278. The hadeeth was narrated by Muslim, 1736.

So the wife should be admonished first, and warned against defiance (nushooz) and of the anger of Allaah and the curse of the angels. If she does not respond, then the husband should forsake her in her bed, and if she does not respond to that, then he may hit her in a manner that does not cause injury. If none of these steps are effective, then he may stop spending on her maintenance and clothing, and he has the right to divorce her or to allow her to separate from him by khula’ in return for some financial settlement, such as giving up the mahr.

Similarly a slave woman does not have the right to refuse her master’s requests unless she has a valid excuse. If she does that she is being disobedient and he has the right to discipline her in whatever manner he thinks is appropriate and is allowed in sharee’ah.

And Allaah knows best.}}

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2011-06-13}} Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife] Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005|2=''Question:'' Could you please clarify for me something that has been troubling me for a while. This concerns the right of a man to have sexual relations with slave girls. Is this so? If it is then is the man allowed to have relations with her as well his wife/wives. Also, is it true that a man can have sexual relations with any number of slave girls and with their own wife/wives also? I have read that Hazrat Ali had 17 slave girls and Hazrat Umar also had many. Surely if a man were allowed this freedom then this could lead to neglecting the wife's needs. Could you also tell clarify wether the wife has got any say in this matter.

''Answer:'' Praise be to Allaah.

Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married.

A slave woman with whom a man has intercourse is known as a sariyyah (concubine) from the word sirr, which means marriage.

This is indicated by the Qur’aan and Sunnah, and this was done by the Prophets. Ibraaheem (peace be upon him) took Haajar as a concubine and she bore him Ismaa’eel (may peace be upon them all).

Our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) also did that, as did the Sahaabah, the righteous and the scholars. The scholars are unanimously agreed on that and it is not permissible for anyone to regard it as haraam or to forbid it. Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars.

Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan girls then marry (other) women of your choice, two or three, or four; but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one or (slaves) that your right hands possess. That is nearer to prevent you from doing injustice”

[al-Nisa’ 4:3]
What is meant by “or (slaves) that your right hands possess” is slave women whom you own.

And Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“O Prophet (Muhammad)! Verily, We have made lawful to you your wives, to whom you have paid their Mahr (bridal‑money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), and those (slaves) whom your right hand possesses — whom Allaah has given to you, and the daughters of your ‘Amm (paternal uncles) and the daughters of your ‘Ammaat (paternal aunts) and the daughters of your Khaal (maternal uncles) and the daughters of your Khaalaat (maternal aunts) who migrated (from Makkah) with you, and a believing woman if she offers herself to the Prophet, and the Prophet wishes to marry her a privilege for you only, not for the (rest of) the believers. Indeed We know what We have enjoined upon them about their wives and those (slaves) whom their right hands possess, in order that there should be no difficulty on you. And Allaah is Ever Oft‑Forgiving, Most Merciful”

[al-Ahzaab 33:50]

“And those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts from illegal sexual acts).

Except from their wives or the (women slaves) whom their right hands possess for (then) they are not blameworthy.

But whosoever seeks beyond that, then it is those who are trespassers”
[al-Ma’aarij 70:29-31]

Al-Tabari said:

Allaah says, “And those who guard their chastity” i.e., protect their private parts from doing everything that Allaah has forbidden, but they are not to blame if they do not guard their chastity from their wives or from the female slaves whom their rights hands possess.

Tafseer al-Tabari, 29/84

Ibn Katheer said:

Taking a concubine as well as a wife is permissible according to the law of Ibraaheem (peace be upon him). Ibraaheem did that with Haajar, when he took her as a concubine when he was married to Saarah.

Tafseer Ibn Katheer, 1/383

And Ibn Katheer also said:

The phrase “and those (slaves) whom your right hand possesses — whom Allaah has given to you” [al-Ahzaab 33:50] means, it is permissible for you take concubines from among those whom you seized as war booty. He took possession of Safiyyah and Juwayriyah and he freed them and married them; he took possession of Rayhaanah bint Sham’oon al-Nadariyyah and Maariyah al-Qibtiyyah, the mother of his son Ibraaheem (peace be upon them both), and they were among his concubines, may Allaah be pleased with them both.

Tafseer Ibn Katheer, 3/500

The scholars are unanimously agreed that it is permissible.

Ibn Qudaamah said:

There is no dispute (among the scholars) that it is permissible to take concubines and to have intercourse with one's slave woman, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“And those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts from illegal sexual acts).

Except from their wives or the (women slaves) whom their right hands possess for (then) they are not blameworthy.”

[al-Ma’aarij 70:29-30]

Maariyah al-Qibtiyyah was the umm walad (a slave woman who bore her master a child) of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and she was the mother of Ibraaheem, the son of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), of whom he said, “Her son set her free.” Haajar, the mother of Isma’eel (peace be upon him), was the concubine of Ibraaheem the close friend (khaleel) of the Most Merciful (peace be upon him). ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab (may Allaah be pleased with him) had a number of slave women who bore him children, to each of whom he left four hundred in his will. ‘Ali (may Allaah be pleased with him) had slave women who bore him children, as did many of the Sahaabah. ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn, al-Qaasim ibn Muhammad and Saalim ibn ‘Abd-Allaah were all born from slave mothers

Al-Mughni, 10/441

Al-Shaafa’i (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:

Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“And those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts from illegal sexual acts).

Except from their wives or the (women slaves) whom their right hands possess for (then) they are not blameworthy.”

[al-Ma’aarij 70:29-30]

The Book of Allaah indicates that the sexual relationships that are permitted are only of two types, either marriage or those (women slaves) whom one’s right hand possesses.

Al-Umm, 5/43.

The wife has no right to object to her husband owning female slaves or to his having intercourse with them.

And Allaah knows best.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/20802/Azl Intercourse with a slave woman is not regarded as zina (adultery)] Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 20802|2=''Question:'' Hadith 3.718 : I saw Abu Said and asked him about coitus interrupts. Abu Said said, "We went with Allah's Apostle, in the Ghazwa of Bani Al-Mustaliq and we captured some of the 'Arabs as captives, and the long separation from our wives was pressing us hard and we wanted to practice coitus interruptus. We asked Allah's Apostle (whether it was permissible). He said, "It is better for you not to do so. No soul, (that Allah has) destined to exist, up to the Day of Resurrection, but will definitely come into existence."

Does this mean that the Companions of the Prophet (SAW) didn't commit adultery when they practiced 'azl with the captive girls?.

''Answer:'' Praise be to Allaah.

Firstly:

This hadeeth was narrated by al-Bukhaari (2542) from Ibn Muhayreez who said: I saw Abu Sa’eed (may Allaah be pleased with him) and I asked him. He said: We went out with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) on the campaign of Banu al-Mustaliq, and we captured some prisoners from among the Arabs. We desired women and the period of abstention was hard for us, and we wanted to engage in ‘azl (coitus interruptus). We asked the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he said, “There is no point in doing that, for there is no soul which Allaah has decreed should exist until the Day of Resurrection but it will come into existence.”
According to another report, They captured some female prisoners and wanted to be intimate with them without them becoming pregnant. They asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about ‘azl and he said, “There is no point in doing that, for Allaah has decreed who should be created until the Day of Resurrection.”

This hadeeth was also narrated by Muslim (1438), whose version says: We captured some women of the Arabs and we had been abstinent for a long time; and we wanted to be able to sell them, but we wanted to engage in intimacy with coitus interruptus. We said, “Shall we do that when the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is among us without asking him about it?” So we asked the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he said, “There is no point in doing that, for Allaah has not decreed that any soul should be created until the Day of Resurrection but it will come into existence.”

It may be understood from the hadeeth that those who wanted to engage in ‘azl did so for two reasons: they did not want the women to become pregnant, and they wanted to be able to sell them – if a slave woman got pregnant she could not be sold.

It may also be understood that ‘azl (coitus interruptus) does not change anything. If Allaah decrees that a child should be born, water (semen) will come out before the man realizes it.

Secondly:

Allaah has permitted intimacy with a slave woman if the man owns her. This is not regarded as adultery as suggested in the question. Allaah says, describing the believers (interpretation of the meaning):

“those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts, from illegal sexual acts)

Except from their wives or (the slaves) that their right hands possess,__ for then, they are free from blame”

[al-Mu’minoon 23:5]

What is meant by “those whom their right hands possess” is slave women or concubines. See also question no. 10382, 12562.

Once this is understood, it should be noted that what is suggested in the question, that this was zina, never occurred to the Sahaabah (may Allaah be pleased with them). What they were asking about was the ruling on practicing ‘azl with the slave women whom they had acquired in the course of jihad.

Moreover ‘azl may be done with a concubine or with a wife, if she agrees to that. See question no. 11885.

And Allaah knows best.}}

{{Quote|1=Dr Aamir Liaqat Hussain, Pakistan's minister of state for religious affairs|2=[It is] un-Islamic to stop husbands from having sex with their wives even if they were doing so without their consent.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\08\26\story_26-8-2006_pg1_7 No, it is unIslamic to stop husbands: Aamir] - Daily Times, August 26, 2006. Copy available at [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1690398/posts]</ref>}}

{{Quote|1=Malaysia's Perak state mufti Harussani Zakaria|2=A husband has the right to be intimate with his wife and the wife must obey. If the wife refuses, then the rule of 'nusyuz' (disobedient) applies and the husband is not required to provide financial assistance to her.<ref>[http://www.aegis.com/news/afp/2004/AF040874.html Row erupts in Malaysia over marital rape] - Agence France-Presse, August 23, 2004</ref>}}

{{Quote|[[Video: Shaykh al-Huwayni: "When I want a sex slave, I just go to the market and choose the woman I like and purchase her"|"When I want a sex slave, I just go to the market and choose the woman I like and purchase her"]] Shaykh Abu-Ishaq al-Huwayni, al-Hikma TV, May 22, 2011|It is clear that offensive jihad, which I was talking about in that interview, that its purpose is to call people to Islam, and it is not permissible for anyone to hide the divine guidance from the people, under any name. They rejected Islam and the jizya, that's it. The Prophet (PBUH) said: "If they refuse, then seek Allah's aid and fight them." If fighting occurs, there is going to be a winner and a loser. If the army of the Muslims is victorious, it will take spoils. Taking spoils is a fixed ruling in the Qur'an. Allah permitted it at the day of the Battle of Badr, as it is (recorded) in Surat al-Anfal. Allah Almighty said: "And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah,- and to the Messenger, and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer,- if ye do believe in Allah and in the revelation We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Testing,- the Day of the meeting of the two forces. For Allah hath power over all things" [Qur'an 8:41].

This (position) on spoils is clear. There is also the saying in the two Sahihs [Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim] from Abi-Hurayra, the first of which is, "One among the prophets (PBUH) raided..." In the other hadith from Yush'a bin Nun, the Prophet (PBUH) said, "When Allah saw our weakness, he made it permissible for us," meaning spoils. The Prophet (PBUH) said, "Spoils were not permitted for any masters besides you." Allah Almighty forbade (the taking of) spoils for all nations before us. He permitted it on the day of the Battle of Badr, as agreed to by all scholars. Not a single Muslim scholar has a problem with this.

'Spoils' refers to what? It refers to people and wealth. The people are those who are taken prisoner. I want to say that it is not at all permissible to take prisoners from among Muslims, even if they are heretics, because the rule for Muslims is that they are free, and not prisoners. Jihad, as I stated in the beginning, is between Muslims and non-Muslims, from among the infidels. But if two Muslims fought each other, like from Iraq and Iran for example; if Iraq invaded Iran to occupy it, it would not be permissible for an Iraqi man to take a Shi'ite woman captive, because she is Muslim, even though she's a heretic. Likewise if Iran invaded Iraq, it would not be permissible for one of their men to take a Muslim woman captive, because she is free.

Therefore jihad is only between Muslims and infidels. That between Muslims and Muslims is called oppression, or fighting: "If two parties among the believers fall into a quarrel..." [Qur'an 49:9]. They are called 'believers,' and this name is not taken from them, even though they are fighting. "If one of them transgresses beyond bounds against the other, then fight ye (all) against the one that transgresses..." Here they are called transgressors, but the name of believers is still not taken away from them. In the verse directly following this one, Allah Almighty says: "The believers are but a single brotherhood..." They were brothers, even though a party of them transgressed against the other, and some of them fought each other. But the name of believers was not taken from them.

Do you understand what I'm saying? Spoils, slaves, and prisoners are only to be taken in war between Muslims and infidels. Muslims in the past conquered, invaded, and took over countries. This is agreed to by all scholars--there is no disagreement on this from any of them, from the smallest to the largest, on the issue of taking spoils and prisoners. The prisoners and spoils are distributed among the fighters, which includes men, women, children, wealth, and so on.

When a slave market is erected, which is a market in which are sold slaves and sex-slaves, which are called in the Qur'an by the name milk al-yamin, "that which your right hands possess" [Qur'an 4:24]. This is a verse from the Qur'an which is still in force, and has not been abrogated. The milk al-yamin are the sex-slaves. You go to the market, look at the sex-slave, and buy her. She becomes like your wife, (but) she doesn't need a (marriage) contract or a divorce like a free woman, nor does she need a wali. All scholars agree on this point--there is no disagreement from any of them.

These are called slaves. The Prophet (PBUH) talked about them in the hadith narrated by al-Bukhari in his Book of Jihad: "Allah is delighted at a people who enter the Garden in chains." Also as narrated by Abu-Dawud: "They are led to the Garden in chains." Naturally, many people might not understand someone being jerked along in chains in order to enter the Garden. This is because all people, even the worst of the unbelievers, say the garden is for them and no others. They run to the Garden without anybody pulling them in chains.

The meaning of the hadith is this: these slaves were in a religion other than Islam. However, when they were conquered, and defeated, and taken prisoner, they came to live in the land of Islam. Then when they witnessed the justice, compassion, and mercy of Islam, they became Muslims. These did not convert to Islam except in the chains of war. If they had not been chained, bound, and had their freedom taken from them, they would not have converted to Islam. Therefore this hadith is referring to these slaves.

I am very shocked and surprised at those who say that we permit slavery. We don't call people to become slaves. In fact, there are vows to free the necks (i.e. slaves). The same Islam which permits us to take slaves, also urges us to free their necks. . . . 
When I want a sex slave, I just go to the market and choose the woman I like and purchase her. I choose the man I like, one with strong muscles, or if I want a boy to work in the house, and so forth. I choose one, and pay him a wage. I employ him in a variety of different tasks, then I sell him afterwards. Now, the country that I entered and took captive its men and women--does it not also have money, gold, and silver? Is that not money? When I say that jihad--offensive jihad--with the well-known conditions that I already mentioned from the hadith of the Prophet (PBUH), from the hadith of Burayda in Sahih Muslim, the coffers of the Muslims were full. Would someone who is pious and intelligent--would he say that this is a type of poverty? Or that it is a type of wealth? No--this will fill the coffers of the Muslims with riches and wealth, but as we said, with the recognized conditions.}}

{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islam.tc/ask-imam/view.php?q=10896|title= Recently I saw a question on the status of women taken as prisoners during Jihad|publisher= Ask-Imam.com|author= Mufti Ebrahim Desai|date= |series=Fatwa No. 10896|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071213134624%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fask-imam%2Fview.php%3Fq%3D10896&date=2015-02-20|deadurl=yes}}|In the "Jihads" (Islamic wars) that took place, women were also, at times, taken as prisoners of war by the Muslim warriors. These women captives used to be distributed as part of the booty among the soldiers, after their return to Islamic territory. Each soldier was then entitled to have relations ONLY with the slave girl over whom he was given the RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP and NOT with those slave girls that were not in his possession. This RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP was given to him by the "Ameerul-Mu'mineen" (Head of the Islamic state.) Due to this right of ownership, it became lawful for the owner of a slave girl to have intercourse with her.

It may, superficially, appear distasteful to copulate with a woman who is not a man's legal wife, but once Shariah makes something lawful, we have to accept it as lawful, whether it appeals to our taste, or not; and whether we know its underlying wisdom or not. It is necessary for a Muslim to be acquainted with the laws of Shariah, but it is not necessary for him to delve into each law in order to find the underlying wisdom of these laws because knowledge of the wisdom of some of the laws may be beyond his puny comprehension. Allah Ta'ala has said in the Holy
Quraan: "Wa maa ooteetum min al-ilm illaa qaleelan" which means, more or less, that, "You have been given a very small portion of knowledge". Hence, if a person fails to comprehend the underlying wisdom of any law of Shariah, he cannot regard it as a fault of Shariah (Allah forbid), on the contrary, it is the fault of his own perception and lack of understanding, because no law of Shariah is contradictory to wisdom.

Nevertheless, the wisdom underlying the permission granted by Shariah to copulate with a slave woman is as follows: The LEGAL possession that a Muslim receives over a slave woman from the "Ameerul-Mu'mineen" (the Islamic Head of State) gives him legal credence to have coition with the slave woman in his possession, just as the marriage ceremony gives him legal credence to have coition with his wife. In other words, this LEGAL POSSESSION is, in effect, a SUBSTITUTE of the MARRIAGE CEREMONY. A free woman cannot be 'possessed', bought or sold like other possessions; therefore Shariah instituted a 'marriage ceremony' in which affirmation and consent takes place, which gives a man the right to copulate with her. On the other hand, a slave girl can be possessed and even bought and sold, thus, this right of possession, substituting as a marriage ceremony, entitles the owner to copulate with her. A similar example can be found in the slaughtering of animals; that after a formal slaughtering process, in which the words, "Bismillahi Allahu Akbar" are recited, goats, cows, etc.; become "Halaal" and lawful for consumption, whereas fish becomes "Halaal" merely through 'possession' which substitutes for the slaughtering.

In other words, just as legal possession of a fish that has been fished out of the water, makes it Halaal for human consumption without the initiation of a formal slaughtering process; similarly legal possession of a slave woman made her Halaal for the purpose of coition with her owner without the initiation of a formal marriage ceremony.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.al-islam.org/quran/process.asp?tArabic=on&tAliCommentary=on&Sura=4&SavedSura=1&fAya=24&tAya=24&searchText=&arabicdisplay=windows Qur'an 4:24] Pooya/M.A. Ali|2=
"Save those whom your right hands own" signifies "such married women as shall come in your possession as prisoners of war". Such women, when not taken back on payment of ransom or through negotiation, are lawful as wives, even though their previous marriage has not been formally dissolved, provided the infidel woman becomes a Muslim.}}

{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islam.tc/cgi-bin/askimam/ask.pl?q=14421&act=view|title= What is a slave girls in islam?|publisher= Ask-Imam.com|author= Mufti Ebrahim Desai|date= |series=Fatwa No. 14421|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101027002420%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fcgi-bin%2Faskimam%2Fask.pl%3Fq%3D14421%26act%3Dview&date=2015-02-20|deadurl=yes}}|One question that still remains is whether slavery still legally prevails anywhere in the Islamic world and whether it can be successfully implemented in this age…. Firstly, the prisoners have to be captured in 'Jihaad' in the true sense of the word.….. According to Islamic Law, captive female prisoners are also part and parcel of the booty. One fifth of the booty has to be first distributed to the needy, orphans, etc. The remaining four-fifths should then be distributed among the soldiers who participated in the war. The distribution can only take effect after the booty is brought into Islamic territory. The Ameerul-Mu'mineen (Head of the Islamic State) remains the guardian of the female prisoners until he allocates them to the soldiers. Only after a soldier has been allotted a slave girl, and made the owner of her, will she become his lawful possession. After she spends a period called 'Istibraa', which is the elapse of one menstrual period, it becomes permissible for her owner to have relations with her.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=4&verse=23&to=25 Qur'an 4:24] Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafhim al-Qur'an|2=
That is, those women who become prisoners of war, while their unbelieving husbands are left behind in the War Zone, are not unlawful because their marriage ties are broken by the fact that they have come from the War Zone into the Islamic Zone. It is lawful to marry such women, and it is also lawful for those, in whose possession they are, to have sexual relations with them. There is, however, a difference of opinion as to whether such a woman is lawful, if her husband is also taken a prisoner along with her. Imam Abu Hanifah and those of his way of thinking are of the opinion that the marriage tie of such a pair would remain intact but Imam Malik and Shafi 'i, are of the opinion that it would also break.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/61CTgEdhT A daughter accusing her father of sexual abuse] Islamweb, Fatwa No. 156817, May 18, 2011|2=''Question:'' A 14 yr old girl has accused her father of sexually abuse since the age of 9 and also of rape. The mother of the girl says the father has admitted the abuse but not the rape. The father is now flatly denying that anything happened and says the mother has misunderstood what he said. The girl is still adamant that it all took place and by the way the man is on bail. How would this be dealt with according to Islamic law?

''Answer:'' All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.

It is an abominable sin that a father sexually abuses his daughter and it is even more abominable if he rapes her. If he does so with any girl, it is strictly forbidden, let alone him doing so with his own daughter.

However, it is not permissible to accuse the father of rape without evidence. Indeed, the Sharee’ah put some special conditions for proving Zina (fornication or adultery) that are not required in case of other crimes. The crime of Zina is not confirmed except if the fornicator admits it, or with the testimony of four trustworthy men, while the testimony of women is not accepted.

Hence, the statement of this girl or the statement of her mother in itself does not Islamically prove anything against the father, especially that the latter denies it.

