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User:CPO675/Sandbox 1

CPO675 — Mon, 08 Jun 2026 22:04:55 GMT

The story of Joseph

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			== Ever ==

			===Supernatural destruction of cities (the punishment stories)===

			==== Every people/city/place pre-Muhammad will be sent a messenger and destroyed before judgement day ====
			The Quran names around the vicinity of Arabia cities and tribes destroyed by Allah for rejecting his messengers and Islam.

			All towns are said to experience this, an idea which is linked to that of each having its own Messenger.<ref>Durie, Mark. ''The Qur'an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations Into the Genesis of a Religion. pp 49 - 50.'' 2018. Lexington books.</ref> Durie (2018) notes; a ''repeated formulaic system is kam ahlaknā / qaṣamnā (qablahum / min qab lihim / min qablikum) min qarnin / mina l‑qurūni / min qaryatin “how many generations/towns (before them/you) did we destroy/shatter!” (Q6:6; Q7:4; Q10:13; Q17:17; Q19:74, 98; Q20:128; Q21:11; Q36:31; Q50:36)'' is used (along with others) to further highlight this point.<ref name=":42">Ibid. pp. 49.</ref> Drawing on another recurring formula, the Qur'an frequently urges its audience to '''travel through the earth and observe''<nowiki/>' how Allah brought destruction upon sinners of the past, i.e. visible ruins (Q3:137; Q6:11; Q12:109; Q16:36; Q27:69; Q29:20; Q30:9, 42; Q35:44; Q40:21, 82; Q47:10).<ref name=":42" />{{Quote\|{{Quran\|17\|58}}\|<b>There is not a town but We will destroy it before the Day of Resurrection, or punish it with a severe punishment.</b> That has been written in the Book.}}'''Bring out Arabic'''

			Each example is told in a common literary narrative structure known in academia as a 'punishment story/narrative'. These narratives follow a pattern: A prophet is sent to an unbelieving community by God with a message (to worship God alone and to live righteously). The community rejects the prophet and mocks or opposes him. Despite warnings, the people persist in disbelief. Eventually, God punishes the community, often through a natural disaster or sudden destruction, as a sign of divine justice.<ref name=":32">Marshall, D. (2018). ''Punishment Stories. In Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān Online.'' Brill. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00162</nowiki></ref> These narratives are a recurring rhetorical and theological structure in the Qur'an, particularly in the Meccan suras, where the Qur'an recounts stories of previous prophets send to their communities to warn their contemporaries of the consequences of rejecting divine guidance, of which Muhammad is the latest in the line of these messengers.<ref name=":32" />

			This message is changed in Medina to involve military/political domination instead og supernatural punishment as it was clear no miraclous destruciton came - Qur'an needed to comment on it.

			Goes against archeological evidence of ancient cities - name some continuously inhabited, and severe lack of evidence of others - archaeological and or written/graffiti record of surviers or surrounding empires.

	== The story of Joseph ==		== The story of Joseph ==

Parallels Between the Qur'an and Late Antique Judeo-Christian Literature (Supplement)

CPO675 — Sun, 07 Jun 2026 20:09:32 GMT

The term khalāq: Added a list of parallels to late antique sources in the story of Joseph in the Qur'an, citing Reynolds 2025 book on Christianity and the Qur'an.

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	Some are not exact matches but very similar, showing potential influence if not direct copies of these texts.		Some are not exact matches but very similar, showing potential influence if not direct copies of these texts.
			==The story of Joseph==
			There are many differences between the story of Joseph (Arabic: ''Yūsuf'') in the Qur'an; told in full in Surah 12 (Surah Yūsuf), and the book of Genesis in the bible. Reynolds (2025), largely citing Witzum's (2011) 'The Syriac Millenia of the Qur'an: The Recasting of Biblical Narratives',<ref>Witztum, Joseph (2011) ''[https://almuslih.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Witztum-J-The-Syriac-milieu-of-the-Quran.pdf The Syriac milieu of the Quran: The recasting of Biblical narratives], pp191-239.'' PhD Thesis, Princeton University</ref> notes how these differences directly match post-biblical writings; with almost all of these distinctive Qur’anic elements showing dependence on or conversation with Syriac Christian traditions (such as Pseudo-Narsai, Ephrem, Pseudo-Basil, Balai, Syriac Bible/Peshitta), which comes as part of his argument that Christian traditions were known by Muhammad's community. A few overlap with the Jewish midrash, but the strongest and most consistent influence comes from Christian sources.<ref name=":4">Reynolds, Gabriel Said. C''hristianity and the Qur'an: The Rise of Islam in Christian Arabia (p. 76-86).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref>