Therefore, if this daughter has no evidence to prove that her accusations are true, she should not have claimed that she was raped by her father and she should not have taken him to the court. But if what she says is true, then she has the right to ask for protection from him even by taking him to the court so that he would not continue committing this evil or practice more sinful acts with her. In this case, she would claim his dissoluteness and her fear of his evil so that she will be kept apart from him.

Allaah Knows best.}}

==See Also==

*[[Rape in Islamic Law]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Violence Against Women|Violence Against Women]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:QHS]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
[[Category:Honor violence]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Sex]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[Category:Slavery]]

Talk:Ages of Muhammads Wives at Marriage

2024-03-31T22:54:59Z

Tharpa: Created page with ""The prophet Muhammad had 19 or more wives or concubines according to the traditional Islamic sources" Is this true? I had heard 11. Source?"

"The prophet Muhammad had 19 or more wives or concubines according to the traditional Islamic sources" Is this true? I had heard 11. Source?

Islam and Freedom of Speech

2023-07-25T17:25:08Z

Tharpa: Replaced reference to Capitalism (which is strictly an economic philosophy) with reference to the origin of the concept of Freedom of Speech, the U.S. Constitution. Also replace evident anti-religious bias with a more neutral wording.

{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=4|Content=4|Language=2|References=4}}
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.caliphate.eu/2009/04/islams-view-towards-freedom-of-speech.html|2=2013-06-21}} Islam's view towards Freedom of Speech] Caliphate Online|2=The concept of ‘freedom of speech’ comes originally from Amendment I of the U.S. Constitution. This same amendment also says that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. This allows human beings to define the extent, if any, of how to live their lives with or without the constraints of religion. The right to speak and what are the limits of speech are therefore all defined by human beings.

This view completely contradicts Islam. In Islam it is the Creator of human beings Allah سبحانه وتعالى who gave the right of speech to people and defined the limits on what is acceptable and unacceptable speech.

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: “Whosoever believes in Allah and the Last Day, then let him speak good (khair) or remain silent.”[Agreed upon. Narrated by Abu Hurayra.]

Khair in this hadith means Islam or what Islam approves of.[Hizb ut-Tahrir, ‘American Campaign to Suppress Islam,’ p. 23]}} 
According to [[Islamic law]], it is a criminal offense to speak ill of [[Islam]], its [[Muhammad|Prophet]], and its holy Scriptures ([[Qur'an]] and [[Hadith]]). '''Blasphemy''' is punishable by death.
[[File:Images-cfiv-0004.jpg|right|thumb|275px|The above scene is from a 2006 protest in London, UK. It was held in response to the printing of the Jyllands-Posten Danish cartoons. By the end of February 2006 more than 40 people had died<ref name="cartoon 1">[http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/25734739/JOURNALISM-FOR-INTEGRATION-THE-MUHAMMAD-CARTOONS Journalism For Integration - The Muhammad Cartoons] - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> as a result of the angry reaction from Muslims, and its continued republication has resulted in more than 200 deaths and hundreds of injuries.<ref name="cartoon 2">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,547572,00.html Yale Removes Cartoons of Prophet Muhammad From Forthcoming Book, Citing Fears of Violence] - Fox News, September 8, 2009</ref> ([[Images:Calls_for_Islamic_Violence|more pictures]])]]

==What is Blasphemy?==

As defined by Islamic Scholars:
{{Quote|1=[http://muslim-canada.org/apostasy.htm Apostasy & Blasphemy in Islam] The Canadian Society of Muslims|2='''VII. Kitab al-fiqh Ala' al-Madahib al-Arba'ah'''1 by 'Abd al-Rahman Jaziri (Urdu translation) ''Excerpts and examples to further illustrate what constitutes blasphemy in Islam'' It is necessary to have evidence of two reliable witnesses corroborating each other before a Khazi (judge) shall be required to question the witnesses. Thereupon the witnesses will have to make statements describing the words uttered or the acts done which constitute apostasy.
Apostasy can be committed in two ways: (1) by uttering expressly by tongue that he is (or has become) a Mushrik , a polytheist (i.e. one who associates others with the One God and considers them to be worthy of worship) or, by saying something which is bound to connote in its meaning a denial of the existence of God, for instance to say that God has corporeal (physical, material) existence just like any other corporeal object, or (2) by the performance of an act in which one cannot avoid the clear conclusion that it is tantamount to 'kufr' (infidelity, denial of Islam), for example, to throw away with contempt the holy Qur'an or any part of it or even a single word of it; or to throw it in the fire in an insulting, contemptuous manner; or to throw it in such a place as a garbage dump where there are filthy, dirty and repulsive things; or in a spittoon etc. These acts would be blasphemous and constitute apostasy.
The same rules apply to the Most Beautiful Names of Allah as well as to books of Ahadith (Prophetic Traditions - i.e. records of the Prophet's sayings, doings and tacit approvals) and it would be considered blasphemy amounting to apostasy.
The same rules apply to books of Fiqh (Muslim jurisprudence) provided the acts are done with the intention of defaming or belittling with contempt the Islamic injunctions or the Islamic code of law. This would be regarded as blasphemy/apostasy.
Other examples of blasphemy/apostasy are:

• To believe in transmigration of souls or reincarnation because this amounts to rejecting the belief in life-after-death and the world of the Hereafter.

• To deny or reject something of which the whole Muslim Community (Ummah) is agreed upon, e.g. to hold that the obligatory ritual prayers or fasting are not obligatory or to deny legal permissibility (halal) of a thing on which the whole Muslim Community is agreed upon and which is definitely proven to be so on the basis of its proof from the holy Qur'an and Hadith mutawatir.

• To call names and use swear-words in respect of all such Messengers of God, Apostles, Prophets who are accepted as such by the whole Muslim Community.

• This same rule applies to angels.

• This same rule applies to angels and prophets with regard to fault-finding using taunting or derogatory or sarcastic language against them even in respect of their physical/bodily defects.

• To use sarcasm and belittling words in respect of the moral character or the way of life (religion) of the Prophet Muhammad or other prophets.

''1. 'Abd al-Rahman Jaziri, Urdu translation, Munzur Ahsan Abbasi, Kitab al-fiqh Ala' al-Madahib al-Arba'ah, Lahore, Pakistan, Ulama Academy, 1985''}}

==Punishment for Blasphemy==

===Qur'an===
Although, the Qur'an does not specify in unequivocal terms any punishment for blasphemy, we may find some serious justifications for death penalty to blasphemers:

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|57|61}}|

'''Surely (as for) those who speak evil things of Allah and His Messenger''', Allah has cursed them in this world and the here after, and He has prepared for them a chastisement bringing disgrace.
 
And those who speak evil things of the believing men and the believing women without their having earned (it), they are guilty indeed of a false accusation and a manifest sin.
 
O Prophet! say to your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers that they let down upon them their over-garments; this will be more proper, that they may be known, and thus they will not be given trouble; and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
 
If the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is a disease and the agitators in the city do not desist, We shall most certainly set you over them, then they shall not be your neighbors in it but for a little while;
 
Cursed: '''wherever they are found they shall be seized and murdered''', a (horrible) murdering. }}

{{Main|If Anyone Slays a Person (Qur'an 5:32)|l1=If Anyone Slew a Person (Qur'an 5:32)}}

Also, Qur'an does specify a punishment for "spreading [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Mischief|mischief]]"<nowiki>:-</nowiki>

{{Quote|{{Quran|5|33}}|The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement,}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|6|93}}|"Who can be more wicked than one who inventeth a lie against Allah?"}}

===Hadith and Other Islamic Writings===

[[Image:Beheading Prophet Muhammad. Muhammads cousin.jpg|right|thumb|210px|“Ali Beheading Nadr ibn al-Harith in the Presence of the Prophet Muhammad”, 7th Century Painting taken from Mustafa al-Darir’s Siyar-i-Nabi]]
Muhammad had said to his followers “Whoever curses a prophet kill him,” (Tabarani, Daraqutni)<ref>[http://www.khilaafah.com/Articles/07/sep/REVELATION%20FOR%20BELIEVERS.html Revelation for Believers concerning those who Insult prophets] - Khilaafah</ref> and there are many examples of people during his time who were guilty of blaspheming Islam and its Prophet. Most of these people were assassinated with Muhammad's blessing, and no punishment or compensation was imposed on the murderer.

*'''[[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#Assassination_of_.60Abdullah_bin_Ubayy_bin_Salul_al-.60Aufi|<nowiki/>'Abdullah bin Ubai (bin Salul)]]''' - Muhammad asked his followers to kill this man for making "evil" statements about Muhammad's family.

*'''[[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#Assassination_of_Abu_.60Afak|Abu `Afak]]''' - Muhammad asked his followers to kill this man for making negative remarks about Muhammad and Islam.

*'''[[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#Assassination_of_Ka.E2.80.99b_bin_Ashraf|Ka’b bin Ashraf]]''' - Muhammad asked his followers to kill this man for writing inflammatory poetry about Muhammad and Muslim women.

*'''[[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#Murder_of_.60Asma.27_Bint_Marwan|Asma Bint Marwan]]''' - Muhammad asked his followers to kill this woman for composing inflammatory poetry about Islam and Muslims.

*'''[[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#Blind_Man.27s_Slave-Mother|Blind Man's Slave-Mother]]''' - When Muhammad learned that one of his followers had stabbed and killed his ''Umm walad'' (concubine with whom he had fathered a child) for making derogatory remarks about Muhammad, he declared that "'''no retaliation is payable for her blood.'''"

*'''[[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_Mass_Murder#The_Murder_of_Al-Nadr_Bin_Al-Harith|Al-Nadr Bin Al-Harith]]''' - Al Nadir, a storyteller and poet who had mocked him. He was a prisoner of war who was not allowed to be ransomed by their clans and was executed on Muhammad's orders.

Some Muslims claim Muhammad had a Jewish neighbor who threw rubbish at him, and that one day the person became ill and Muhammad visited her. This story is not present in any Islamic texts, nor is it mentioned by any scholars of the past. Thus, this incident in Muhammad's life is most likely a [[List of Fabricated Hadith‎|fabrication]]. In addition, it contradicts Muhammad's nature as found in the copious amount of sahih (authentic) Islamic texts, mentioned above.

===Scholars===

{{Quote|[http://www.shaykhabdalqadir.com/content/articles/Art054_06022006.html The Fiqh Concerning Those Who Insult The Messenger of Allah] Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi, February 6, 2006|[In Islamic Fiqh] there are absolutely no opinions, no variants, no exceptions...Muhammad ibn Sahnun said that even if a man claims that it is part of his religion to insult the Messenger, and so in his religion it is lawful, that makes no difference to us. If he openly insults our Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, then our religion makes it lawful to kill him. This surely is the inescapable centre of the current affair. The arrogant kuffar have to learn that the world contains a two-billion community who have a different set of Laws from theirs, and who can never be detached from that Law}}

{{Quote|Qadi 'Iyad ibn Musa al-Yahsubi|“Know that all who curse Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, or blame him or attribute imperfection to him in his person, his lineage, his deen or any of his qualities, or alludes to that or its like by any means whatsoever, whether in the form of a curse or contempt or belittling him or detracting from him or finding fault with him or maligning him, the judgement regarding such a person is the same as the judgement against anyone who curses him. He is killed as we shall make clear. This judgement extends to anything which amounts to a curse or disparagement. We have no hesitation concerning this matter, be it a clear statement or allusion.
 
The same applies to anyone who curses him, invokes against him, desires to harm him, ascribes to him what does not befit his position or jokes about his mighty affair with foolish talk, satire, disliked words or lies, or reviles him because of any affliction or trial which happened to him or disparages him, because of any of the permissible and well-known human events which happened to him. All of this is the consensus of the ‘ulama' and the imams of fatwa from the time of the Companions until today.<ref>[http://www.shaykhabdalqadir.com/content/articles/Art054_06022006.html The Fiqh Concerning Those Who Insult The Messenger of Allah] - Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi, February 6, 2006</ref>}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.al-islam.org/Organizations/Aalimnetwork/msg00013.html Islamic law on Blasphemy] Dr. Takim, 'Aalim Network QR, December 8, 1995|2=According to Ayatullah al-Khu'i, it is incumbent (wajib) to kill one who insults or calumniates the Prophet when one hears the insults provided there is no danger to his self, reputation or wealth. Agha also extends this ruling to cover insults against the Imams and Bibi Fatima (A.S.). It is not essential to get the permission of a Hakim al-Shar' to carry out the act.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamicvoice.com/April2006/QuestionHour-DrZakirNaik/ Question Hour: Ruling for Blasphemy in Islam] Dr. Zakir Naik, Islamic Voice, April, 2006|2=In Islam, a person who has committed blasphemy can either be killed or crucified, or his opposite hands and feet can be cut off, or he can be exiled from that land. On the other hand, in other religions there is no other option except capital punishment. Islam at least has four options of punishment for an act of blasphemy.}}

Dr. Naik fails to mention that the other world religions are not political ideologies and therefore are not incorporated in state penal codes.

{{Quote|Asif Iftikhar, PhD student of Islamic Law at McGill and a visiting faculty member at LUMS and Pakistan College of Law|2=The Islamic state does have the right to punish the person who commits blasphemy against the Prophet.<ref>Usman Ghafoor - [http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/aug2009-weekly/nos-09-08-2009/spr.htm#5 State has the right to punish] - The News, Jang Group Online Edition</ref> }}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/34725/defamation%20of%20the%20prophet Ruling on one who tells lies about the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)] Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 43725|2=Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) discussed this matter at length and mentioned the ruling on one who tells lies about the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) verbally, the ruling on one who tells lies about him in a report and the ruling on one who narrates a hadeeth knowing it to be false. He was of the view that the one who tells lies about him verbally is a kaafir. He said in al-Saarim al-Maslool ‘Ala Shaatim il-Rasool (2/328-399), after quoting the hadeeth of Buraydah:
A clan of Banu Layth in Madeenah was of two minds. A man had proposed marriage to one of their womenfolk during the Jaahiliyyah but they did not accept his proposal. He came to them wearing a hullah (a suit of clothing) and said: “The Messenger of Allaah gave me this hullah to wear and told me to rule over your wealth and your blood.” Then he went and stayed with that woman whom he loved. The people sent word to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he said: “The enemy of Allaah is lying.” Then he sent a man and said: '''“If you find him alive – although I do not think that you will find him alive – then strike his neck (kill him). And if you find him dead then burn him with fire.” He said: This is what the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said concerning “one who tells lies about me deliberately.”''' Shaykh al-Islam said: “This is a saheeh isnaad according to the conditions of al-Saheeh and we do not find any fault in it.”
Then he said: There are two opinions concerning this hadeeth: 
1 – '''That the apparent meaning should be followed and the one who deliberately tells lies about the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) should be killed.''' Among those who were of this view were some who said that the one who does that becomes a kaafir thereby. This was the view of several including Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni. Ibn ‘Aqeel quoted his Shaykh, Abu’l-Fadl al-Hamdaani, as saying: “The innovators, liars and fabricators of hadeeth are worse than the heretics because the heretics want to attack Islam from without but these people want to attack it from within. They are like people who try to destroy a city from within whilst the heretics are like those who are laying siege to it from without, and those who are inside open up the fortress. So they are more dangerous to Islam than those who do not appear outwardly to be Muslims.”
The main point of this opinion is that telling lies about him (the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)) is tantamount to telling lies about Allaah. Hence he said: “Telling lies about me is not like telling lies about one of you.” What the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) commanded is what Allaah commanded, and it must be followed just as the commands of Allaah must be followed. Whatever he told us must be believed, just as whatever Allaah told us must be believed. Whoever rejects what he told us or refuses to follow his command is like one who rejects what Allaah told us or refuses to follow the command of Allaah. '''It is well known that the one who tells lies about Allaah by claiming to be a messenger or prophet of Allaah, or tells false things about Allaah, such as Musaylimah and other fabricators of his ilk, is a kaafir whose blood may be shed, and the same applies to one who tells lies about the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).'''
Thus it is clear that telling lies about him is tantamount to disbelieving in him. Hence Allaah mentions the two things together in the verse where He says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And who does more wrong than he who invents a lie against Allaah or denies the truth, when it comes to him?” [al-‘Ankaboot 29:68]
2 – The liar is to be punished severely, but he is not regarded as a kaafir and it is not permissible to kill him, because the factors that determine who is a kaafir and is to be killed are well known and this is not one of them. It is not permissible to affirm something for which there is no basis. Whoever says that he is not to be executed has to stipulate that telling lies about the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) does not imply any criticism or defamation of him. '''But if he says that he heard him say something that implies belittling the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) or criticizing him, such as the hadeeth about “the sweat of horses” and other such silly fabrications, this is obviously mocking him, and the one who says this is undoubtedly a kaafir whose blood may be shed.''' Those who were of the view that such a person is not to be executed responded to this hadeeth by saying that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) knew that he was a hypocrite so he killed him for that and not for lying, but this answer does not count for anything. }}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/14305/defamation%20of%20the%20prophet It is essential to respond to those who defame the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)] Shaykh ‘Abd al-Rahmaan al-Barraak, Majallat al-Da’wah, Muharram, issue no. 1933. Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 14305|2='''Defaming the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is a kind of kufr. If that is done by a Muslim then it is apostasy on his part, and the authorities have to defend the cause of Allaah and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) by executing the one who defamed him. If the one who defamed him repents openly and is sincere, that will benefit him before Allaah, although his repentance does not waive the punishment for defaming the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), which is execution.'''
'''If the person who defames him is a non-Muslim living under a treaty with the Muslim state, then this is a violation of the treaty and he must be executed, but that should be left to the authorities.''' If a Muslim hears a Christian or anyone else defaming the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) he has to denounce him in strong terms. It is permissible to insult that person because he is the one who started it. How can we not stand up the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)? It is also obligatory to report him to the authorities who can carry out the punishment on him. '''If there is no one who can carry out the hadd punishment of Allaah and stand up for the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) then the Muslim has to do whatever he can, so long as that will not lead to further mischief and harm against other people.''' But if a Muslim hears a kaafir defaming the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he keeps quiet and does not respond for fear that this person may then defame him even more, this is mistaken thinking. }}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=E&Id=17316&Option=FatwaId Blasphemy against the Prophet is an act of apostasy] Islam Web Fatwa Center, Fatwa No. 17316, December 11, 2007|2=If a Muslim commits blasphemy against the Prophet , this is an act of disbelief which takes him out of the fold of Islam. Allaah Says (what means): {Make no excuse; you have disbelieved [i.e. rejected faith] after your belief. If We pardon one faction of you—We will punish another faction because they were criminals.}[Quran 9:66] If joking is considered as an act of apostasy, then it is more confirmed for one who is saying it intentionally. '''If the blasphemer does not repent, he should be killed for his apostasy.''' However, if he sincerely repents to Allaah, Allaah will accept his repentance. Repentance expiates all sins, even Shirk (associating partners to Allaah). Allaah Knows best.}}

{{Quote|[http://islamicemirate.com/Books/Ibn%20Taymiyyah%20on%20Killing%20Whoever%20Curses%20the%20Prophet.pdf The Drawn Sword Against the One Who Curses the Messenger - Pages 31-33] Ibn Taymiyyah|Whoever Curses the Prophet Peace and Blessings be Upon him, Muslim or Kafir, Must be Killed.}}

{{Quote|[http://islamicemirate.com/Books/Ibn%20Taymiyyah%20on%20Killing%20Whoever%20Curses%20the%20Prophet.pdf The Drawn Sword Against the One Who Curses the Messenger - Pages 31-33] Ibn Al-Munthir|"The general scholars agreed that whoever curses him, Peace and Blessings be upon him, must be killed. This was stated by Malik, Al-Layth, Ahmad, Ishaaq, and Ash-Shafi'ee, and Nu'man (Abu Hanifa) said that the Dhimmi (Jizya-paying non-Muslim) is not to be killed."}}

{{Quote|[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/22809/insulting%20the%20prophet Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)] Shaykh al Munajid, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809|The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sometimes chose to forgive those who had insulted him, and sometimes '''he ordered that they should be executed''', if that served a greater purpose. But now his forgiveness is impossible because he is dead, so the execution of the one who insults him remains the right of Allaah, His Messenger and the believers, and the one who deserves to be executed cannot be let off, so the punishment must be carried out.

Al-Saarim al-Maslool, 2/438

Insulting the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is one of the worst of forbidden actions, and it constitutes kufr and apostasy from Islam, according to scholarly consensus, whether done seriously or in jest. The one who does that is to be executed '''even if he repents''' and whether he is a Muslim or a kaafir.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/14231/Crucify Some of the rulings on apostasy and apostates] Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 14231|Waging war against Islam is not limited only to fighting with weapons, rather it may be done verbally such as defaming Islam or the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), or attacking the Qur’aan, and so on. Waging verbal war against Islam may be worse than waging war against it with weapons in some cases.

Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah said:

Muhaarabah (waging war against Islam) is of two types: physical and verbal. Waging war verbally against Islam may be worse than waging war physically – as stated above – '''hence the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to kill those who waged war against Islam verbally''', whilst letting off some of those who waged war against Islam physically. This ruling is to be applied more strictly after the death of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Mischief may be caused by physical action or by words, but the damage caused by words is many times greater than that caused by physical action; and the goodness achieved by words in reforming may be many times greater than that achieved by physical action. It is proven that waging war against Allaah and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) verbally is worse and the efforts on earth to undermine religion by verbal means is more effective.

Al-Saarim al-Maslool, 3/735 }}

==Practical Application in Islamic Countries==

===Saudi Arabia===

*2009 - '''Hadi bin Sa’id bin Hamad Al Mutif''', an Isma'ili death row prisoner, was sentenced to an additional 5 years imprisonment for criticizing the Saudi justice system.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSTRE5824ED20090903?feedType=nl&feedName=usoddlyenough Man on death row gets jail term for TV criticism] – Reuters, September 3, 2009</ref> He was sentenced to death in 1996 for allegedly insulting the Prophet Muhammad in 1993. His trial had violated numerous international fair trial standards, and basic rules of due process had not been observed from the time of his arrest to his conviction.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/10/09/saudi-arabia-pardon-ismaili-sentenced-death Saudi Arabia: Pardon Isma'ili Sentenced to Death] – Letter to King Abdullah bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-Sa’ud
, Human Rights Watch, October 9, 2006</ref>

*2008 - '''Ra'if Badawa''' was charged with “setting up an electronic site that insults Islam” for his website that details abuses by the Saudi religious police and questions the predominant interpretation of Islam (Wahhabism). Jeddah's prosecution service referred the case to the court and requested a 5-year prison sentence and a 3 million riyal (US$800,000) fine. Amidst arrest threats and death threats, Badawa fled the country.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,SAU,,482d4226c,0.html Saudi Arabia: Stop Trials for 'Insulting' Islam] – Human Rights Watch – UNHCR, May 13, 2008</ref>

*2007 - '''Sabri Bogday''', a Turkish barber, was sentenced to death on blasphemy charges after an unfair trial.<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE23/014/2008/en/224d8f73-115a-11dd-a414-a101e24af105/mde230142008eng.html Saudi Arabia: Death penalty/ unfair trial, Sabri Bogday] - Amnesty International, April 23, 2008</ref> Thankfully, King Abdullah, after receiving correspondence from Turkey's president and prime minister, pardoned Bogday and he was released to Turkey.<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=118645&d=28&m=1&y=2009 Freed Turkish barber reaches home] - Ghazanfar Ali Khan - Arab News, January 28, 2009</ref>

*2005 - '''Muhammad al-Harbi''' was sentenced by a Saudi court to more than three years in prison and 750 lashes for speaking to his students about his views on a number of current topics, such as Christianity, Judaism and the causes of terrorism.<ref name="teachers">[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/11/16/saudi-arabia-teachers-silenced-blasphemy-charges Saudia Arabia: Teachers Silenced on Blasphemy Charges] - Human Rights Watch, November 16, 2005</ref>

*2004 - '''Muhammad al-Sahimi''' was banned from teaching and sentenced to three years in prison and 300 lashes for endorsing allegedly un-Islamic sexual, social and religious practices because of his discussion on the varying concepts of love in poetry.<ref name="teachers" />

===Iran===

*2010 - '''Mohammad Reza Ali Zamani''' and '''Arash Rahmanipour''' were hanged on January 28 after being convicted of being "enemies of God" and members of an outlawed pro-monarchist group. The semi-official ISNA news agency said the two were charged with plotting to topple the government and had been tried in August – apparently implying that they were part of the protest movement over June's disputed presidential election. But opposition sources said the two were arrested three months before the elections.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/28/iran-executes-two-opposition-supporters Iran executes two opposition supporters] - Ian Black - Guardian.co.uk, January 28, 2010</ref>

*2002 - '''Hashem Aghajari''', an Iranian university professor, was originally sentenced to death on blasphemy charges after calling for religious reforms and declaring that Muslims were not "monkeys" who should blindly follow the teachings of clerics.<ref>[http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP44502 The Call for Islamic Protestantism: Dr. Hashem Aghajari's Speech and Subsequent Death Sentence] - Ayelet Savyon - MEMRI: Special Dispatch - No. 445, December 2, 2002</ref> The case led to an international outcry, protests from thousands of Iranian students, and the resignation of twenty Tarbiat-Modarres University department chiefs.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/17/world/iranian-scholars-protest.html Iranian Scholars Protest] - The New York Times, November 17, 2002</ref> Although he decided not to appeal the original verdict, his lawyer filed on his behalf.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/03/world/world-briefing-middle-east-iran-scholar-s-death-sentence-appealed.html World Briefing | Middle East: Iran: Scholar's Death Sentence Appealed] - Nazila Fathi - The New York Times, December 3, 2002</ref> Under pressure from Iranians as well as the international community, the court reduced his sentence to three years imprisonment, and after serving two he was released on bail in 2004.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/01/world/iran-frees-professor-set-to-die-for-speech.html Iran Frees Professor Set to Die for Speech] - The New York Times, August 1, 2004</ref>

===Pakistan===

{{Quote|1=[http://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/user_files/File/pakistan_penal_code_xlv_of_1860.pdf Pakistan Penal Code] XLV of 1860, 6th October 1860|2=CHAPTER XV OF OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION

295. Injuring or defiling place of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class

295-A. Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any classby insulting Its religionor religious beliefs

295-B. Defiling, etc., of Holy Qur'an295-C. Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Holy Prophet

296. Disturbing religious assembly

297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.

298. Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings

298-A. Use of derogatory remarks, etc. in respect of holy personages

298-B.Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles, etc. reserved for certain holy personagesor places

298-C.Person of Quadiani group, etc., calling himself a Muslim or preaching or propagating his faith}}

{{Quote|Section 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code|2=Whoever by words, either spoken or written or by visible representation or by any imputation, innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.<ref>[http://www.dawnnews.tv/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/death+only+punishment+for+blasphemy--za 'Death only punishment for blasphemy'] - The DAWN Media Group, April 22, 2009</ref>}}

{{Quote|Syed Munawar Hassan, Head of Jammat-e-Islami, September, 2009 |2=No true Muslim could tolerate blasphemy against Prophet Muhammad or against any prophets. Love of Prophet Muhammad is a fundamental part of Islamic faith.....The governor’s logic that since Islam teaches us to protect minorities and therefore blasphemy laws should be repealed is an extremely weak one.<ref>Dan Wooding & Sheraz Khurram Khan - [http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2009/s09090116.htm Pakistani hardliners oppose suggestion to repeal Blasphemy Laws] - ASSIST News Service, September 18, 2009</ref>}}

*2011 - '''Mohamed Imran''' had been accused, jailed, tried and cleared of blasphemy, only to be gunned-down two weeks later.<ref>Nick Paton Walsh - [{{Reference archive|1=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/13/pakistan.blasphemy.vigilantes/index.html|2=2011-04-15}} Pakistan's blasphemy vigilantes kill exonerated man] - CNN News, April 14, 2011</ref>
*2011 - Although no-one convicted under the blasphemy law has been executed, more than 30 accused have been killed by lynch mobs.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12617562|2=2011-03-04}} Pakistan Minorities Minister Shahbaz Bhatti shot dead] - BBC News, March 2, 2011</ref>
*2010 - '''Rubina Bibi''', a Christian woman, was arrested after a Muslim woman accused her of blasphemy. The woman claimed Rubina Bibi made a derogatory remark about the Prophet Muhammad. As of March 24, she is still imprisoned.<ref>[http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country/pakistan/16720/ Christian Woman Jailed under Pakistan’s ‘Blasphemy’ Laws] - Compass Direct News, March 24, 2010</ref>
*2010 - '''Munir Masih''' and '''Ruqqiya Bibi''', a Christian couple, were convicted for touching the Qur'an without washing their hands and sentenced to 25 years imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Punjab:-Christian-couple-touches-Qur%E2%80%98an-with-dirty-hands,-gets-25-years-in-prison-17778.html Punjab: Christian couple touches Qur‘an with dirty hands, gets 25 years in prison] - Fareed Khan - AsiaNews.it, March 3, 2010</ref>
*2010 - '''Qamar David''', a Christian arrested in 2006,<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Karachi,-a-Christian-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-for-blasphemy-17749.html Karachi, a Christian sentenced to life imprisonment for blasphemy] - Fareed Khan - AsiaNews.it, February 27, 2010</ref> was found guilty of outraging the religious feelings of Muslims and sentenced to life imprisonment for blasphemous messages he sent with his cellphone.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/life-term-for-blasphemy-accused-620 Life term for blasphemy accused] - Ishaq Tanoli - The DAWN Media Group, February 26, 2010</ref>
*2010 - '''Imran Masih''', a 22-year-old Christian shopkeeper, was beaten by a Muslim mob, arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment for burning what a rival shopkeeper claimed were pages of the Qur'an.<ref>[http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country/pakistan/14329/ Pakistani Christian Sentenced to Life under ‘Blasphemy’ Law] - Compass Direct News, January 22, 2010</ref>
*2009 - '''Hector Aleem''', a 51-year-old human rights activist, was severely beaten and tortured in January 2009 on blasphemy charges after objecting to the destruction of a church.<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2011-000496_EN.html The Case of Hektor Aleem in Pakistan] - European Parliament, 19 January 2011</ref> As of 2014, Aleem had been released.
*2005 - '''Younus Shaik''', author of ''Shaitan Maulvi'' (Satanic Cleric), was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for writing the allegedly blasphemous book about the Qur’an and the Islamic justice system.<ref>[http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=48330&version=1&template_id=41&parent_id=23 Court gives life term to blasphemy author] - AFP - Gulf Times, August 13, 2005</ref>
*2002 - '''Anwar Keneth''', a 40-year-old former government official, was sentenced to death for declaring that he is the Christ and that Islam is a fake religion. Khalid Gill, a leader and spokesman for Pakistan's Christian Liberation Front, said, "We think justice has not been done in the case of Anwar Keneth. [He] should have been treated at a mental hospital."<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jul/19/world/fg-briefs19.1 Man Sentenced to Die in Blasphemy Case] - Los Angeles Times, July 19, 2002</ref>
*1996 - '''Zaibun Nisa''' ("Zebunnisa"), a mentally retarded woman, was imprisoned for over 13 years for blasphemy and had never seen the inside of a courtroom until July 2010 when a Pakistani court finally ordered her release.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\17\story_17-9-2009_pg13_1 Mentally challenged woman accused of blasphemy: '' ‘Woman not presented in court for 13 years’ ''] - Daily Times, September 17, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10739623 Mentally-ill Pakistan 'blasphemer' is released] - M. Ilyas Khan - BBC News, July 23, 2010</ref>

===Afghanistan===

*2008 - '''Pervez Kambakhsh''', a journalist, was sentenced to death by a city court in Mazar-e-Sharif for downloading and distributing an article insulting Islam. He was arrested in 2007 after downloading material relating to the role of women in Islamic societies. His conviction and sentence was upheld by Afghanistan's upper house of parliament.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7216976.stm Afghan senate backs death penalty] - BBC News, January 30, 2008</ref> A day later the upper house quickly withdrew its support for his death sentence claiming that it had been a 'technical mistake' and had been unconstitutional. The support for the death sentence had been signed by the senate leader Sibghatullah Mojaddedi.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7220195.stm Afghan senate's blasphemy retreat] - Charles Haviland - BBC News, January 31, 2008</ref> The death sentence was later changed to twenty years imprisonment,<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/03/10/afghanistan-20-year-sentence-journalist-upheld Afghanistan: 20-Year Sentence for Journalist Upheld] - Human Rights Watch, March 10, 2009</ref> but President Karzai secretly pardoned Kambakhsh and he was able to escape the country.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/free-at-last-student-in-hiding-after-karzais-intervention-1782909.html Free at last: Student in hiding after Karzai's intervention] - Kim Sengupta - The Independent, September 7, 2009</ref> Afghanistan's upper house of parliament condemned the release of Kambakhsh as contrary to Islamic values and issued the following statement:<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=47205 Afghan parliament calls for punishment of "blasphemy" reporter] - Reuters - World Bulletin, September 14, 2009</ref>
{{Quote|2=The members of Meshrano Jirga (Upper House) expressed concern that this was not the first time a person sentenced for apostasy and impiety with the cooperation of anti-Islamic organisations is freed from punishment.}}

==In History==

The Wikipedia article on free speech in Sharia: [[w:Sharia#Freedom_of_speech|''Freedom of speech'']] presents a few historical examples of Islamic leaders who allowed forms of "free speech." It neglects, however, to mention the countless examples of Islamic countries suppressing freedom of speech of Muslims and non-Muslims alike. It also fails to provide the passages in the Qur'an and Hadith that condemn people who publicly speak out against Islam. A quick search of ''blasphemy law'' and be rewarded with an abundance of material.

==='Umar bin Al-Khattab's Restrictions on Expression and Speech===
{{Main|Analysis of the Pact of Umar}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=The scholars of Hadith narrated from `Abdur-Rahman bin Ghanm Al-Ash`ari that he said, "I recorded for `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, the terms of the treaty of peace he conducted with the Christians of Ash-Sham: `In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This is a document to the servant of Allah `Umar, the Leader of the faithful, from the Christians of such and such city. When you (Muslims) came to us we requested safety for ourselves, children, property and followers of our religion. We made a condition on ourselves that we will neither erect in our areas a monastery, church, or a sanctuary for a monk, nor restore any place of worship that needs restoration nor use any of them for the purpose of enmity against Muslims. We will not prevent any Muslim from resting in our churches whether they come by day or night, and we will open the doors [of our houses of worship] for the wayfarer and passerby. Those Muslims who come as guests, will enjoy boarding and food for three days. We will not allow a spy against Muslims into our churches and homes or hide deceit [or betrayal] against Muslims. We will not teach our children the Qur'an, publicize practices of Shirk, invite anyone to Shirk or prevent any of our fellows from embracing Islam, if they choose to do so. We will respect Muslims, move from the places we sit in if they choose to sit in them. '''We will not imitate their clothing, caps, turbans, sandals, hairstyles, speech, nicknames and title names''', or ride on saddles, hang swords on the shoulders, collect weapons of any kind or carry these weapons. '''We will not encrypt our stamps in Arabic''', or sell liquor. We will have the front of our hair cut, wear our customary clothes wherever we are, wear belts around our waist, '''refrain from erecting crosses on the outside of our churches and demonstrating them and our books in public in Muslim fairways and markets. We will not sound the bells in our churches, except discretely, or raise our voices while reciting our holy books inside our churches in the presence of Muslims, nor raise our voices [with prayer] at our funerals, or light torches in funeral processions in the fairways of Muslims, or their markets'''. We will not bury our dead next to Muslim dead, or buy servants who were captured by Muslims. We will be guides for Muslims and refrain from breaching their privacy in their homes.' When I gave this document to `Umar, he added to it, 'We will not beat any Muslim. These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.'"}}

===Classic Islamic Law===

The following excerpts are from the [http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Traveller-Classic-Islamic-Al-Salik/dp/0915957728/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1255736904&sr=8-1#reader_0915957728 ''Reliance of the Traveler: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law''] (Umdat Al-Salik) by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri and Nuh Ha Mim Keller:
'''Acts of disbelief (including verbal denials) are punished by death:'''
{{Quote|2='''f1.3''' Someone raised among Muslims who denies the obligatoriness of the prayer, zakat, fasting Ramadan, the pilgrimage, or the unlawfulness of wine and adultery, or denies something else upon which there is scholarly consensus (ijma', def: b7) and which is necessarily known as being of the religion (N: ''necessarily known'' meaning things that any Muslim would know about if asked) thereby becomes an unbeliever (kafir) and is executed for his unbelief (O: if he does not admit he is mistaken and acknowledge the obligatoriness or unlawfulness of that which there is scholarly consensus upon. As for if he denies the obligatoriness of something there is not consensus upon, then he is not adjudged an unbeliever).}}

'''Non-Muslims do not have freedom of expression or speech:'''
{{Quote|2='''o11.5''' Such non-Muslim subjects are obliged to comply with Islamic rules that pertain to safety and indemnity of life, reputation, and property. In addition, they:

(6) are forbidden to openly display wine or pork, (A: to ring church bells or display crosses,) recite the Torah or Evangel aloud, or make a public display of their funerals and feastdays;

'''o11.10''' The agreement [with the state] is also violated (A: with respect to the offender alone) if the state has stipulated that any of the following things break it, and one of the subjects does so anyway, though if the state has not stipulated that these break agreement, then they do not; namely, if one of the subject people:

(3) leads a Mulim away from Islam;

(5) or mentions something impermissible about Allah, the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace), or Islam.

'''o11.11''' When a subject's agreement with the state has been violated, the caliph chooses between the four alternatives mentioned above in connection with prisoners of war (o9.14). [See information below.]

'''o9.13''' When a child or woman is taken captive, they become slaves by the fact of capture, and the woman's previous marriage is immediately annulled.
'''o9.14''' When an adult male is taken captive, the caliph (def: o25) considers the interests (O: of Islam and the Muslims) and decides between the prisoner's death, slavery, release without paying anything, or ransoming himself in exchange for money or for a Muslim captive held by the enemy. If the prisoner becomes a Muslim (O: before the caliph chooses any of the four alternatives) then he may not be killed, and one of the other three alternatives is chosen.}}

==In the Modern World==

===The Muhammad Cartoons Controversies===
{{Main|Muhammad Cartoon Controversies}}

===Two Pastors in Australia Battle for the Right to Criticize Islam===

In 2004 two pastors in Australia, [http://www.religionnewsblog.com/category/daniel-scot Daniel Scot] and [[w:Danny_Nalliah#Alleged_vilification_of_Muslims|Danny Nalliah]], were villified for speaking out against Islam and its teachings at a Christian conference. Found guilty in the first case, the pastors appealed all the way to the Supreme Court of Victoria where they eventually won their case after spending tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees.

*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VCAT/2004/2510.html Islamic Council of Victoria v Catch the Fire Ministries Inc (Final) 2004 VCAT 2510 (22 December 2004)]
*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2006/284.html Catch the Fire Ministries Inc & Ors v Islamic Council of Victoria Inc 2006 VSCA 284 (14 December 2006)]

===The Murder of Theo van Gogh===
{{Main|Theo van Gogh}}

===You Can't Call Muhammad a 'Pedophile' in Finland===

Jussi Halla-aho, prominent Finnish writer and elected member of Helsinki City Council, was indicted for incitement against a national group and the disturbance of religious worship<ref>[http://www.internationalfreepresssociety.org/2009/08/the-trial-of-jussi-halla-aho/ The Trial of Jussi Halla-aho] - James Cohen - The International Free Press Society, August 27, 2009</ref> for posting an [http://www.eurabia.cz/PrintArticle/2927-jussi-halla-aho-to-stand-trial-for-blasphemy-against-allah.aspx essay] addressed to Mika Illman, the Finnish state prosecuting attorney, in response to the Finnish state's prosecution of [[w:Seppo_Lehto|Seppo Lehto]] (a well-known racist) in 2008 for posting a blog featuring a cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad having sex with a pig.<ref>[http://vasarahammer.blogspot.com/2008/06/finnish-blogger-sentenced-for-two-years.html Finnish blogger sentenced for two years] - Vasarahammer</ref>. In the essay, Halla-aho stated emphatically: '''''Prophet Muhammad was a pedophile and Islam revers pedophilia as a religion. Islam is a religion of pedophilia. Pedophilia is Allah’s will.'''''

*[http://europenews.dk/en/node/26316 Interview with Jussi Halla-aho on Homma TV] - Tundra Tabloids - EuropeNews, September 17, 2009

===Geert Wilders and ''Fitna''===

{{Quote|1=Alaeddin Boroujerdi, a senior Iranian lawmaker and head of the Majlis National Security and Foreign Policy Commission, 2008|2=If Holland will allow the broadcast of this movie, the Iranian parliament will request to reconsider our relationship with it. In Iran, insulting Islam is a very sensitive matter and if the movie is broadcasted it will arouse a wave of popular hate that will be directed towards any government that insults Islam.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324406,00.html Iran Warns Netherlands Not to Air Controversial 'Anti-Muslim' Film] - Fox News, January 21, 2008</ref>}}
{{Quote|1=Zabihullah Mujahid, a spokesperson for the Taliban, 2008|2=We in Afghanistan shall step up the attacks against the Dutch troops if the film is aired.<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/nl/news/local_news/Taliban-threatens-attacks-because-of-Wilders-film.html Taliban threatens attacks because of Wilders film] - Expatica, February 28, 2008</ref>}}

Great Britain's Home Office denied entry to Dutch MP [[w:Geert Wilders|Geert Wilders]] when he attempted to enter England on invitation from the UK Independence Party's Lord Pearson to show his controversial film ''Fitna'' at the House of Lords.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7885918.stm Dutch MP refused entry to Britain] - BBC News, February 12, 2009</ref> The movie raised ire among Muslims around the world. Pakistan's largest Muslim party, Jamaat-e-Islami, organized a protest outside a mosque in Karachi, and some protesters demanded Pakistan cut diplomatic relations with the Netherlands.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-28-2776464862_x.htm Pakistanis protest Dutch film] - Associated Press - USA Today, March 28, 2008</ref> Jordan charged Wilders with blasphemy and contempt of Muslims for making an anti-Koran film and ordered him to stand trial in the kingdom.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL015190420080701 Jordan charges Dutch politician with blasphemy] - Reuters, July 1, 2008</ref> In 2009, the Dutch court ordered prosecutors to put Wilders on trial for making anti-Islamic statements.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7842344.stm Islam film Dutch MP to be charged] - BBC News, January 21, 2009</ref> In response to the indictments, Wilders said he wants to put Islam on trial and that he is “considering calling on radical imams and other idiots as witnesses.”<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/133418 Geert Wilders May Ask 'Muslim Idiots' to Testify in Hate Trial] - Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu - Israel National News, September 14, 2009</ref> His trial was set for January 2010.<ref>[http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2009/09/wilders_discrimination_case_in.php Wilders' discrimination case in January] - DutchNews.nl, September 14, 2009</ref> On October 13, 2009 Geert Wilders won his appeal to Britain's Asylum and Immigration Tribunal against the British government ban.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE59C34D20091013?rpc=401 Dutch anti-Islam MP overturns British ban] - Reuters, October 13, 2009</ref> On November 24, 2009 the Turkish Foreign Ministry said that a planned visit to Turkey by Dutch members of parliament would not be welcome if the delegation included Geert Wilders.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,663638,00.html Turkey Frets about Geert Wilders' Planned Visit] - Bram Vermeulen - Spiegel Online International, November 26, 2009</ref> Wilders' called the Turkish Foreign Ministry's reaction "very stupid."<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=far-right-politician-slams-turkey8217s-reaction-as-8216stupid8217-2009-11-26 Far-right politician slams Turkey's reaction as 'stupid'] - Fulya Ozerkan - Hurriyet Daily News, November 26, 2009</ref>

:*'''Watch ''Fitna'' [http://www.themoviefitna.com/?page_id=47 here].'''
:*'''Watch Geert Wilder's speech at his trial on January 20, 1010 [http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/01/geert-wilderss-speech-at-his-trial-today.html here].'''
:*'''Read a report on the Wilders trial from Evelyn Markus in the Netherlands [http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/01/wilders-if-expressions-reflect-the-truth-how-could-they-be-criminal.html here].'''