			Reynolds provides 11 clear examples of this, with a brief summary of them as follows:<ref name=":4" />
			#Joseph’s singular dream: in the Qur’an he has only one dream (unlike the Book of Genesis which has two) which he tells directly to his father Jacob, who warns him to keep it secret in case it leads his brothers to seek him harm - matching Pseudo-Narsai’s homily (5th-century Syriac Christian).<ref>Ibid. pp76, pp81</ref>
			#The brothers' plot to kill Joseph: the Qur’an has the brothers plotting at home, not spontaneously in the fields - also found in Pseudo-Narsai.<ref>Ibid. pp78, pp82</ref>
			#The wolf motif: the Qur’an specifies a wolf instead of a vague “wild animal” as in Genesis - which links to Christian tradition (Pseudo-Narsai) who calls the brothers “wolves” and Joseph “a lamb,” echoing Gospel imagery of shepherds/sheep<ref>Ibid. pp78, pp82-83</ref>.
			#Joseph in the pit: the Qur’an has Joseph comforted by God in the pit (''jubb''; {{Quran\|12\|15}}) - which again follows a report in Pseudo-Narsai of revelation to Joseph in the pit (Syriac ''gubbā'').<ref name=":5">Ibid. pp78, pp83</ref>
			#Jacob’s (Joseph's father) response to the bloody shirt: the Qur’an has Jacob suspecting deception - reflected in homilies from Ephrem and Balai, who also have Jacob reason that the brothers’ story is false.<ref name=":5" />
			#Potiphar and the garment: the Qur’an shows Potiphar recognizing Joseph’s innocence and his wife's guilt in trying to seduce him - found in some post-biblical Jewish Traditions (including ''Genesis Rabbah 87:9'') where he shows knowledge of Joseph's innocence - however only in Christian traditions (e.g., Pseudo-Narsai) do we find Potiphar, as in {{Quran\|12\|28-29}}, also arguing for Joseph’s innocence by referring to the torn garment as proof.<ref name=":5" />
			#Potiphar’s wife confesses: the Qur’an has her admit guilt later in the story - found in the Pseudo-Narsai, where she confesses after Joseph’s rise to power.<ref>Ibid. pp78-79, pp83</ref>
			#Jacob’s blindness healed by Joseph’s shirt: the Qur’an reports Jacob miraculously regains sight when Joseph’s shirt touches his face - in the bible Jacob is firstly simply 'dim/heavy with age', but nothing is said about blindness, which is found in Christian late antique sources, and secondly using the garment to heal him draws on Syriac Christian idioms; (“lighten the eyes” = to gladden), made literal in the Qur’an (like other symbolic items in Christian stories) to heal Jacob's eyes.<ref>Ibid. pp79, pp83-84</ref>
			#Joseph called a thief by his brothers: the Qur’an has Joseph's brothers suggest he committed a past theft - which is rooted in Pseudo-Narsai, which connects Benjamin’s cup incident to Rachel stealing idols and compares Joseph to her.<ref>Ibid. pp79, pp84-85</ref>
			#Joseph’s garment sent to Jacob: the Qur’an has Joseph send his shirt to Jacob - which is related to the Syriac Peshitta (and Septuagint and Vulgate) reading of Genesis and Balai’s poetry, where Jacob receives garments from Joseph.<ref name=":62">Ibid. pp79, pp85</ref>
			#The brothers ask for Jacob’s forgiveness – the Qur’an has them repent to Jacob, who asks God to forgive them - which echoes Balai, who also has Jacob forgive and pray for them.<ref name=":62" />
	==See Also==		==See Also==

User:CPO675/Sandbox 1

CPO675 — Sun, 07 Jun 2026 20:05:01 GMT

The story of Joseph

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:05, 7 June 2026
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			== The story of Joseph ==
			There are many differences between the story of Joseph (Arabic: ''Yūsuf'') in the Qur'an, told in full in Surah 12 (Surah Yūsuf), and the book of Genesis in the bible. Reynolds (2025), largely citing Witzum's (2011) 'The Syriac Millenia of the Qur'an: The Recasting of Biblical Narratives',<ref>Witztum, Joseph (2011) ''[https://almuslih.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Witztum-J-The-Syriac-milieu-of-the-Quran.pdf The Syriac milieu of the Quran: The recasting of Biblical narratives], pp191-239.'' PhD Thesis, Princeton University</ref> notes how these differences directly match post-biblical writings; with almost all of these distinctive Qur’anic elements showing dependence on or conversation with Syriac Christian traditions (such as Pseudo-Narsai, Ephrem, Pseudo-Basil, Balai, Syriac Bible/Peshitta), which comes as part of his argument that Christian traditions were known by Muhammad's community. A few overlap with the Jewish midrash, but the strongest and most consistent influence comes from Christian sources.<ref name=":4">Reynolds, Gabriel Said. C''hristianity and the Qur'an: The Rise of Islam in Christian Arabia (p. 76-86).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref>