===The Satanic Verses Controversy===
{{Main|Satanic Verses Controversy}}

===Hurting the Sentiments of Muslims is a Crime in India===

During a summer of 2009 interview with ''Time 'N Style Luxury'' magazine, the Muslim Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan reportedly made this statement when asked his opinion about the most impressive figure in history:<ref>[http://www.desihits.com/blog/article/srk-the-controversy-king-20090618 Did Shahrukh Khan Compare the Prophet Mohammad to Hitler?] - Desi Hits!, June 18, 2009</ref>
{{Quote|2=There are lots of them, some negative ones like Hitler, then Napoleon, Winston Churchill and if I can call it history, then Prophet Mohammed and from recent time - Nelson Mandela. And there are the nice ones like Gandhiji and Mother Teresa.}}

In India a complaint was registered against Khan and the publisher of ''Time 'N Style'':<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/shah-rukh-khan-accused-of-insult-to-islam-1.72761 Shah Rukh Khan accused of insult to Islam] – Gulf News, June 21, 2009</ref>
{{Quote|1=Prakash George, senior police inspector of Bandra police station|2=We have registered an FIR (first information report) against Shah Rukh Khan after we received an application from an advocate who alleged that the actor made some statements hurting the sentiments of Muslims. Complainant Khalid Babu Querishi alleged that in the July issue of the ''Time and Style'' magazine, Shah Rukh used objectionable language against the Prophet which was unacceptable.}}

Mufti Mohammed Shoeb Raza Qadri and Mufti Muti-ur-Rehman of the Darul-uloom-Mazhar-e-Islam stated that the entire Muslim community was hurt by Khan's statements and they issued a fatwa. Mufti Mohammad called Shahrukh a Kafir (non-believer) and such person should be thrown out of Islam. He also said that in an Islamic state such remarks would have called for a death penalty against the accused. He declared that Shahrukh's marriage with Gauri was nullified and Shahrukh must not be allowed to be buried in any Muslim graveyard.<ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/shahrukh-khan-fatwa-230609.html Shahrukh Khan gets a 'fatwa'] - Subhadeep Bhattacharjee – One India, June 23, 2009</ref>

Shah Rukh responded to the accusations in an SMS message to IANS:<ref>[http://www.haqeeqat.org/2009/06/22/shah-rukh-khan-reacts-comments-on-prophet-mohammad-a-writing-error/ Shah Rukh Khan Reacts: Comments on Prophet Mohammad a Writing Error] – Omer Jamil – Haqeeqat.org, June 22, 2009</ref>
{{Quote|2=Obviously I think that there is no more important figure in history than Prophet Mohammad in the most positive way possible. Also, being a Muslim and standing up for the tenets of Islam is my most important agenda. If they (MAC) have seen my interviews on TV about Islam and Prophet Mohammad, they would know it’s a writing error and not a thought or view that I believe in…}}

Time 'N Style clarified the interview and corrected the quote:<ref>[http://www.timenstyle.com/luxury/interview.html Interview with Shah Rukh Khan] - Time 'N Style Luxury, Issue June-July 2009</ref>
{{Quote|2=''The most impressive figure in history, according to you?'' 
There are lots of them, some negative ones like Hitler. On the other hand there are nice ones like Napoleon, Winston Churchill and if I can call it history, then Prophet Mohammed and from recent times - Nelson Mandela. And also Gandhiji and Mother Teresa who are equally impressive.}}

Bareilly-based Markazi Darul Ifta, an authority for issuing fatwas, dismissed the fatwas issued by clerics. They stated that since Shahrukh has issued clarification that he was misrepresented in his alleged statements he should not be held guilty.<ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/shahrukh-khan-fatwa-230609.html Shahrukh Khan gets a 'fatwa'] - Subhadeep Bhattacharjee – One India, June 23, 2009</ref>

===Malaysian Christians can't use the word "Allah" in worship===

In 2007, Malaysia's internal security ministry ruled the term Allah -- long used by Christians in Malaysia to refer to God -- could no longer be used by non-Muslims.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKKLR31690620071228?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 Malaysia faces Christian outcry over word "Allah"] - Jalil Hamid & David Fogarty - Reuters UK, December 28, 2007</ref> When the Herald, the Catholic Church's weekly newsletter, used the word "Allah" it was warned that it was at risk of losing its publication permit.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59414 Christians banned from saying 'Allah'] - WorldNetDaily, December 28, 2007</ref>

In early 2009, the Malaysian government issued a new decree restoring a ban on Christian publications using the word "Allah" to refer to God. Home Affairs Minister Syed Hamid Albar said a previous Feb. 16 decree that allowed Christian publications to use the word as long as they specified the material was not for Muslims was a mistake.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,503504,00.html Malaysia Restores 'Allah' Ban for Christians] - Associated Press - Fox News, March 2, 2009</ref>

In November 2009, the Malaysian government seized 10,000 Bibles because they contained the word Allah to refer to God. The government claimed that the word Allah is Islamic and that its use in Bibles could upset Muslims.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8343626.stm Malaysia withholds 'Allah Bibles'] - Robert Pigott - BBC News, November 4, 2009</ref>

The Roman Catholic Church challenged the ban in court, and in late December 2009 the High Court said it was the constitutional right for the Catholic newspaper, the Herald, to use the word "Allah."<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BU0XV20091231 Malaysian court rules Catholic paper can use "Allah"] - Royce Cheah - Reuters, December 31, 2009</ref> The public outcry was intense. On Friday, January 8, three churches in Malaysia were attacked: one was gutted and the other two firebombed. Muslims held rallies after the attacks to protest against Christians using the word "Allah" for God.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60713D20100108 Malaysian Muslims rally after church attacks] - Razak Ahmad and Julie Goh - Reuters, January 8, 2010</ref> The next day, a fourth church was damaged when unidentified attackers flung a home-made petrol bomb,<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6080MV20100109 Fourth church attacked in Malaysia as Allah row deepens] - Niluksi Koswanage - Reuters, January 9, 2010</ref> and on Sunday three more churches were firebombed and another splashed with black paint.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/10/malaysia.church.bombings/index.html 2 more churches in Malaysia firebombed in 'Allah' row] - CNN, January 10, 2010</ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100110/ap_on_re_as/as_malaysia_allah_ban Church attacks in Malaysia deepen racial tension] - Eileen Ng, Associated Press - Yahoo! News, January 10, 2010</ref> On Monday, January 11, a ninth church was vandalized when someone set fire to its door.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/world/asia/12malaysia.html Ninth Church Vandalized in Malaysia as Tensions Rise] - Seth Mydans - The New York Times, January 11, 2010</ref> On Thursday, January 14, intruders ransacked the offices of the legal team that's defending a Malaysian Roman Catholic newspaper's right to use the word Allah in its Malay-language pages.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703685004575002400210538066.html?mod=WSJ_World_LEFTSecondNews Malaysian Catholics' Lawyers Offices Ransacked] - James Hookway - Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2010</ref> The Grace Global Prayer church in Rasah, Seremban, became the tenth attacked after its windows were found broken on Friday, January 15.<ref>[http://themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/49744-tenth-church-hit-attack-in-seremban Tenth church hit, attack in Seremban] - Syed Jaymal Zahiid - The Malaysian Insider, January 16, 2010</ref> On January 20, Malaysian police announced that they had arrested 8 suspects in connection to the January 7 attack on Kuala Lumpur's Metro Tabernacle Church, which had its office gutted by fire. It was the first and most serious of all the attacks on churches.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583414,00.html Malaysia Police Arrest 8 in Attack on Church] - Associated Press - Fox News, January 20, 2010</ref>

According to a PTI report for ZeeNews.com:

{{Quote|2=Non-Muslims in Malaysia's Selangor state have been asked to refrain from using 35 Islamic terms and references, including the word "Allah", either orally or in writing to propagate their religion.

If a formal complaint is lodged, the violator could be charged in a court under Selangor Shariah Criminal Offences Enactment 1995 and can be fined upto RM3,000 (about 35,000 rupees) or face two years' in jail or both.

The list of terms not to be used by non-Muslims include Allah, Firman Allah (Allah's decree), solat (daily prayers), Rasul (prophet), mubaligh (missionary), mufti, iman (faith), Kaabah (the Holy cubicle), Qiblat (direction in which the Muslims pray), and Haji (Muslims who have done his pilgrimage), Selangor Islamic Religious Department (Jais) director Mohammed Khusrin Munawi said.

"These are listed under the Control and Restriction of the Propagation of Non-Islamic Religious Enactment. They cannot be used to promote religions other than Islam," he noted.

The religious diktat comes amid attacks on nine churches and a Gurdwara in Malaysia following a court verdict to allow a Catholic magazine 'Herald' to use the word "Allah" when referring to God.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/news596153.html Non-Muslims not to use 35 Islamic terms: Diktat] - PTI - ZeeNews.com, January 15, 2010</ref>}}

In a further attempt to justify the ban, Islamic experts at a conference held by the Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM) on January 21, 2010 in Kuala Lumpur declared that the translation of Allah as God was factually wrong because it contradicted the concept of God as espoused by Islam in Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=470194 Allah Not An Accurate Translation For God] - Bernama.com (Malaysian News Agency), January 23, 2010</ref> According to IKIM chairman Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the forum succeeded in achieving its objectives, which was to identify the causes and clarify the background of the problem on the translation from the perspective of religion, language social aspects and law. He stated,

{{Quote|2=The forum also stressed on the understanding and context of the use of Allah in the Quran, touched on Islamic jurisprudence on the use of the word Allah by religions and cultures other than Islam as well as reach a unity in thinking among Islamic experts and leaders.}}

Abdullah added that the stand of the experts would be brought to the attention of the government and that another forum on managing crises between religions would also be organized by IKIM on Jan 25. This forum would involve leaders of the Malaysian Consultative Council on Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism (MCCBCHST) and was aimed at seeking solutions to misunderstandings to preserve the multi-racial harmony in the country. Abdullah said IKIM hoped the followers of all religions respected the boundaries of their own religions so that unwanted incidents like what happened recently would not recur. He stated,

{{Quote|2=In today's discussion, we all agreed that all Malaysians must respect and uphold the Constitution of Malaysia, which allows freedom of religion to be practiced in peace and harmony.}}

==Islam and Self-Censorship==

The aforementioned incidents involving Islam and its followers, has lead to wide-spread self-censorship and obfuscation of facts among the media in the west. A good example of this, is the UK media handling of the 2001 "race riots" by "Asians" in Oldham, Bradford and Burnley. In reality, these outbreaks of violence had little to do with race. The government, and the then home secretary David Blunkett, were warned by the head of the Commission for Racial Equality, Gurbux Singh, that more violence was to be expected from "Young ''Muslims'' who feel disenfranchised" living among the many "''Muslim''" hotspots in the UK.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2006/dec/28/communities.freedomofinformation 'Summer of race riots' feared after clashes in 2001] - Alan Travis, home affairs editor - The Guardian, December 28, 2006</ref>

The same thing occur in 2011, amid the news of widespread grooming of young 'white' girls by 'Asian' men.<ref>Chris Brooke - [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1344218/Asian-sex-gangs-Culture-silence-allows-grooming-white-girls-fear-racist.html Top detective blasts 'culture of silence' that allows Asian sex gangs to groom white girls... because police and social services fear being branded racist] - Daily Mail, January 11, 2011</ref> It was eventually brought to light that these 'Asians' were not only targeting white girls, but also young girls from Hindu and Sikh communities.<ref>Yudhvir Rana - [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Not-just-White-girls-Pak-Muslim-men-sexually-target-Hindu-and-Sikh-girls-as-well/articleshow/7254035.cms 'Not just White girls, Pak Muslim men sexually target Hindu and Sikh girls as well] - The Times of India, January 10, 2011</ref>

Well-known political impressionist, Rory Bremner, during an interview with Sir David Frost on the BBC documentary, Frost on Satire, admitted he feared joking about Islam.

{{Quote|1=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7828813/Rory-Bremner-afraid-to-joke-about-Islam.html Rory Bremner 'afraid' to joke about Islam] Nick Collins, Telegraph, June 15, 2010|2=When [I'm] writing a sketch about Islam, I'm writing a line and I think, 'If this goes down badly, I'm writing my own death warrant there.' Because there are people who will say, 'Not only do I not think that's funny but I'm going to kill you' – and that's chilling...If you're a Danish cartoonist and you work in a Western tradition, people don't take that too seriously. Suddenly you're confronted by a group of people who are fundamentalist and extreme and they say, 'We're going to kill you because of what you have said or drawn.' Where does satire go from there, because we like to be brave but not foolish.}}

Across the seas in the US, Comedy Central, after receiving threatening statements from the Islamic website ''Revolution Muslim'',<ref>{{cite news| last = Bates | first = Theunis | title = Pakistan Bans Facebook Over Muhammad Cartoons| work =AOL News | language = | publisher = www.aolnews.com | date =May 19, 2010 | url = http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/pakistan-bans-facebook-over-muhammad-cartoons/19483123 | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Rodriguez | first =Alex | title = Facebook dark in Pakistan amid uproar over Muhammad caricatures|work=Los Angeles Times | publisher = www.latimes.com | date = May 19, 2010 | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-facebook-20100520,0,4071401.story | }}</ref> self-censored episodes of South Park by removing the word "Muhammad" and a speech about intimidation and fear. Ironically, cartoonist Molly Norris, who created the original piece of artwork which inspired the first ever "[[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]]" in response to Comedy Central's self-censorship, eventually disassociated herself from it. Regardless of her u-turn, it was reported in July, 2010, that the American-Yemeni Islamic cleric Anwar al-Awlaki had put her, along with eight other cartoonists, on an execution hit list. The FBI have said that Norris and the other cartoonists have been warned of the "very serious threat."<ref>James Gordon Meek and Katie Nelson - [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/07/11/2010-07-11_cleric_anwar_alawlaki_puts_everybody_draw_mohammed_cartoonist_molly_norris_on_ex.html Cleric Anwar al-Awlaki puts 'Everybody Draw Mohammed' cartoonist Molly Norris on execution hitlist] - NY DAILY NEWS, July 11, 2010 </ref>

In an interview with Las Vegas Weekly, The American magician, comedian, musician and writer, Penn Fraser Jillette, who was judged the number one personality who defines Vegas, said he does not tackle Islam due to having a family:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/news/2010/jun/24/celebrity-issue/ A Uniquely Weekly ranking of the personalities who define Las Vegas] The Las Vegas Weekly, June 24, 2010|2='''Are there any groups you won't go after?'''

We haven't tackled Scientology because Showtime doesn't want us to. Maybe they have deals with individual Scientologists—I'm not sure. And we haven't tackled Islam because we have families.

'''Meaning, you won’t attack Islam because you’re afraid it’ll attack back...'''

Right, and I think the worst thing you can say about a group in a free society is that you’re afraid to talk about it—I can’t think of anything more horrific. [...]

'''You do go after Christians, though...'''

Teller and I have been brutal to Christians, and their response shows that they’re good f**king Americans who believe in freedom of speech. We attack them all the time, and we still get letters that say, “We appreciate your passion. Sincerely yours, in Christ.” Christians come to our show at the Rio and give us Bibles all the time. They’re incredibly kind to us. Sure, there are a couple of them who live in garages, give themselves titles and send out death threats to me and Bill Maher and Trey Parker. But the vast majority are polite, open-minded people, and I respect them for that.}}

Norwegian cartoonist, Finn Graff, who was known for his satirical drawings of [[Jesus]], has also said that he does not draw pictures mocking Muhammad “out of respect.”<ref>Hjörtur J. Guðmundsson - [http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/668 Scandinavian Update: Israeli Boycott, Muslim Cartoons] - The Brussels Journal, </ref> According to Mark Goldblatt at Reason:
{{Quote|1=[http://reason.com/archives/2010/05/14/the-poet-versus-the-prophet The Poet Versus the Prophet On standing up to totalitarian Islam] Mark Goldblatt, Reason, May 14, 2010|2=Americans characterize our collective deference towards the feelings of Muslims as “political correctness.” The phrase may be apt with respect to certain ethnic and religious minorities, but our tip-toeing around Islamic sensibilities is nothing more than plain, old-fashioned cowardice. MSNBC stooge Lawrence O’Donnell, for example, repeatedly slandered Mormonism during the 2008 presidential campaign as a sidebar to his creepily obsessive verbal jihad against then-candidate Mitt Romney. But when asked by radio host Hugh Hewitt whether he would insult Muhammad the way he’d insulted Joseph Smith, O’Donnell replied with rare candor: “Oh, well, I’m afraid of what the... that’s where I’m really afraid. I would like to criticize Islam much more than I do publicly, but I’m afraid for my life if I do.... Mormons are the nicest people in the world. They’ll never take a shot at me. Those other people, I’m not going to say a word about them.”

That’s the problem in a nutshell. But it’s not just O’Donnell’s problem. It’s our problem. America’s problem. The West’s problem. We lack the moral courage to walk the walk, to put our individual lives on the line in order to defend the principles of free thought and free expression—the very principles that allowed the Judeo-Christian West to leave the Islamic East in the dust, literally and figuratively, three centuries ago.}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Free Speech|Free Speech}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Apostasy]]
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]]
[[Category:Freedom of speech]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Caliphate]]

'Iddah (Female Menstrual Waiting Period)

2022-06-15T23:24:54Z

Tharpa: The use of the Latin word "fetus" to describe the unborn child is inconsistent, as Latin terms are not used here to describe other stages of life. (Teenager, adult, etc.) It is most often used as a slur.

In Islamic [[Sharia]], '<nowiki/>''iddah'' or '''iddat'' (Arabic: العدة‎; ''period (of waiting)''), also spelled ''iddah'', ''idda'', or ''iddat'', is the period a woman must observe after the death of her husband or after a divorce, during which she has to face numbers of restrictions<ref name="Esposito2004">{{cite book | editor = John L. Esposito | date = 21 October 2004 | title = The Oxford Dictionary of Islam | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 131 | isbn = 978-0-19-975726-8 | oclc = 286438886 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}}</ref>.

The 'iddah (waiting period) of different kind of women in Islam varies depending on her status:

*'''A widowed woman''': The waiting period is 4 months and 10 days
*'''A pregnant woman''': The waiting period is up to 9 months (till the birth of the baby)
*'''A divorced woman''': The waiting period is 3 menstrual cycles.

Muslim scholars defend these restrictions upon the women in 'Iddah. They claim that rulings of 'Iddah could neither be abolished, nor could they be changed as the rulings of the [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)| Islamic Sharia]] are based upon wisdom, justice and the best interests of the women, and they protect the women against the gender oppression and misogyny, while the man made laws of the modern Western world lead to the sexual exploitation of the women<ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/39286 Islam Question Answer Fatwa Website: Is it correct to think that fatwas may vary according to time and place?] </ref><ref>[https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/women-in-islamic-law-examining-five-prevalent-myths Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths]</ref>. Yet in point of fact women are forced to unilaterally face these restrictions, which make their life difficult, while the husbands don't have to face any restriction. The basis of these restrictions, the need to be sure of fatherhood, has been rendered obsolete by modern science. In addition, these restrictions are not found anywhere in the bible or Judeo-Christian tradition. Their antecedents seem rather to be pre-Islamic Arab culture (which is known as "Time of Ignorance (i.e. jāhiliyyah)"<ref>[https://www.al-islam.org/man-and-ignorance/what-does-jahiliyah-mean What does Jahiliyah mean?]</ref>.
==The different lengths of the waiting periods and their reasons==
The length of 'iddah (waiting period) of different kind of women in Islam varies depending on her status:

*'''A prisoner/slave woman''': The waiting period is becoming free from the blood of the first menstrual cycle<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201219104233/https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/risalah_maliki/book33.html 'Idda, Istibra' and Maintenance]</ref>. The reason is to determine the parentage of the child. Islam considers first menstrual cycle as enough to determine if a woman is pregnant or not.
*'''A divorced woman''': The waiting period is 3 menstrual cycles. The reason is to make sure she's not pregnant before she can marry another man and to give time to the couple to solve their dispute during this period<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">[https://brill.com/view/book/9789047426202/Bej.9789004172739.i-227_018.xml Reason for the waiting period]</ref>.
*'''A widowed woman''': The waiting period is 4 months and 10 days. The reason is to make sure she's not pregnant before she can marry another man and to give time to the woman to mourn the death of her husband<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />.
*'''A pregnant woman''': The waiting period is up to 9 months (till the birth of the baby). The reason is to prevent that another man (as 2nd husband) could "water" the unborn child from the previous husband<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://quranx.com/Hadith/AbuDawud/DarusSalam/Hadith-2158/ Sunnan Abu Dawud, Hadith 2158]</ref>.

==Islamic Divorce and The 'Idaah==
An important factor in Islamic divorce is whether the husband has declared the divorce for three times or less.

'''The case of a single or a double divorce:'''

If the husband says to his wife, once or twice, that he has divorces her, then she begins her 'Iddah period which lasts for three menstrual cycles. During this period, she’s still formally considered to be his wife: He’s obliged to house her and provide for her and they both can inherit from one another in case of death. During the Iddah, the husband can cancel the divorce even without her approval by saying that he's taken her back to him or by having sex with her. But if the 'Iddah period passes without any of these two events, then she’s formally divorced.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1034 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.274]</ref> After that, if the husband wishes to remarry her, he needs a new marriage contract, two witnesses, to pay the [[Mahr (Marital Price)]] and he also needs her approval.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1037 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.277]</ref>

'''The case of a triple divorce:'''

If the husband declares the divorce for three times, by saying “I have divorced you, I have divorced you, I have divorced you”, then the woman is no longer considered to be his wife.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1027 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.267,269]</ref> She enters her 'Iddah period which lasts for three menstrual cycles. The husband cannot remarry her unless she marries another man and gets divorced again.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1037 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.277]</ref> This is based on the following Hadith from Sahih Bukhari:{{Quote|[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5260 Sahih al-Bukhari 5260]|The wife of Rifa`a Al-Qurazi came to Allah's Messenger and said, "O Allah's Messenger! Rifa`a divorced me irrevocably. After him I married `Abdur-Rahman bin Az-Zubair Al-Qurazi who proved to be impotent." Allah's Messenger said to her, "Perhaps you want to return to Rifa`a? Nay (you cannot return to Rifa`a) until you and `Abdur-Rahman consummate your marriage."}}

In summary, if the husband declares divorce once or twice and doesn't cancel the divorce during her waiting period, his wife is formally divorced and he needs a new marriage contract to remarry her. But if the husband declares divorce thrice then his wife is immediately considered to be formally divorced regardless of her waiting period, and the husband cannot remarry his triple-talaq divorced wife unless she marries another man and gets divorced by him.

Triple-talaq divorce in one sitting proved to be problematic:

1- In one moment of anger, a husband could end the marriage and the family by saying a triple divorce, and the literature is clear that his remorse or regret does not invalidate the triple-talaq.

2- Triple divorce led to the spread of a fake kind of marriage where a divorced woman is married to another man only for him to immediately divorce her so that she can return to her original husband. This practice is called Nikah Al-Tahlil نكاح التحليل. <ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1031 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.271 footnote.1]</ref>

This triple divorce in one sitting is considered valid by most classical scholars and by the four traditional Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1029 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.269]</ref>

Ibn Taymiyah (d.1328) was the one who popularized the minority opinion which says that a triple repition of the word divorce (talaaq طلاق) in one sitting counts only as one divorce. And for that opinion, Ibn Taymiyah was accused of breaking the consensus and he was sent to prison.<ref>Daf’ Shubah by Taqiy Al-Din Al-Hisni, Dar Al-Mustafa, p.271

دفع شبه من شبَّه وتمرد لتقي الدين الحصني، دار المصطفى، ص271</ref> Despite the opposition to this at the time, Ibn Taymiya’s opinion is the popular one in the Muslim world today.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1031 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.271]</ref><ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/7692/41 Al-Bid’ah Wa Atharuha by Abu Ishaq Al-Huwayni, Al-Shamilah library, vol.5 p.13]</ref>

Another opinion of Ibn Taymiyah which was adopted by prominent Saudi scholars Ibn Baz and Ibn Uthaymin is that in a single menstrual cycle only one divorce counts<ref>[https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/110547/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87 Islamweb.net Fatwa no.110547]</ref>. This would imply that for the husband to initiate a triple-talaq divorce he needs to declare divorce once in the each of the three menstrual cycles of the 'Iddah period.

==The rights and the restrictions during the 'Iddah==
<big>'''1-'''</big> '''<big>The</big> <big>case of a single or a double-talaq divorce (by saying “I divorce you” once or twice, in one sitting or two different sittings)</big>'''

This case is the best for the divorced wife in terms of her rights since she’s considered to be married to her husband until the waiting period is over. During the waiting period, scholars unanimously agree that the husband is obliged to house his wife and provide for her.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1097 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.337]</ref> If the waiting period ends without the husband canceling the divorce, then she’s no longer considered to be his wife.

The wife cannot leave the husband’s house during the waiting period. The four mainstream schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence have the following opinions on the right of leaving the house during the waiting period of a woman divorced with less than three divorce announcements:

'''The Hanafi and the Shafi’i schools:''' She cannot leave her husband’s house neither during the day nor the night.

'''The Hanbali and the Maliki schools:''' She can leave the house during the day for her daily needs. But she cannot leave during the night because it’s the time when adultery is feared.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/18733 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.29 p.348,349]</ref>

'''<big>2- The case of a triple-talaq divorce (The husband says “I divorce you” three times in one sitting or multiple sittings).</big>'''

The four schools of Islamic jurisprudence have different views:

'''The Hanafi school:''' The husband is obliged to house his triple-talaq divorced wife and provide for her.

'''The Hanbali school:''' The husband isn’t obliged to house her nor provide for her in the case of triple-talaq.

'''The Shafi’i and the Maliki schools''': The husband is obliged to house her but not obliged to provide for her except in case she’s pregnant; the husband here is obliged to provide for her until she gives birth.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/9486/1097 Fiqh Al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, vol.2 p.337]</ref>

As for the right of leaving the house during the waiting period of a triply divorced woman, the Maliki, Shafi’i and Hanbali schools say that she can leave the house during the day for her daily needs, but she can’t leave during the night, while the Hanafi school says she cannot leave not in the day nor in the night.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/18735 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.29 p.349,350]</ref>

'''<big>Fatwa from Islam q&a:</big>'''{{Quote|[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/73408/what-should-the-woman-who-is-revocably-divorced-avoid-and-what-should-she-avoid-if-she-is-irrevocably-divorced Islamqa.info fatwa no.73408]|If the husband has divorced her with a first or second talaaq (divorce announcement), it is not permissible for her to go out of her house during her ‘iddah, and it is not permissible for him to throw her out until her ‘iddah is over, whereupon she becomes a non-mahram for him. The reason for that is that perhaps he may decide to take her back, which is what Islam encourages. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“And turn them not out of their (husband’s) homes nor shall they (themselves) leave, except in case they are guilty of some open illegal sexual intercourse. And those are the set limits of Allaah. And whosoever transgresses the set limits of Allaah, then indeed he has wronged himself. You (the one who divorces his wife) know not it may be that Allaah will afterward bring some new thing to pass (i.e. to return her back to you if that was the first or second divorce)”

[al-Talaaq 65:1]

During her ‘iddah, it is permissible for her to uncover in front of her husband and adorn herself for him, and for him to speak to her and be alone with her, but he does not have the right to have intercourse with her until after he has taken her back, or he has intercourse with her with the intention of taking her back.

If the husband has divorced his wife with the last of three talaaqs, or he has divorced her twice or once and her ‘iddah has ended, then she becomes a non-mahram for him and it is not permissible for him to be alone with her, to touch her or to look at her.}}

A widowed wife goes through additional mourning restrictions in her waiting period. The mourning restrictions are the avoidance of wearing perfume, beautiful clothes, and jewelry during the waiting period.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/18742 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.29 p.353,354]</ref> Many scholars say a formally divorced woman should go through the same mourning restrictions to mourn the loss of the blessing of marriage. The views of the four Sunni schools of jurisprudence on this issue are as follows: The Hanafi school says a formally divorced woman has to mourn. The Maliki school says she doesn’t need to mourn, while each of the Shafi’i and the Hanbali schools are split on this issue.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/768 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.2 p.104]</ref>

'''<big>3- The case of a widowed woman.</big>'''

During the waiting period which lasts for four months and ten days, the widow is obliged to stay in her home. She can leave during the day for her daily needs, but she can’t leave during the night.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/18737 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.29 p.350]</ref>

There’s disagreement between scholars on whether the widowed woman has the right to housing and maintenance out of her dead husband’s money and estate. The Hanafi and the Hanbali schools say she doesn’t have the right. The Maliki school says she has the right. While the Shafi’i school is split on this issue, with the prominent opinion saying she has the right. Those who say a widowed woman doesn’t have the right for housing and maintenance have based their opinion on:

1- A hadith where Muhammad says: “A (divorced) woman is entitled for housing and provision only if her husband can take her back (i.e. she isn’t triple-talaq divorced, or still in her 'Iddah in case of a single or a double divorce)."

2- The dead husband’s house and money belong to the heirs. The widowed wife is only entitled to her share of the inheritance.<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/15354 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.25 p.114-16]</ref>

'''The mourning restrictions:'''

Scholars unanimously agree that a widowed wife should mourn her husband during the waiting period. She mourns him by avoiding wearing perfume, beautiful clothes, and jewelry during her waiting period (4 months and 10 days).<ref>[https://al-maktaba.org/book/11430/18742 The Kuwaiti encyclopedia of jurisprudence by the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait, vol.29 p.353,354]</ref>

'''Fatwa from Islam Q&A:'''{{Quote|[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/13966/things-which-it-is-forbidden-for-a-woman-to-do-at-the-time-of-mourning Islamqa.info Fatwa no. 13966]|It is forbidden for a woman at the time of mourning to do the following:

1 – To go out of her house, except for a necessary purpose, such as if she is sick and needs to go to the hospital, in which case she should go during the day; or in the case of emergencies such as if her house is about to fall down and there is the fear that it may collapse on top of her; or in the case of fire; and so on.

The scholars said: she may go out during the day for necessary purposes, but at night she should not go out unless it is essential.

2 – To wear perfume, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade the grieving woman to put on perfume except when she purifies herself following her period, in which case she may applies a little azfaar (a kind of perfume) after her period ends, to take away the traces of menstruation.

3 – To wear beautiful clothes that are considered to be adornments, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade that. Rather she should wear ordinary clothes such as the kind that she usually wears inside her house, without making herself look beautiful.

4 – She should not put on kohl, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade that. If she needs to use it, she should use the kind of kohl whose colour is not obvious, putting it on at night and removing it during the day.

5 – She should not wear any jewellery, because if she is forbidden to wear beautiful clothes, it is more appropriate that jewellery should not be allowed.

It is permissible for her to speak to men and to speak on the telephone, and to allow people to enter the house who are permitted to do so according to sharee’ah, and to go out onto the roof of the house during the night and during the day.}}

==Restrictions upon the woman during her 'Iddah==
Islamic 'Iddah not only prohibits the women from remarriage with another man, but it also puts other restrictions upon them. In the case of a widowed woman, she may face more restrictions than a formally divorced woman; yet jurists are split on whether a formally divorced woman should go through the same restrictions of a widowed woman.

===First Restriction: She has to undergo the 'Iddah even without any 'maintenance' money===
Jurists are split on this issue with many saying that a widowed woman is not entitled to any support from the deceased husband's family or estate. Dar-ul-Ifta takes the following opinion:{{Quote|[https://daruliftaa.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/rules_of_iddat-1.pdf Dar-ul-Ifta]|The '''maintenance and providing of shelter for a woman observing the Iddat of Death are not the responsibility of her in-laws. She also does not have the right to take her maintenance out of the Estate of her deceased husband.'''}}A woman has no choice but to compulsorily undergo the 'Iddah of period of 4 months and 10 days (or up to 9 months in case of pregnancy), yet she has no right for maintenance money from the estate of her husband for this long period of time, and this in traditional cultures where women often rely upon men for their sustenance. In such cultures this stricture would be a huge financial burden upon the women, who often did not and do not even have any source of income.

===Second Restriction: She has to stay in the house of her ex-Husband during the entirety of the ‘Iddah===
If a woman's husband dies then she is allowed to stay ''only'' in the house of her husband during this whole period of 'Iddah. She is not allowed to spend this time of 'Iddah in any other place (like house of her parents or any other family members).<ref>Fatwas Website Islamqa.Org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211028112250/https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askmufti/45291/laws-of-the-iddat/ Laws of Iddat].</ref><ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/10670/what-a-recently-widowed-woman-is-not-allowed-to-do Islam Question Answer Fatwa Website]</ref> A Hadith recorded in Sunan Abu Dawud bears witness to this custom, and further clarifies that her need for financial support is not to be taken into consideration. It should be noted though that jurists are split on whether a triply divorced woman or a widowed woman has the right for financial support and housing. The following Hadith, classified as authentic by Al-Albani, shows that a widowed woman has to stay in the husband’s house, even if it doesn’t belong to her husband, or even if he hasn’t left any maintenance money for the wife
{{Quote|{{Abudawud||2293|hasan}}|Furay'ah said that she came to the Messenger of Allah and asked him whether she could return to her people, Banu Khidrah, for her husband went out seeking his slaves who ran away. When they met him at al-Qudum, they murdered him.

So I asked the Messenger of Allah: "Should I return to my people, '''for he did not leave any dwelling house of his own and maintenance for me'''?

She said: The Messenger of Allah replied: Yes. She said: I came out, and when I was in the apartment or in the mosque, he called for me, or he commanded (someone to call me) and, therefore, I was called.

He said: what did you say? So I repeated my story which I had already mentioned about my husband.

'''Thereupon he said: Stay in your house till the term (of four months and 10 days) lapses.'''

She said: So I passed my waiting period in it (her house) for four months and ten days. When Uthman ibn Affan became caliph, he sent for me and asked me about that; so I informed him, '''and he followed it and decided cases accordingly'''.}}

Although this clearly serves the purpose of insuring that the next man who marries her does not inherit a son from the previous marriage or another man she had relations with during her 'Iddah, the wellbeing of the woman here is not considered at all; her need to either work to support herself or be with her own family for succor and support is not taken into account at all, and neither is her freedom of movement and intention.

===Third Restriction: The Woman should not leave the house even for daily walks, or visit the relatives or attend any social gathering===
{{Quote|[https://web.archive.org/web/20211014113704/https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askmufti/45453/visiting-relatives-in-iddat/ IslamQA Fatwa Website]|'''Question''': Is a woman allowed to visit family members like her parents or sisters if she is observing iddat and use the excuse that she will be with her family so she doesn’t see the problem?
'''Answer''': A woman who has been divorced is not allowed to leave the confines of her home during the iddat for whatever reason, '''be it to visit friends or relatives or to attend the funeral of even her parents'''.}}
Jurists agree that a woman observing her Iddah must not leave her house, with many jurists saying she can only leave for necessary needs. Many Islamic fatawa (religious rulings) decree that Muslim women observing their 'iddah must not leave their (husband's) house even for a walk and certainly not for any type of social gathering ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211014114224/https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/349861/woman-in-iddah-may-go-out-for-need Fatwa 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211014114300/https://idealwoman.org/2021/can-a-woman-go-out-for-a-walk-during-iddat/ Fatwa 2]). Although this makes sense from the perspective of insuring that her next husband does not inherit the baby of a man she had relations with during her 'iddah and that any pregnancy which comes about in the 'iddah can only be the work of her husband, it completely disregards her human rights. No consideration is given for the women's freedom of movement, freedom of choice, social or relationship needs.

===Fourth Restriction: The mourning woman should not even use collyrium/kohl on her eyes even for eye disease, since it beautifies her===
Although a woman is allowed to take medical care during her ‘iddah, still she should not use collyrium/kohl as a cure even against any eye disease, since this substance can be used as a form of makeup to beautifie her. According to many jurists, this restriction not only applies on a widowed woman, but it also applies to a formally divorced woman.

{{Quote|{{Bukhari||68|81|in-book}}|Um Salama said that a woman came to Allah's Messenger and said, "O Allah's Messenger ! The husband of my daughter has died and she is suffering from an eye disease. Can she apply collyrium/kohl to her eye?" Allah's Messenger replied, "No," twice or thrice. (Every time she repeated her question) he said, "No."}}

===Fifth Restriction: Women are not allowed to use good clothes, jewelry, perfume, Henna and to comb their hair or to oil it===
Widowed women observing their 'Iddah are not allowed to wear good clothes, or jewelry, or use perfume or Henna. With some jurists saying that even combing their hair and applying the oil to it is forbidden<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211028112250/https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askmufti/45291/laws-of-the-iddat/ IslamQA Fatwa Website]</ref>.
{{Quote|[https://sunnah.com/mishkat:3333 Mishkat al-Masabih 3333]|Umm Salama said: God’s Messenger came to visit me when Abu Salama died, and I had put the juice of aloes on myself. He asked me what it was, and I told him it was only the juice of aloes and contained no perfume, so he said, “It gives the face a glow, so apply it only at night and remove it in the daytime, and do not comb yourself with scent or henna, for it is a dye.” I asked God’s Messenger what I should use when combing myself, and he told me to use lote-tree leaves and smear my head copiously with them. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani declared this Hadith to be FAIR (حسن) (link).}}Although these strictures again work to keep the woman from having any intercourse or attracting any male attention during her 'iddah by keeping herself (relatively) unattractive, these laws once again completely disregard the happiness and freedom of the woman to whom they are applied. They also seem excessively harsh, as if she is truly keeping herself confined to her house the question arises as to who would see her with all of this makeup on even if she did apply it.

==Pre-Islamic Influences on the Concept of ‘Iddah==
According to the following hadith, the concept of 'iddah was taken from pre-Islamic Arabian culture:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||5336|darussalam}}|Um Salama said that a woman came to Allah's Messenger and said, "O Allah's Messenger ! The husband of my daughter has died and she is suffering from an eye disease. Can she apply collyrium/kohl to her eye?" Allah's Messenger replied, "No," twice or thrice. (Every time she repeated her question) he said,''' "No." Then Allah's Messenger added, "It is just a matter of four months and ten days. In the Pre-Islamic Period of ignorance a widow among you should throw a globe of dung when one year has elapsed (i.e. she had to stay in ‘Iddah for the whole one year)." '''}}Apparently women even at the time the hadith was created were complaining of the burdens of the 'iddah, but the hadith admonishes them that they ought to be thankful for Islam, since in the jahiliyyah (the pre-islamic time of "ignorance" before the coming of Islam in the Arab peninsula) the 'iddah lasted a whole year. That there were complaints, though, can be seen from the existence of the hadith in the first place, so even in the time of this hadith women were not happy with them; by comparison, modern secular culture imposes no such restrictions on women at all.

==Waiting period for the captive/slave-women==
The waiting period of captive/slave-women is as follows:

*If she is a virgin girl, then no waiting period is necessary, and the Muslim owner is allowed to force her to provide him the sexual services the same night.
*If she's married and has a husband, then the waiting period is to become free of the first menstrual blood. Even if this blood stopped the first night after the capture/purchase, the owner is allowed to force her to provide him the sexual services the same night.
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|11|2153}}|(Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said): ... it is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the Last Day to have intercourse with a captive woman till she is free from a menstrual course (i.e. her first menstrual blood).}}
Imam Abdullah Ibn Abi Zayd (who is also knows as younger Imam Malik), writes in his Fiqh book Risalah:
{{Quote|[http://web.archive.org/web/20160117184347/http://www.dhspriory.org/kenny/RISALA.htm Risalah by Imam Abdullah Ibn Abi Zayd]|واستبراء الامة في انتقال الملك حيضة انتقل الملك ببيع أو هبة أو سبي أو غير ذلك. ومن هي في حيازته قدحاضت عنده ثم إنه اشتراها فلا استبراء عليها إن لم تكن تخرج.
The istibrā' (waiting) period for a slave concubine who changes ownership is one menstruation. Ownership may change by selling, giving away, capture, or any other way. If the woman menstruates after being taken possession of in advance by her new owner, and then he buys her, she does not have to go through a period of istibrā' (i.e. waiting period).}}
Even if the first menstrual blood stops the first night after becoming captive/purchase, the Muslim owner is allowed to have sex with her the same night.

Saffiyyah (a Jewish captive woman) became free of her blood the next night after her father, brother and husband were killed in the war by Muslims. Thus Muhammad had sex with her the next night
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||4211|darussalam}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik:

We arrived at Khaibar, and when Allah helped His Apostle to open the fort, (then) the beauty of Safiya bint Huyai bin Akhtaq whose husband had been killed while she was a bride, was mentioned to Allah's Apostle. The Prophet (ﷺ) selected her for himself, and set out with her, and when we reached a place called Sidd-as-Sahba, (which is 14 miles away from Khaibar)' Safiya became clean from her menses then Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) married her.}}

==Criticism of the Islamic 'Iddah==

===Criticism of the 'Iddah of a widow===
Some Islamic preachers and scholars argue that the reason for the 4 month and 10 days long 'iddah of a widow is to ''''mourn'''<nowiki/>' the death of the husband.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Reason for 4 months 10 days long Iddah of a widow [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/88684/rights-of-a-deceased-husband-on-his-wife]</ref> Yet it should be noted that there is no obligation of any “mourning” upon a man if the wife dies. There is a clear a double standard vis-a-vis the same situation involving a man and a woman, as the husband is totally free to marry a new wife the same night, without any waiting period in name of "mourning." He's also totally free to have sex with his other wives and dozens of slave girls the same night as his divorce, and there is no restriction upon him in name of "mourning."

Moreover, the 'iddah is even incumbent upon the widow in cases where she has never seen her husband after the marriage, and in cases where the marriage has not been consummated, and even if she is a minor child, or even if the marriage was abusive <ref>Widow has to observe 'Iddah even if she never saw the husband after the marriage, or even if she is a small child. [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/145179/the-waiting-period-of-an-old-woman-after-the-death-of-her-husband]</ref>. ''In all such cases, a widow has no emotional connection with the deceased husband, but still she has to undergo the restrictions of 'Iddah in name of mourning''. As such, feminist critics of the institution of the 'iddah have decried it as misogynist.

===Criticism of the 'Iddah of a pregnant woman===
According to the Quran, the 'iddah of a pregnant woman is till the birth of a child ([https://quranx.com/65.4 Quran 65:4]).

Muhammad in the hadith of Sunan Abu Dawud justifies the practice in this manner:
{{Quote|{{Abudawud||2158|darussalam}}|رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ قَالَ ‏"‏ لاَ يَحِلُّ لاِمْرِئٍ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ أَنْ يَسْقِيَ مَاءَهُ زَرْعَ غَيْرِهِ ‏"

The Messenger of Allah said: It is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the last day '''to water what another has sown with his water (meaning intercourse with a woman who is pregnant from her previous husband).'''}}
This prohibition seems to imply some impurification of the preborn child by the seed of the second man, but scientifically once the woman has been impregnated this is impossible, the DNA of the baby will not be affected by any other semen in the woman's body. This hadith thus seems to present an unscientific view of human gestation. Moreover, the man is under all circumstances able to take sexual pleasure from any other wife or sex slave that he possess immediately after the end of his marital bond, but it is only the woman who is not allowed to fulfil her natural need to have love and sex from any man.

====Criticism of the Islamic Ruling that a pregnant woman has to stay in the house of her ex-husband till the delivery====
A pregnant woman has to stay in the house of her ex-husband:
{{Quote|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512143740/https://daruliftaa.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/rules_of_iddat-1.pdf Rules of Iddat]|If a woman is pregnant and her husband divorces her, she will have to remain in that house until she delivers her child.}}
This ruling is criticized while a woman is alone in the house of her ex-husband, and she has to observe Hijab from him too<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512143740/https://daruliftaa.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/rules_of_iddat-1.pdf Staying in the house of ex-husband, but also doing Purdah (Hijab) from him.] </ref>. Living under one roof with the ex-husband is a cause of mental torture for a woman.

As compared to the house of ex-husband, she could find a lot of love in house of her parents or relatives and live freely there and deliver the child in the comfort of her family.

===Criticism of 'Iddah in case of triple-talaq divorce===
If the husband says to his wife three times that he has divorced her, then she's formally considered to be divorced from him even if he said the three announcements in one sitting. The husband cannot remarry his wife unless she marries another man and gets divorced by him. This means that the moment the husband pronounces three Talaqs (announcements of divorce) in one sitting, his wife will need to go through a waiting period of three menstrual cycles where she's forced to stay at her ex-husband's home. But this ruling is criticized as unnecesary, since the parentage of the child could be determined after just the first menstrual cycle (as in case of the captive/slave woman). Therefore, logically the 'Iddah should be only one menstrual cycle long if the idea of assuring the parentage of any babies were to be followed to its logical conclusion<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220113121219/https://atheism-vs-islam.com/index.php/women/94-iddah-i-e-waiting-period-is-illogical-unnecessary-oppressive-injustice-against-the-women Iddah of 3 menstrual cycles in case of 3 Talaqs in one sitting]</ref>. Scholars claim that one of the purposes of the Iddah is to give a chance for reconciliation between the couple. This may be true in the case of a single or double talaq divorce, but after 3 Talaqs there's no chance of reconciliation which makes the additional two menstrual cycles not only meaningless but also mentally harmful for the divorced wife as she's forced to live with her ex-husband in the same home for three menstrual cycles.{{Quote|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512143740/https://daruliftaa.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/rules_of_iddat-1.pdf Rules of Iddat]|When the husband divorces his wife, she will have to spend her Iddat in the matrimonial home. She must not leave the house during the day nor at night, nor can she make nikah with anyone else ... This rule will apply irrespective of whether the man issued one two or three divorces, and irrespective of whether he issued a talaaqul baa-in (irrevocable divorce) or a talaaq-ur-raj’ee (revocable Talaaq). The same rule will apply in all cases ... If she is observing her ‘Iddat in the same house wherein the man who issued a talaaqul baain to her is also living, she will have to observe strict Purdah (Hijab) with him.}}Moreover, in the present modern era, it is not necessary to wait even for one menstrual cycle, as the pregnancy and paternity can be determined right away through the modern medical tests.

===Implantation Bleeding Despite Being pregnant===

Islamic preachers and scholars claim that the Islamic 'Iddah of 3 menstrual cycles is correct, since some women have implantation bleeding (bleeding from when the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus.) despite being pregnant, and it is difficult for a woman to differentiate between the periods and the [https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-spotting-last#implantation-spotting implantation bleeding]. Yet despite this rule, traditional Islamic law itself stipulates an 'Iddah of a prisoner/slave woman as only one menstrual cycle, in contradiction to this idea. If parentage were the main issue, the status of the woman (free or slave) should not matter. Also some jurists including Ibn Taymiyah say that the 'Iddah of a free Muslim woman in the case of [[Khul']] is only one period.<ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/5163/does-iddah-apply-in-the-case-of-khula 'Iddah in Khul' is one menstrual period]</ref> Even Muhammad himself slept with [[Safiyah]] the same night when her first menstrual blood stopped, after he had murdered her previous husband. Note that Safiyyah was not a slave, but a free woman when Muhammad took her as a wife: {{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3325}}|He (the Holy Prophet) then granted Saffiyyah emancipation and married her. Thabit said to him: Abu Hamza, how much dower did he (the Holy Prophet) give to her? He said: He granted her freedom and then married her. On the way Umm Sulaim embellished her and then sent her to him (the Holy Prophet) at night.}}{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||2893|darussalam}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: We arrived at Khaibar, and when Allah helped His Apostle to open the fort, the beauty of Safiya bint Huyai bin Akhtaq whose husband had been killed while she was a bride, was mentioned to Allah's Apostle. The Prophet selected her for himself, and set out with her, and when we reached a place called Sidd-as-Sahba,' '''Safiya became clean from her (first) menses then Allah's Apostle took her into his bed.'''}}

There is no Sahih Hadith of the prophet in which he ever mentions the 'Iddah of 3 periods due to any implantation bleeding. Muhammad adopted the practice of 'Iddah from his native Arabian culture. It is in response to modern conceptions of biology and ideals about women's rights that these arguments about parentage have been formulated. But these arguments fall flat, as upon further inspection the contradictions in them are evident (such as having sex with a slave girl after one menstrual cycle). They are not based on the actual source material but rather on a desire to make the source material acceptable to a modern audience.

===No waiting period in name of "mourning" for the captive/slave women===
In spite of the aforementioned claims of concern for the well-being of women, according to traditional [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)]] Muslim men are allowed to derive sexual pleasures from the virgin girls taken as war booty during Jihad without giving them any 'waiting period' to mourn their dead family members. As far as the non-virgin slaves taken as war booty are concerned, if they already have husbands, then vaginal coitus is not allowed till they become free of their first menstrual period, but the Muslim Mujhaahiduun (i.e. warriors) are allowed to undress them the same night and to take all kinds of other sexual pleasures and sexual favors from them aside from vaginal penetration.
{{Quote|1=Fath ِAl-Bari by Ibn Hajar, Dar Al-Ma'rifah, vol.4 p.423|2=وقال عطاء لا بأس أن يصيب من جاريته الحامل ما دون الفرج

Translation:

Atta said: ‘There is no harm to drive sexual pleasure from the body of the pregnant slave/(or prisoner) woman except from vagina’}}
According to Islamic Scholars, the Fiqh (Jurisprudence) of Imam Bukhari lies in the “Headings of Chapters” of his Book. And Imam Bukhari gave this heading in his book Sahih Bukhari<ref>[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4081&bk_no=52&flag=1 Sahih Bukhari]</ref>:<blockquote>''Chapter: If one buys a slave woman, can he then take her along with him in a journey without her completing her waiting period?''</blockquote>Under this heading, Imam Bukhari writes:
{{Quote|1=[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4081&bk_no=52&flag=1 Sahih Bukhari]|2=ولم ير الحسن بأسا أن يقبلها أو يباشرها. وقال ابن عمر ـ رضى الله عنهما ـ إذا وهبت الوليدة التي توطأ أو بيعت أو عتقت فليستبرأ رحمها بحيضة، ولا تستبرأ العذراء. وقال عطاء لا بأس أن يصيب من جاريته الحامل ما دون الفرج.

Translation:

Hasan Basri finds nothing objectionable in kissing a woman or to having sex with her. And Ibn Umar said that such a slave woman who is given as a present, or who is sold, or who is made free, but sex had been done with her before that, then she had to undergo a waiting period. '''And Atta said if a slave woman had become pregnant (from the earlier owner/husband), then still pleasure could be derived from the whole of her body, except for her vagina.'''}}
The sorrow and pain of such women are recorded in Tabari:
{{Quote|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=4A-4ZC4l0dMC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=she+commanded+that+Safiyyah+should+be+kept+behind+him+and+that+the+Messenger+of+God+had+chosen+her+for+himself&source=bl&ots=pHDBKo-6Bv&sig=W8sWDq8ZJ4nLwFZpsA1obfYZJ48&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizjuC41L7bAhVHXRQKHSEhD7EQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=she%20commanded%20that%20Safiyyah%20should%20be%20kept%20behind%20him%20and%20that%20the%20Messenger%20of%20God%20had%20chosen%20her%20for%20himself&f=false History of Tabari, Volume 8, Page 112]|2=Ibn Ishaq said: After the Messenger of God conquered al-Qamus, Safiyyah bint Huyayy was brought to him, and another woman with her. Bilal (a companion), who was the one who brought them, led them past some of the slain Jews. When the woman who was with Safiyyah saw them, she cried out, struck her face, and poured dust on her head. When the Messenger of God saw her, he said, "Take this she-devil away from me!" ... The Messenger of God said to Bilal, when he saw the Jewish woman doing what he saw her do, "Are you devoid of mercy, Bilal, that you take two women past their slain men?"}}

The clear disregard for the well-being of women presents a conundrum for modern day advocates of these Islamic laws and traditions. On one hand, Islamic law advocates claim that a Muslim woman is not allowed to be wed during 3 periods/months long 'Iddah while she is mentally under stress after the divorce. Yet on the flip side of the coin, by endorsing a tradition with such endorsements of sexual slavery, they ignore any such mental stress for the prisoner women and girls. Far away from the subject of divorce, even after killing all the men of their family, Muslim men are allowed their use sex objects the very same night that their slavery begins. They are provided with no 'waiting period' to come out of their mental stress.

Contrary to Islam, even the laws of the Jewish Bible allowed the prisoner women to mourn their relatives for one complete month, during which men were not allowed to take any other sexual services from them.

{{Quote|1=[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2021&version=NIV Bible, Deuteronomy, Chap 21]|2=יכִּֽי־תֵצֵ֥א לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה עַל־אֹֽיְבֶ֑יךָ וּנְתָנ֞וֹ יְהֹוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ בְּיָדֶ֖ךָ וְשָׁבִ֥יתָ שִׁבְיֽוֹ:

יאוְרָאִ֨יתָ֙ בַּשִּׁבְיָ֔ה אֵ֖שֶׁת יְפַת־תֹּ֑אַר וְחָֽשַׁקְתָּ֣ בָ֔הּ וְלָֽקַחְתָּ֥ לְךָ֖ לְאִשָּֽׁה:

יבוַֽהֲבֵאתָ֖הּ אֶל־תּ֣וֹךְ בֵּיתֶ֑ךָ וְגִלְּחָה֙ אֶת־רֹאשָׁ֔הּ וְעָֽשְׂתָ֖ה אֶת־צִפָּֽרְנֶֽיהָ:

יגוְהֵסִ֩ירָה֩ אֶת־שִׂמְלַ֨ת שִׁבְיָ֜הּ מֵֽעָלֶ֗יהָ וְיָֽשְׁבָה֙ בְּבֵיתֶ֔ךָ וּבָֽכְתָ֛ה אֶת־אָבִ֥יהָ וְאֶת־אִמָּ֖הּ יֶ֣רַח יָמִ֑ים וְאַ֨חַר כֵּ֜ן תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ וּבְעַלְתָּ֔הּ וְהָֽיְתָ֥ה לְךָ֖ לְאִשָּֽׁה:

ידוְהָיָ֞ה אִם־לֹ֧א חָפַ֣צְתָּ בָּ֗הּ וְשִׁלַּחְתָּהּ֙ לְנַפְשָׁ֔הּ וּמָכֹ֥ר לֹֽא־תִמְכְּרֶ֖נָּה בַּכָּ֑סֶף לֹֽא־תִתְעַמֵּ֣ר בָּ֔הּ תַּ֖חַת אֲשֶׁ֥ר עִנִּיתָֽהּ:

'''Marrying a Captive Woman'''

(10) When you go to war against your enemies and the Lord your God delivers them into your hands and you take captives,

(11) if you notice among the captives a beautiful woman and are attracted to her, you may take her as your wife.

(12) Bring her into your home and have her shave her head, trim her nails

(13) and put aside the clothes she was wearing when captured. '''After she has lived in your house and mourned her father and mother for a full month''', then you may go to her and be her husband and she shall be your wife.

(14) If you are not pleased with her, let her go wherever she wishes. You must not sell her or treat her as a slave, since you have dishonored her.}}

In creating these new rulings around taking the sexual pleasure of female sex slaves, Islamic law rejected the law of the Bible in this case, and more closely followed the laws of the pagan Arab society of the time of Muhammad, as it benefitted the Muslims financially and they were free to seek sexual pleasures through the prisoner women the same night.

==References==
{{reflist}}

WikiIslam:Discussions/Archive

2021-04-07T17:57:57Z

Tharpa: Responding to question.

{{Template:Discussions}}

:'''''This is an Archive page of past discussions that should not be edited to incorporate new conversations. For active discussions or to start a new discussion , see the appropriate main [[WikiIslam:Discussions|Discussion]] page.'''''

==Article Suggestions==
Do we have anything on the Muslim Brotherhood? How about Rifqa Bary?--[[User:Natassia|Natassia]] 20:00, 9 October 2009 (PDT)

:Nope, nothing on either. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] 20:21, 9 October 2009 (PDT)

Think someone with an understanding of the Arabic language could do an article on Iblis? The etymology of its name? About how it lives in our noses and is made of fire, smokeless fire which would imply some reaction resembling the powder used in modern firearms, yet the worst a human body apparently gets from this is suggestive whispers instead of a deafening, burning, ripped to pieces explosive death? About, "The God" throwing Iblis in hell, which is described as fiery in the Qu'ran and how that is supposed to be punishment for a creature that is made of fire? An Arabic fluent user could probably come up with a lot more.

:Thanks for the suggestion, yes that would be a good article. Currently we dont have any arabic editors active on the site. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:43, 17 March 2013 (PDT)

==Font==

This is idea will be unpopular with Wikipedia die-hards, but it is well established in the psychological research.

Publish everything with a serifed font (Times, Garamond, Cambria, Bookman, Georgia, etc.).

Studies keep on showing that it is easier to read a serifed font. Those little flicks at the end of each letter seem to glide onto the next letter more easily than a blank space.
Although the clean, childish appearance of Arial or Geneva looks superficially as if it should be clearer, in fact people are much less likely to finish reading something in an unserifed font.

If you want readers to finish the major articles, presenting them in a serifed font could make the difference.[[User:1234567|1234567]] ([[User talk:1234567|talk]]) 21:26, 1 August 2012 (PDT)

:Thanks for the suggestion! --[[User:Admin3|Admin3]] ([[User talk:Admin3|talk]]) 02:57, 2 August 2012 (PDT)
::Some interesting comments on Wikipedia's page for serif fonts: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif#Readability_and_legibility. Basically says "scientific study on this topic has been ambiguous". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 01:51, 3 August 2012 (PDT)

==Quranists "right hand possess"==

Quranists claim that "ma malakat aymanuhum" in 23:6,70:30 and others are not "right hand possess" but it means "maintained by oath". They confuse "aymanuhum" with "aymanihim" and "aymanukum" with "aymanikum". It would be great if someone can write a complete refutation using Arabic. I have some dictionaries but Quranists refuse to accept them by calling them "influenced by hadiths".

If someone can use Lisanul quran and Lisanul Arab it would be awesome. --[[User:Azdahaexm|Azdahaexm]] ([[User talk:Azdahaexm|talk]])

==Watch this video==

I would like to tell everyone to watch this:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_Qpy0mXg8Y&feature=relmfu

This guy make a historical argument about the destruction of classical civilization via Jihad.

Someone could create an article basead on this video.

Sorry about my english. —The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:187.75.24.202|187.75.24.202]] ([[User talk:187.75.24.202|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/187.75.24.202|contribs]]) {{#if:23:19, 12 October 2012| on 23:19, 12 October 2012|}} 
==Ref hover==

I noticed recently that wikipedia now has a Ref hover system where you hover over the ref number and it shows you the reference in a little popup and you dont have to go down to the references section.
([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19#Campaign], hover over ref #10). So here you see a popup and you can click on the source there. I've thought of this feature before. Hopefully we'll have this in the next software upgrade. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:02, 1 December 2012 (PST)

:That would be an awesome addition. Though I doubt that will stop the trolls from their false protests. --[[User:Sahabah|Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 10:20, 1 December 2012 (PST)
::Yea they'll still have to actually read the text. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 11:37, 1 December 2012 (PST)
:::I got this working. I disabled it to see how it does it and then had trouble getting it back on. I think I had to clear my cache. But yea its working now. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 12:19, 16 December 2012 (PST)

==PDF possibilities==

Is there any chance in the future that we could make a book of the articles in WikiIslam in PDF similar to Wikipedia? —The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:‎124.171.143.31|‎124.171.143.31]] ([[User talk:‎124.171.143.31|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/‎124.171.143.31|contribs]]) {{#if:23:18, 4 January 2013| on 23:18, 4 January 2013|}} 

:Hmm. Sounds like an interesting idea. I don't know about what kind of pro's and con's will be involved for us. --[[User:Sahabah|Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 07:22, 5 January 2013 (PST)
:hi ‎124.171.143.31, thanks for your suggestion. Currently there's no plan for this. The best way to read the content is on the website directly because if a PDF is compiled, it will become outdated as changes are made on the website. Our articles also contain links and the PDF experience is less user friendly as compared to a website (where all activity happens within the browser, as opposed to switching between Acrobat and the browser). Its an extra feature but its not a high priority right now. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 08:19, 5 January 2013 (PST)

==Editing disabled temporarily==

I have to disable editing on this site while we move. I would say, watch out for the new site [http://178.79.176.33/wiki/Main_Page]. Once the edits have been transferred over, edits can be made on that new site. I'll post a discussion message there at some point. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:08, 10 February 2013 (PST)

:Ok, this new IP site is active now. Editing can be done here instead of on the old site. Thanks Claustrum! --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 17:43, 10 February 2013 (PST)
::You're welcome! ''— [[User:Claustrum|Claustrum]]'' '''[[User talk:Claustrum|ϟ]]''' 17:56, 10 February 2013 (PST)

==I want to help you!==
hi!
I have a suggestion for you: I'm an active user on Facebook and I have some pages about Islam that are similar to your website. I could not find any page related to your site on Facebook. I suggest you to open a page there. for instance I made one and now it is ready to use:
[https://www.facebook.com/wikiislam0]

it may help you to have much more visitors and many new people to find you website and read your ideas. I'm ready for any kind of help and waiting for your permission to start or stop the page activities.
Best Wishes!—The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Sepehr|Sepehr]] ([[User talk:Sepehr|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sepehr|contribs]]) {{#if:04:31, 19 April 2013| on 04:31, 19 April 2013|}} 

Hi Sepehr. Thanks for taking the initiative. But I don't think we'd be interested in that. We did have our own page and it was deleted. Maybe Axius will think differently (he'll probably comment later when he logs in). A fairly recent addition to the site is the [[WikiIslam:Translations|Translation Project]], so how would you feel about translating a few of our articles into the Persian language? Also you could create a sandbox: [[User:Sepehr/Sandbox]] and work on/submit some of your articles if you think they would be suitable for the site.[[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:12, 19 April 2013 (PDT)

:Sepehr, thanks for making that. I'll think about this. We need a new URL though. I'm assuming its possible to have multiple admins on a Facebook page. I'll get back to you here or by email.--[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:18, 19 April 2013 (PDT)

[[Category:WikiIslam]]

==Abu Jahal, Ikriban Ibn Abi Jahl and /or One Islam Productions==

One Islam Productions's "4 Stories That Tell Us Who Prophet Muhammad Really Was! Emotional Video" starts off by saying that Abu Jahal had killed Muslims for no other reason than because they were believers. The video then goes on to talk about the kindness of Muhammad to his son, Ikribin Ibn Abi Jahl. I have come to be skeptical of Muslim claims that in Mohammad's time there were people who killed Muslims without provocation. It would be interesting to see an article addressing this claim about Abu Jahal.

:Wikiislam certainly requires an article on Abu Jahl - the accusations made against him and similar characters in the Sira certainly merit analysis, particularly from a historical-critical perspective. Would you like to get started on it? You could address the topic from either a traditional or historical-critical standpoint, whatever you prefer, or both. Not sure what your editorial privileges are at the moment, but I can make a sandbox for you to get started on a draft if you'd like. [[User:IbnPinker|IbnPinker]] ([[User talk:IbnPinker|talk]]) 16:37, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

I agree that it's quite reasonable to ask someone making a suggestion if they would be able to do it. After all, ideas are always more plentiful than volunteer sweat. However, I am over-committed at the moment.

WikiIslam:Discussions/Archive

2021-04-07T00:03:39Z

Tharpa: /* Abu Jahal, Ikriban Ibn Abi Jahl and /or One Islam Productions */ new section

{{Template:Discussions}}

:'''''This is an Archive page of past discussions that should not be edited to incorporate new conversations. For active discussions or to start a new discussion , see the appropriate main [[WikiIslam:Discussions|Discussion]] page.'''''

==Article Suggestions==
Do we have anything on the Muslim Brotherhood? How about Rifqa Bary?--[[User:Natassia|Natassia]] 20:00, 9 October 2009 (PDT)

:Nope, nothing on either. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] 20:21, 9 October 2009 (PDT)

Think someone with an understanding of the Arabic language could do an article on Iblis? The etymology of its name? About how it lives in our noses and is made of fire, smokeless fire which would imply some reaction resembling the powder used in modern firearms, yet the worst a human body apparently gets from this is suggestive whispers instead of a deafening, burning, ripped to pieces explosive death? About, "The God" throwing Iblis in hell, which is described as fiery in the Qu'ran and how that is supposed to be punishment for a creature that is made of fire? An Arabic fluent user could probably come up with a lot more.

:Thanks for the suggestion, yes that would be a good article. Currently we dont have any arabic editors active on the site. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:43, 17 March 2013 (PDT)

==Font==

This is idea will be unpopular with Wikipedia die-hards, but it is well established in the psychological research.

Publish everything with a serifed font (Times, Garamond, Cambria, Bookman, Georgia, etc.).

Studies keep on showing that it is easier to read a serifed font. Those little flicks at the end of each letter seem to glide onto the next letter more easily than a blank space.
Although the clean, childish appearance of Arial or Geneva looks superficially as if it should be clearer, in fact people are much less likely to finish reading something in an unserifed font.

If you want readers to finish the major articles, presenting them in a serifed font could make the difference.[[User:1234567|1234567]] ([[User talk:1234567|talk]]) 21:26, 1 August 2012 (PDT)

:Thanks for the suggestion! --[[User:Admin3|Admin3]] ([[User talk:Admin3|talk]]) 02:57, 2 August 2012 (PDT)
::Some interesting comments on Wikipedia's page for serif fonts: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif#Readability_and_legibility. Basically says "scientific study on this topic has been ambiguous". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 01:51, 3 August 2012 (PDT)

==Quranists "right hand possess"==

Quranists claim that "ma malakat aymanuhum" in 23:6,70:30 and others are not "right hand possess" but it means "maintained by oath". They confuse "aymanuhum" with "aymanihim" and "aymanukum" with "aymanikum". It would be great if someone can write a complete refutation using Arabic. I have some dictionaries but Quranists refuse to accept them by calling them "influenced by hadiths".

If someone can use Lisanul quran and Lisanul Arab it would be awesome. --[[User:Azdahaexm|Azdahaexm]] ([[User talk:Azdahaexm|talk]])

==Watch this video==

I would like to tell everyone to watch this:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_Qpy0mXg8Y&feature=relmfu

This guy make a historical argument about the destruction of classical civilization via Jihad.

Someone could create an article basead on this video.

Sorry about my english. —The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:187.75.24.202|187.75.24.202]] ([[User talk:187.75.24.202|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/187.75.24.202|contribs]]) {{#if:23:19, 12 October 2012| on 23:19, 12 October 2012|}} 
==Ref hover==

I noticed recently that wikipedia now has a Ref hover system where you hover over the ref number and it shows you the reference in a little popup and you dont have to go down to the references section.
([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19#Campaign], hover over ref #10). So here you see a popup and you can click on the source there. I've thought of this feature before. Hopefully we'll have this in the next software upgrade. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:02, 1 December 2012 (PST)

:That would be an awesome addition. Though I doubt that will stop the trolls from their false protests. --[[User:Sahabah|Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 10:20, 1 December 2012 (PST)
::Yea they'll still have to actually read the text. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 11:37, 1 December 2012 (PST)
:::I got this working. I disabled it to see how it does it and then had trouble getting it back on. I think I had to clear my cache. But yea its working now. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 12:19, 16 December 2012 (PST)

==PDF possibilities==

Is there any chance in the future that we could make a book of the articles in WikiIslam in PDF similar to Wikipedia? —The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:‎124.171.143.31|‎124.171.143.31]] ([[User talk:‎124.171.143.31|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/‎124.171.143.31|contribs]]) {{#if:23:18, 4 January 2013| on 23:18, 4 January 2013|}} 

:Hmm. Sounds like an interesting idea. I don't know about what kind of pro's and con's will be involved for us. --[[User:Sahabah|Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 07:22, 5 January 2013 (PST)
:hi ‎124.171.143.31, thanks for your suggestion. Currently there's no plan for this. The best way to read the content is on the website directly because if a PDF is compiled, it will become outdated as changes are made on the website. Our articles also contain links and the PDF experience is less user friendly as compared to a website (where all activity happens within the browser, as opposed to switching between Acrobat and the browser). Its an extra feature but its not a high priority right now. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 08:19, 5 January 2013 (PST)

==Editing disabled temporarily==

I have to disable editing on this site while we move. I would say, watch out for the new site [http://178.79.176.33/wiki/Main_Page]. Once the edits have been transferred over, edits can be made on that new site. I'll post a discussion message there at some point. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:08, 10 February 2013 (PST)

:Ok, this new IP site is active now. Editing can be done here instead of on the old site. Thanks Claustrum! --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 17:43, 10 February 2013 (PST)
::You're welcome! ''— [[User:Claustrum|Claustrum]]'' '''[[User talk:Claustrum|ϟ]]''' 17:56, 10 February 2013 (PST)

==I want to help you!==
hi!
I have a suggestion for you: I'm an active user on Facebook and I have some pages about Islam that are similar to your website. I could not find any page related to your site on Facebook. I suggest you to open a page there. for instance I made one and now it is ready to use:
[https://www.facebook.com/wikiislam0]

it may help you to have much more visitors and many new people to find you website and read your ideas. I'm ready for any kind of help and waiting for your permission to start or stop the page activities.
Best Wishes!—The preceding [[WikiIslam:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Sepehr|Sepehr]] ([[User talk:Sepehr|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sepehr|contribs]]) {{#if:04:31, 19 April 2013| on 04:31, 19 April 2013|}} 

Hi Sepehr. Thanks for taking the initiative. But I don't think we'd be interested in that. We did have our own page and it was deleted. Maybe Axius will think differently (he'll probably comment later when he logs in). A fairly recent addition to the site is the [[WikiIslam:Translations|Translation Project]], so how would you feel about translating a few of our articles into the Persian language? Also you could create a sandbox: [[User:Sepehr/Sandbox]] and work on/submit some of your articles if you think they would be suitable for the site.[[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:12, 19 April 2013 (PDT)

:Sepehr, thanks for making that. I'll think about this. We need a new URL though. I'm assuming its possible to have multiple admins on a Facebook page. I'll get back to you here or by email.--[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:18, 19 April 2013 (PDT)

[[Category:WikiIslam]]

== Abu Jahal, Ikriban Ibn Abi Jahl and /or One Islam Productions ==

One Islam Productions's "4 Stories That Tell Us Who Prophet Muhammad Really Was! Emotional Video" starts off by saying that Abu Jahal had killed Muslims for no other reason than because they were believers. The video then goes on to talk about the kindness of Muhammad to his son, Ikribin Ibn Abi Jahl. I have come to be skeptical of Muslim claims that in Mohammad's time there were people who killed Muslims without provocation. It would be interesting to see an article addressing this claim about Abu Jahal.

Quranism

2020-10-28T11:59:29Z

Tharpa: /* Conclusion */ I have restored the change (without the explanation) that Sahab erroneously reverted. The comparison in the article was invalid. The earlier comparison I had was accurate but, as we saw, potentially confusing.

{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=3|Content=2|Language=1|References=2}}
<metadesc>Qur'anists are a small group who reject the hadith and sunnah, a critical component of Islam. They are rejected as apostates by mainstream Muslims.</metadesc>
==Qur'an only Islam==

Within [[Islam]] the two largest sects are the [[Sunni]]s (up to 90%)<ref name="rl"></ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam Islām] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite Sunnite] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref name="pew">[http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 7, 2009</ref><ref name="pew2">Tracy Miller - [http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 2009</ref> and [[Shiites|Shi'ite]]s (approx 10-20%).<ref name="rl">[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam] - ReligionFacts</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite Shīʿite] - Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2010)</ref><ref name="pew"></ref><ref name="pew2"></ref> Together they make up almost the entirety of Islam. However, there is a small heretical group who are collectively known as "Qur'anists" (also referred to as ''Quraniyoon'', ''Ahle Quran'', or ''hadith rejectors''). They reject the [[Hadith]] (oral traditions) and the [[Sunnah]] (example) of [[Muhammad]], an integral part of Islam, and are viewed by mainstream Islam in much the same way as the Jehovah's Witnesses are viewed by mainstream Christianity (i.e. Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox etc).

===Rejected as Apostates===

According to Sunni and Shi'ite orthodoxy, the hadith literature is an integral part of the Muslim faith. The 11th century Andalusian {{wp|Maliki}} theologian and scholar {{wp|Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr}} wrote in his Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (Compendium Exposing the Nature of Knowledge and Its Immense Merit):

{{quote|Ibn Abd al-Barr - Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm (2:33)|The Sunna is divided into two types. The first is the consensus transmitted from the masses to the masses. This is one of the proofs that leave no excuse for denial and there is no disagreement concerning them. '''Whoever rejects this consensus has rejected one of Allah's textual stipulations and committed apostasy.''' The second type of Sunna consists in the reports of established, trustworthy lone narrators with uninterrupted chains. The congregation of the ulamas of the Community have said that this second type makes practice obligatory. Some of them said that it makes both knowledge and practice obligatory.}}

According to many high-ranking figures at Al-Azhar University, the most respected authority in Islam (and who also accept Shi'ite fiqh as a fifth school of Islamic thought),<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html al-Azhar Verdict on the Shia] - Shi'ite Encyclopedia v2.0, Al-islam</ref> Qur'anists are not Muslims:

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_news.php?main_id=460|2=2012-01-16}} Sheikhs of Alazhar: Quranists are Apostates; and the Evidence from the Holey Book Proves Their Guilt]|2=Dr. Yousef Elbadry, a member of the Higher Assembly of Islamic Affairs, accuses the Quranists of having a strange logic because relying on the wholly [sic] Quran only; while the Quran itself -as he claims- is in need for the Sunna,. Dr. ELbadry wonders what the Quranists say about verses like, "He who obeys the messenger obeys God?" Dr. Elbadry added that '''these Quranists went astray and should be considered apostates'''. . . . 
Dr. Mohamed Said Tantawy, the Sheikh of AL-Azhar replied saying that those who call for relying only on the wholly Quran are ignorant, lairs, and do not know religious rules because the ideas in the Sunna came from God, but it was put into words by the prophet (Peace be upon him). Moreover, Sunna explains and clarify the rules mention as in the wholly Quran. . . . 
Dr. Mahmoud Ashour, a member of the Committee of Islamic Research, that the Sunna is indeed a source of the Islamic Sharia, and that those who deny it are illogical because it is impossible to understand Islam with the Sunna. Dr. Ashour stresses that '''denying the Sunna costs the Quranists to lose their faith'''. He then called to protect Islam against those Quranists who plan to destroy Islam and pose the greatest threat on Islam and Muslims. He finally accused the Quranists to be spies and agents for other forces to aim at destroying Islam from Inside, but God will protect his religion as he promised. . . . 
Dr. Mohamed Abdelmonem Elberry, a professor at the School of Hadith and Explanation, Al-Azhar University, stressed the point that most Muslims have always agreed on validity of the Sunna, whether it is the verbal of practical Sunna. "The wholly Quran ordered us to obey the Messenger, and since this '''who do not are not true believers''',"}}

Contemporary scholars such as [[Gibril Haddad]] have commented on the apostatic nature of a wholesale denial of the probativeness of the Sunnah according to Sunni Orthodoxy, writing "it cannot be imagined that one reject the entire probativeness of the Sunna and remain a Muslim".<ref>Gibril Haddad - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.livingislam.org/ps1-3_e.html|2=2012-01-16}} The Sunna as Evidence: The Probativeness of the Sunna] - Living Islam, August, 1999</ref>

The Grand Mufti of Pakistan {{wp|Muhammad Rafi Usmani}} has also criticised Qur'anists in his lecture Munkareen Hadith (refuters of Hadith); he states:

{{Quote||The Qur’aan, which they claim to follow, denies the faith of the one who refuses to obey the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and does not accept his ruling: “But no, by your Lord, they can have no Faith, until they make you (O Muhammad) judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission.” [al-Nisa’ 4:65 – interpretation of the meaning]}}

==Why it is not possible==

The Qur'anists have a major dilemma on their hands. Indeed, it is one of the reasons why reforms to Islam are an impossibility. The [[Qur'an]] alleges that it is entirely composed of [[Allah]]’s commands, not Muhammad’s, yet the Qur'an itself orders Muslims to obey the Messenger.

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|80}}|'''He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah''': But if any turn away, We have not sent thee to watch over their (evil deeds).}}

If you do not know what the Messenger had ordered, then this is impossible. The Qur’an also commands Muslims to follow the Messenger’s example, yet the only place this example is established is in the Sunnah. Without the Hadith, you cannot know Muhammad. Without knowing Muhammad, there is no [[Uswa Hasana]]. If you doubt the Hadith you are doubting the entirety of Islam. If you reject the hadiths, then you are in-turn rejecting Islam by going against the orders of the Qur'an and are therefore apostate/murtad/kafir (whichever may apply). Ultimately, to remain faithful to Allah and the Qur'an, the hadiths cannot be rejected.

Islam means [[The Meaning of Islam|submission]] (contrary to popular belief that it means ''peace''), and more specifically it means ''submission to the will of Allah.'' What is the ''will of Allah'', one may ask. Qur'an-only Muslims would have us believe that the Qur'an clearly defines what exactly Allah's will is. But this is not the case.

For one thing, the Qur'an is full of [[Contradictions in the Quran|contradictory verses]] and commands; sometimes commanding believers to seek out and kill pagans ({{Quran|9|5}}), other times commanding Muslims to leave pagans to practice their polytheistic religions in peace ({{Quran|109|1-6}}). Without the Hadith there would be no [[Abrogation (Naskh)|Abrogation]], the Qur'an can then be interpreted in multiple ways. The pacifist can decide to take from it a peaceful message by deliberately ignoring or twisting violent verses whereas the sadist can easily interpret a violent message by focusing on such verses as are found in [[The_Ultimate_Message_of_the_Qur'an#Surah_9_(Repentence)|Surah 9]]. Both Muslims could be selectively justified by the Qur'an because of its contradictory messages from [[Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur'an|Muhammad-in-Mecca versus Muhammad-in-Medina]].

To be a Qur'anist requires a good deal of faith and a considerable lack of theological common sense. If one rejects the Hadith (ie. Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud), the Tafsir (ie. Ibn Kathir, Ibn Abbas, al-Jalalayn, Maududi), and the History (ie. al-Tabari, Ibn Sa'd, al-Waqidi, Ibn Ishaq), then the entire historical context of the Qur'an, along with any proof of Muhammad's existence, is lost. It simply becomes an ancient Arabic document of rambling, repetitive, and often-times confusing, statements and commands. The reader is left with such questions as "Who wrote this and why?" and "Who is Abu Lahab, and why are he and his wife going to be tortured?" and "Why don't these stories match the ones found in the Bible?" and "Who is [[Isa|'Isa]]?" The Qur'anist is ultimately a monotheist who creates their own religion based on a 1400-year-old nonsensical Arabic document.

The often-leveled charge by the obscure Qur'an-only sects that "Sunni's and Shi'ite's are following a deviant form of Islam by introducing these man-made books," is laughable and the epitome of hypocrisy, considering most of the narrators of hadith are the very same people who passed down the Qur'an itself. The first Muslims ([[Sahabah]]- companions of Muhammad, which include all four [[Caliph|Rightly Guided Caliphs]]) who partook in the Hijra to [[Medina]], ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. The generation of Muslims that followed the death of Muhammad (the [[Tabi'un]]) ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. And the generation of Muslims that followed them ([[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]]) ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. Recording and sorting through these narrations in written form was little more than codifying and clarifying already existing beliefs. To suggest that adhering to Muhammad's sunnah constitutes a deviation from pure Islam is ludicrous.

These Qur'an only "Muslims" reject the Hadith, a fundamental aspect of Islam, simply due to it highlighting the immoral truths of Muhammad, early Islam and its numerous [[Islamic laws|laws]]. They may deny this as the reason behind their rejection of Hadith, but this fact is proven by many Qur'anists who alternatively accept Hadith as a historical source but dismiss it as a religious one. Furthermore they reject anything about Muhammad which they claim "contradicts the Qur'anic description of him". This approach is intellectually dishonest and logically unfeasible. Either the Hadith are a valid source of information for Muslims or they are worthless. You cannot pick and choose which bits you want to keep and which bits you want to throw out when the good and the bad all originate from the same sources.

===Other verses===

{{Quote|{{Quran|16|44}}|(We sent them) with Clear Signs and Books of dark prophecies; and We have sent down unto thee (also) the Message; '''that thou mayest explain clearly to men what is sent for them''', and that they may give thought.}}
The message (Qur'an) is explained and elaborated upon by the Prophet. Preserving the message (Qur'an) also requires preserving the Sunnah which explains the message, as the previous verse states.

{{Quote|{{Quran|59|6}}|Whatever Allah has restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns, it is for Allah and for the Messenger, and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, so that it may not be a thing taken by turns among the rich of you, and '''whatever the Messenger gives you, accept it, and from whatever he forbids you, keep back''', and be careful of (your duty to) Allah; surely Allah is severe in retributing (evil)}}
This verse asks Muslims to follow everything Mohammad gives them, and abstain from everything he forbids. That means they are commanded by Allah to follow the Sunnah.

==Five Pillars of Islam==
The concept "[[Five Pillars of Islam|5 pillars in Islam]]" is practiced and preached widely in the Muslim world and is a crucial part of the Muslim way of life. Yet this concept is not described or defined in the Qur'an in any way. It is only found in the hadith. Looking at the pillars individually, four out of five of Islam’s Pillars would not make any sense without the Hadith, therefore making Islam impossible to practice.

===Shahadah===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|Allah’s Apostle said: “Islam is based on (the following) five (principles):
 1. To testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s Apostle.”}}

These are Muhammad's words and are not found within the Qur'an. Therefore, Islam’s First Pillar is utterly meaningless, and impossible to implement, without the work of Muslim historians Ibn Ishaq (704-770 AD) and al-Tabari (838-923 AD). If there is no definition as to what the [[Shahadah]] should be, it can be any arbitrary phrase in any language. In fact there are at-least three different shahadahs used by various Qur'anist sects.

===Salah===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“2. To offer the (compulsory congregational) prayers dutifully and perfectly.”}}

Once again, this is not feasible. The “compulsory congregational [[Salah|prayer]]” is not described in the Qur’an at all. In fact, the Qur’an says that there should be three prayers, none of which it depicts, and the Hadith demands five. The only explanation of the obligatory prostration is found in the Sunnah, and even then it is never described by Muhammad himself. Muslims are performing a ritual without Qur’anic precedence. As such, the Second Pillar is rubble. Qur'anists do not even agree upon the number of daily prayers that should be offered. The various number of prayers should be offered are 0, 2, 3 or 5. Also in the prayer itself, certain Arabic recitations and verses are recited. The Qur'an does not give specifications for these recitations so unless one follows hadiths and traditions, the recitations can be anything for a Qur'anist.

===Zakat===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“3. To pay Zakat.”}}

How is that possible when the terms of the [[Zakat]] are omitted from the Qur’an? The first to commit them to paper was Ishaq. A century later, Tabari referenced Ishaq’s Hadith. The only reason Muslims can pay the Zakat is because Ishaq explained it to them.

===Hajj===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“4. To perform Hajj.”}}

This is also impossible. The only explanations of the [[Hajj]] are found in the Sunnah. No aspect of the pilgrimage can be performed without referencing the Hadith. Muslims would be lost without it.

===Sawm===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“5. To observe fast during the month of Ramadan.”}}

[[Sawm]], the final pillar of Islam is also not described in the Qur'an, the “perfect, detailed, and final revelation to mankind”. Though the Qur'an describes the fast, without the Hadith, Muslims wouldn’t know why Ramadan was so special to them. The accounts of the meaning of Ramadan are in the Traditions, initially chronicled by Ishaq and then copied by Bukhari, Muslim, and Tabari.

Strangely, the one pillar that is actually described in the Qur'an, is actually a borrowed [[Paganism|pagan]] ritual Qusayy invented pre-dating Muhammad's Islam. Qusayy's family took a cut on merchandise sold during the “truce of the gods” fairs of Ramadhan.

==Conclusion==

Islam without the Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad is not possible. Therefore, all of the controversial hadiths mentioned [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars|here]] have to be accepted by Muslims as a part of the history of Islam, just like the Qur'an. Moreover, even if this Qur'an-only approach were to be somehow accepted by the mainstream, we are still left with the problem that the Qur'an itself permits:

#[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality|Hatred of Homosexuals]]
#[[Lying]]
#[[Pedophilia in the Qur'an|Pedophilia]]
#[[Polygamy]]
#[[Islamic Antisemitism|Racism]]
#[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|Religious discrimination]]
#[[Rape|Slavery and Rape]]
#[[The_Ultimate_Message_of_the_Qur'an#Surah_9_.28Repentence.29|Terrorism]]
#[[Wife Beating in Islam|Violence against women]]

{{Core Scripture}}

==See Also==

*[[Uswa Hasana]]
*[[Beat your Wives or Separate from Them - Quran 4-34|Beat your Wives or "Separate from Them"? (Qur'an 4:34)]] ''- One example of Qur'anist deception in translating the Qur'an''

==External Links==

*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/debates/EdipYukselindex.htm Debate - Edip Yuksel vs. Ali Sina] - ''Dr. Edip Yuksel, is a prominent member of the submitters (Qur'an-Only Muslims).''

===Links from Muslims===

*[http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Hadith/ Issues Concerning Ḥadīth] ''- collection of articles dealing with hadith criticism, from the Muslim site Islamic Awareness''
*[http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/cults/anti_muslim_hadithrejectors.html A Look at Hadith Rejecters' Claims] - ''from the Muslim site TheModernReligion, filed under "Pseudo-Islam Cults"''
*[http://answering-christianity.com/bassam_zawadi/combat_kit_for_muslims.htm Combat Kit To Use Against the "Quran Only" Muslims]'' (article by a Muslim)''
*[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658489489&pagename=Zone-English-Living_Shariah%2FLSELayout The Importance of Hadith in Islam] ''- by Professor Shahul Hameed, consultant for IslamOnline.net''
*[http://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html Various Issues About Hadiths] - ''by Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:FSB]]
{{page_title|Qur'an Only Islam: Why it is Not Possible}}

User talk:Tharpa

2020-10-28T11:31:56Z

Tharpa:

==Qur'an Only==

Hi. I've reverted your edit to [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Qur%27an_Only_Islam_-_Why_it_is_Not_Possible&diff=prev&oldid=108258 Qur'an Only Islam - Why it is Not Possible‎] because it is faulty and makes no sense at all. In you edit summary, you agree that ''"Buddhism without the Buddha would be like Islam without Mohammed, or maybe even Allah"'', yet you proceed to remove that comparison (i.e. the comparison of Buddha's input to that of the Hadith and Sunnah which in essence ARE Muhammad) with "Islam without the Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad is like Buddhism without the Sangha".

According to Wikipedia, ''"Sangha is a word in Pali and Sanskrit meaning "association", "assembly," "company" or "community" and most commonly refers in Buddhism to the monastic community of ordained Buddhist monks or nuns."'' So how can you possibly think comparing Muhammad's role in Islam to that of a monk or nun in Buddhism is accurate? Monks/nuns in both Buddhism and Christianity are loosely comparable to imams/shaykhs (although more closer to priests, there is nothing more appropriate in mainstream Islam).

Same with Jesus who is comparable to both Buddha and Muhammad. Yet you replaced him with Paul. If you took Paul out of Christianity, it would still exist. In fact, Christianity existed from the beginning without Paul's input and there are Christians today who disregard Paul's input. If you took Jesus/the Christ out of Christianity then it would not exist just as Islam would not exist without Muhammad/the final Messenger.

In summary, Buddism and Christianity are both possible without the Sangha or Paul, so you edit was reverted. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:30, 16 August 2014 (PDT)

I am doubtful that the errors you claim to have noted are errors, (i.e. your failure to understand does not make it an error) but the page is gone, even the history, so I cannot verify it one way or the other, and Sahab is no longer active on the site, so the problem is resolved. --[[User:Tharpa|Tharpa]] ([[User talk:Tharpa|talk]]) 11:31, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Quranism

2014-07-14T02:10:40Z

Tharpa: /* Conclusion */ Corrected an overstated sentence. Buddhism without the Buddha would be like Islam without Mohammed, or maybe even Allah.

<metadesc>Qur'anists are a small group who reject the hadith and sunnah, a critical component of Islam. They are rejected as apostates by mainstream Muslims.</metadesc>
==Qur'an only Islam==

Within [[Islam]] the two largest sects are the [[Sunni]]s (up to 90%)<ref name="rl"></ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam Islām] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite Sunnite] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref name="pew">[http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 7, 2009</ref><ref name="pew2">Tracy Miller - [http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 2009</ref> and [[Shiites|Shi'ite]]s (approx 10-20%).<ref name="rl">[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam] - ReligionFacts</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite Shīʿite] - Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2010)</ref><ref name="pew"></ref><ref name="pew2"></ref> Together they make up almost the entirety of Islam. However, there is a small heretical group who are collectively known as "Qur'anists" (also referred to as ''Quraniyoon'', ''Ahle Quran'', or ''hadith rejectors''). They reject the [[Hadith]] (oral traditions) and the [[Sunnah]] (example) of [[Muhammad]], an integral part of Islam, and are viewed by mainstream Islam in much the same way as the Jehovah's Witnesses are viewed by mainstream Christianity (i.e. Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox etc).

===Rejected as Apostates===

According to Sunni and Shi'ite orthodoxy, the hadith literature is an integral part of the Muslim faith. The 11th century Andalusian {{wp|Maliki}} theologian and scholar {{wp|Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr}} wrote in his Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (Compendium Exposing the Nature of Knowledge and Its Immense Merit):

{{quote|Ibn Abd al-Barr - Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm (2:33)|The Sunna is divided into two types. The first is the consensus transmitted from the masses to the masses. This is one of the proofs that leave no excuse for denial and there is no disagreement concerning them. '''Whoever rejects this consensus has rejected one of Allah's textual stipulations and committed apostasy.''' The second type of Sunna consists in the reports of established, trustworthy lone narrators with uninterrupted chains. The congregation of the ulamas of the Community have said that this second type makes practice obligatory. Some of them said that it makes both knowledge and practice obligatory.}}

According to many high-ranking figures at Al-Azhar University, the most respected authority in Islam (and who also accept Shi'ite fiqh as a fifth school of Islamic thought),<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter1b/14.html al-Azhar Verdict on the Shia] - Shi'ite Encyclopedia v2.0, Al-islam</ref> Qur'anists are not Muslims:

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_news.php?main_id=460|2=2012-01-16}} Sheikhs of Alazhar: Quranists are Apostates; and the Evidence from the Holey Book Proves Their Guilt]|2=Dr. Yousef Elbadry, a member of the Higher Assembly of Islamic Affairs, accuses the Quranists of having a strange logic because relying on the wholly [sic] Quran only; while the Quran itself -as he claims- is in need for the Sunna,. Dr. ELbadry wonders what the Quranists say about verses like, "He who obeys the messenger obeys God?" Dr. Elbadry added that '''these Quranists went astray and should be considered apostates'''. . . . 
Dr. Mohamed Said Tantawy, the Sheikh of AL-Azhar replied saying that those who call for relying only on the wholly Quran are ignorant, lairs, and do not know religious rules because the ideas in the Sunna came from God, but it was put into words by the prophet (Peace be upon him). Moreover, Sunna explains and clarify the rules mention as in the wholly Quran. . . . 
Dr. Mahmoud Ashour, a member of the Committee of Islamic Research, that the Sunna is indeed a source of the Islamic Sharia, and that those who deny it are illogical because it is impossible to understand Islam with the Sunna. Dr. Ashour stresses that '''denying the Sunna costs the Quranists to lose their faith'''. He then called to protect Islam against those Quranists who plan to destroy Islam and pose the greatest threat on Islam and Muslims. He finally accused the Quranists to be spies and agents for other forces to aim at destroying Islam from Inside, but God will protect his religion as he promised. . . . 
Dr. Mohamed Abdelmonem Elberry, a professor at the School of Hadith and Explanation, Al-Azhar University, stressed the point that most Muslims have always agreed on validity of the Sunna, whether it is the verbal of practical Sunna. "The wholly Quran ordered us to obey the Messenger, and since this '''who do not are not true believers''',"}}

Contemporary scholars such as [[Gibril Haddad]] have commented on the apostatic nature of a wholesale denial of the probativeness of the Sunnah according to Sunni Orthodoxy, writing "it cannot be imagined that one reject the entire probativeness of the Sunna and remain a Muslim".<ref>Gibril Haddad - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.livingislam.org/ps1-3_e.html|2=2012-01-16}} The Sunna as Evidence: The Probativeness of the Sunna] - Living Islam, August, 1999</ref>

The Grand Mufti of Pakistan {{wp|Muhammad Rafi Usmani}} has also criticised Qur'anists in his lecture Munkareen Hadith (refuters of Hadith); he states:

{{Quote||The Qur’aan, which they claim to follow, denies the faith of the one who refuses to obey the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and does not accept his ruling: “But no, by your Lord, they can have no Faith, until they make you (O Muhammad) judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission.” [al-Nisa’ 4:65 – interpretation of the meaning]}}

==Why it is not possible==

The Qur'anists have a major dilemma on their hands. Indeed, it is one of the reasons why reforms to Islam are an impossibility. The [[Qur'an]] alleges that it is entirely composed of [[Allah]]’s commands, not Muhammad’s, yet the Qur'an itself orders Muslims to obey the Messenger.

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|80}}|'''He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah''': But if any turn away, We have not sent thee to watch over their (evil deeds).}}

If you do not know what the Messenger had ordered, then this is impossible. The Qur’an also commands Muslims to follow the Messenger’s example, yet the only place this example is established is in the Sunnah. Without the Hadith, you cannot know Muhammad. Without knowing Muhammad, there is no [[Uswa Hasana]]. If you doubt the Hadith you are doubting the entirety of Islam. If you reject the hadiths, then you are in-turn rejecting Islam by going against the orders of the Qur'an and are therefore apostate/murtad/kafir (whichever may apply). Ultimately, to remain faithful to Allah and the Qur'an, the hadiths cannot be rejected.

Islam means [[The Meaning of Islam|submission]] (contrary to popular belief that it means ''peace''), and more specifically it means ''submission to the will of Allah.'' What is the ''will of Allah'', one may ask. Qur'an-only Muslims would have us believe that the Qur'an clearly defines what exactly Allah's will is. But this is not the case.

For one thing, the Qur'an is full of [[Contradictions in the Qur'an|contradictory verses]] and commands; sometimes commanding believers to seek out and kill pagans ({{Quran|9|5}}), other times commanding Muslims to leave pagans to practice their polytheistic religions in peace ({{Quran|109|1-6}}). Without the Hadith there would be no [[Abrogation (Naskh)|Abrogation]], the Qur'an can then be interpreted in multiple ways. The pacifist can decide to take from it a peaceful message by deliberately ignoring or twisting violent verses whereas the sadist can easily interpret a violent message by focusing on such verses as are found in [[The_Ultimate_Message_of_the_Qur'an#Surah_9_(Repentence)|Surah 9]]. Both Muslims could be selectively justified by the Qur'an because of its contradictory messages from [[Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur'an|Muhammad-in-Mecca versus Muhammad-in-Medina]].

To be a Qur'anist requires a good deal of faith and a considerable lack of theological common sense. If one rejects the Hadith (ie. Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud), the Tafsir (ie. Ibn Kathir, Ibn Abbas, al-Jalalayn, Maududi), and the History (ie. al-Tabari, Ibn Sa'd, al-Waqidi, Ibn Ishaq), then the entire historical context of the Qur'an, along with any proof of Muhammad's existence, is lost. It simply becomes an ancient Arabic document of rambling, repetitive, and often-times confusing, statements and commands. The reader is left with such questions as "Who wrote this and why?" and "Who is Abu Lahab, and why are he and his wife going to be tortured?" and "Why don't these stories match the ones found in the Bible?" and "Who is [[Isa|'Isa]]?" The Qur'anist is ultimately a monotheist who creates their own religion based on a 1400-year-old nonsensical Arabic document.

The often-leveled charge by the obscure Qur'an-only sects that "Sunni's and Shi'ite's are following a deviant form of Islam by introducing these man-made books," is laughable and the epitome of hypocrisy, considering most of the narrators of hadith are the very same people who passed down the Qur'an itself. The first Muslims ([[Sahabah]]- companions of Muhammad, which include all four [[Caliph|Rightly Guided Caliphs]]) who partook in the Hijra to [[Medina]], ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. The generation of Muslims that followed the death of Muhammad (the [[Tabi'un]]) ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. And the generation of Muslims that followed them ([[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]]) ''were not'' Qur'an-only Muslims. Recording and sorting through these narrations in written form was little more than codifying and clarifying already existing beliefs. To suggest that adhering to Muhammad's sunnah constitutes a deviation from pure Islam is ludicrous.

These Qur'an only "Muslims" reject the Hadith, a fundamental aspect of Islam, simply due to it highlighting the immoral truths of Muhammad, early Islam and its numerous [[Islamic laws|laws]]. They may deny this as the reason behind their rejection of Hadith, but this fact is proven by many Qur'anists who alternatively accept Hadith as a historical source but dismiss it as a religious one. Furthermore they reject anything about Muhammad which they claim "contradicts the Qur'anic description of him". This approach is intellectually dishonest and logically unfeasible. Either the Hadith are a valid source of information for Muslims or they are worthless. You cannot pick and choose which bits you want to keep and which bits you want to throw out when the good and the bad all originate from the same sources.

===Other verses===

{{Quote|{{Quran|16|44}}|(We sent them) with Clear Signs and Books of dark prophecies; and We have sent down unto thee (also) the Message; '''that thou mayest explain clearly to men what is sent for them''', and that they may give thought.}}
The message (Qur'an) is explained and elaborated upon by the Prophet. Preserving the message (Qur'an) also requires preserving the Sunnah which explains the message, as the previous verse states.

{{Quote|{{Quran|59|6}}|Whatever Allah has restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns, it is for Allah and for the Messenger, and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, so that it may not be a thing taken by turns among the rich of you, and '''whatever the Messenger gives you, accept it, and from whatever he forbids you, keep back''', and be careful of (your duty to) Allah; surely Allah is severe in retributing (evil)}}
This verse asks Muslims to follow everything Mohammad gives them, and abstain from everything he forbids. That means they are commanded by Allah to follow the Sunnah.

==Five Pillars of Islam==
The concept "[[Five Pillars of Islam|5 pillars in Islam]]" is practiced and preached widely in the Muslim world and is a crucial part of the Muslim way of life. Yet this concept is not described or defined in the Qur'an in any way. It is only found in the hadith. Looking at the pillars individually, four out of five of Islam’s Pillars would not make any sense without the Hadith, therefore making Islam impossible to practice.

===Shahadah===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|Allah’s Apostle said: “Islam is based on (the following) five (principles):
 1. To testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s Apostle.”}}

These are Muhammad's words and are not found within the Qur'an. Therefore, Islam’s First Pillar is utterly meaningless, and impossible to implement, without the work of Muslim historians Ibn Ishaq (704-770 AD) and al-Tabari (838-923 AD). If there is no definition as to what the [[Shahadah]] should be, it can be any arbitrary phrase in any language. In fact there are at-least three different shahadahs used by various Qur'anist sects.

===Salah===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“2. To offer the (compulsory congregational) prayers dutifully and perfectly.”}}

Once again, this is not feasible. The “compulsory congregational [[Salah|prayer]]” is not described in the Qur’an at all. In fact, the Qur’an says that there should be three prayers, none of which it depicts, and the Hadith demands five. The only explanation of the obligatory prostration is found in the Sunnah, and even then it is never described by Muhammad himself. Muslims are performing a ritual without Qur’anic precedence. As such, the Second Pillar is rubble. Qur'anists do not even agree upon the number of daily prayers that should be offered. The various number of prayers should be offered are 0, 2, 3 or 5. Also in the prayer itself, certain Arabic recitations and verses are recited. The Qur'an does not give specifications for these recitations so unless one follows hadiths and traditions, the recitations can be anything for a Qur'anist.

===Zakat===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“3. To pay Zakat.”}}

How is that possible when the terms of the [[Zakat]] are omitted from the Qur’an? The first to commit them to paper was Ishaq. A century later, Tabari referenced Ishaq’s Hadith. The only reason Muslims can pay the Zakat is because Ishaq explained it to them.

===Hajj===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“4. To perform Hajj.”}}

This is also impossible. The only explanations of the [[Hajj]] are found in the Sunnah. No aspect of the pilgrimage can be performed without referencing the Hadith. Muslims would be lost without it.

===Sawm===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|2|7}}|“5. To observe fast during the month of Ramadan.”}}

[[Sawm]], the final pillar of Islam is also not described in the Qur'an, the “perfect, detailed, and final revelation to mankind”. Though the Qur'an describes the fast, without the Hadith, Muslims wouldn’t know why Ramadan was so special to them. The accounts of the meaning of Ramadan are in the Traditions, initially chronicled by Ishaq and then copied by Bukhari, Muslim, and Tabari.

Strangely, the one pillar that is actually described in the Qur'an, is actually a borrowed [[Paganism|pagan]] ritual Qusayy invented pre-dating Muhammad's Islam. Qusayy's family took a cut on merchandise sold during the “truce of the gods” fairs of Ramadhan.

==Conclusion==

Islam without the Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad is like Buddhism without the Sangha or Christianity without Paul; it is not possible. Therefore, all of the controversial hadiths mentioned [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars|here]] have to be accepted by Muslims as a part of the history of Islam, just like the Qur'an. Moreover, even if this Qur'an-only approach were to be somehow accepted by the mainstream, we are still left with the problem that the Qur'an itself permits:

#[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality|Hatred of Homosexuals]]
#[[Lying]]
#[[Pedophilia in the Qur'an|Pedophilia]]
#[[Polygamy]]
#[[Islamic Antisemitism|Racism]]
#[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|Religious discrimination]]
#[[Rape|Slavery and Rape]]
#[[The_Ultimate_Message_of_the_Qur'an#Surah_9_.28Repentence.29|Terrorism]]
#[[Wife Beating in Islam|Violence against women]]

{{Core Scripture}}

==See Also==

* [[Uswa Hasana]]
* [[Beat your Wives or "Separate from Them"? (Qur'an 4:34)]] ''- One example of Qur'anist deception in translating the Qur'an''

==External Links==
* [http://www.faithfreedom.org/debates/EdipYukselindex.htm Debate - Edip Yuksel vs. Ali Sina] - ''Dr. Edip Yuksel, is a prominent member of the submitters (Qur'an-Only Muslims).''
===Links from Muslims===
* [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Hadith/ Issues Concerning Ḥadīth] ''- collection of articles dealing with hadith criticism, from the Muslim site Islamic Awareness''
* [http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/cults/anti_muslim_hadithrejectors.html A Look at Hadith Rejecters' Claims] - ''from the Muslim site TheModernReligion, filed under "Pseudo-Islam Cults"''
* [http://answering-christianity.com/bassam_zawadi/combat_kit_for_muslims.htm Combat Kit To Use Against the "Quran Only" Muslims]'' (article by a Muslim)''
* [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658489489&pagename=Zone-English-Living_Shariah%2FLSELayout The Importance of Hadith in Islam] ''- by Professor Shahul Hameed, consultant for IslamOnline.net''
* [http://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html Various Issues About Hadiths] - ''by Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:FSB]]
{{page_title|Qur'an Only Islam: Why it is Not Possible}}

Talk:Qur'an Only Islam - Why it is Not Possible

2014-07-14T02:08:06Z

Tharpa: Created page with "An apparent contradiction: In the section on Sawm, there are two successive sentences: "Sawm, the final pillar of Islam is also not described in the Qur'an, the “perfect,..."

An apparent contradiction: In the section on Sawm, there are two successive sentences: "Sawm, the final pillar of Islam is also not described in the Qur'an, the “perfect, detailed, and final revelation to mankind”. Though the Qur'an describes the fast, without the Hadith, Muslims wouldn’t know why Ramadan was so special to them." Can anyone else see the contradiction?