			Reynolds provides provides 11 clear examples of this:<ref name=":4" />

			# Joseph’s singular dream: in the Qur’an he has only one dream (unlike the Book of Genesis which has two) which he tells directly to his father Jacob, who warns him to keep it secret in case it leads his brothers to seek him harm - matching Pseudo-Narsai’s homily (5th-century Syriac Christian).<ref>Ibid. pp76, pp81</ref>
			# The brothers' plot to kill Joseph: the Qur’an has the brothers plotting at home, not spontaneously in the fields - also found in Pseudo-Narsai.<ref>Ibid. pp78, pp82</ref>
			# The wolf motif: the Qur’an specifies a wolf instead of a vague “wild animal” as in Genesis - which links to Christian tradition (Pseudo-Narsai) who calls the brothers “wolves” and Joseph “a lamb,” echoing Gospel imagery of shepherds/sheep<ref>Ibid. pp78, pp82-83</ref>.
			# Joseph in the pit: the Qur’an has Joseph comforted by God in the pit (''jubb''; {{Quran\|12\|15}}) - which again follows a report in Pseudo-Narsai of revelation to Joseph in the pit (Syriac ''gubbā'').<ref name=":5">Ibid. pp78, pp83</ref>
			# Jacob’s (Joseph's father) response to the bloody shirt: the Qur’an has Jacob suspecting deception - reflected in homilies from Ephrem and Balai, who also have Jacob reason that the brothers’ story is false.<ref name=":5" />
			# Potiphar and the garment: the Qur’an shows Potiphar recognizing Joseph’s innocence and his wife's guilt in trying to seduce him - found in some post-biblical Jewish Traditions (including ''Genesis Rabbah 87:9'') where he shows knowledge of Joseph's innocence - however only in Christian traditions (e.g., Pseudo-Narsai) do we find Potiphar, as in {{Quran\|12\|28-29}}, also arguing for Joseph’s innocence by referring to the torn garment as proof.<ref name=":5" />
			# Potiphar’s wife confesses: the Qur’an has her admit guilt later in the story - found in the Pseudo-Narsai, where she confesses after Joseph’s rise to power.<ref>Ibid. pp78-79, pp83</ref>
			# Jacob’s blindness healed by Joseph’s shirt: the Qur’an reports Jacob miraculously regains sight when Joseph’s shirt touches his face - in the bible Jacob is firstly simply 'dim/heavy with age', but nothing is said about blindness, which is found in Christian late antique sources, and secondly using the garment to heal him draws on Syriac Christian idioms; (“lighten the eyes” = to gladden), made literal in the Qur’an (like other symbolic items in Christian stories) to heal Jacob's eyes.<ref>Ibid. pp79, pp83-84</ref>
			# Joseph called a thief by his brothers: the Qur’an has Joseph's brothers suggest he committed a past theft - which is rooted in Pseudo-Narsai, which connects Benjamin’s cup incident to Rachel stealing idols and compares Joseph to her.<ref>Ibid. pp79, pp84-85</ref>
			# Joseph’s garment sent to Jacob: the Qur’an has Joseph send his shirt to Jacob - which is related to the Syriac Peshitta (and Septuagint and Vulgate) reading of Genesis and Balai’s poetry, where Jacob receives garments from Joseph.<ref name=":6">Ibid. pp79, pp85</ref>
			# The brothers ask for Jacob’s forgiveness – the Qur’an has them repent to Jacob, who asks God to forgive them - which echoes Balai, who also has Jacob forgive and pray for them.<ref name=":6" />

	== Flat Earth - Tafsirs ==		== Flat Earth - Tafsirs ==

Science and the Seven Earths

CPO675 — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 11:20:15 GMT

The solid universe: Added another verse with the sky held up by pillars we cannot see, and a dictionary entry.

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	Expanding on the descriptions of the sky as a solid object (and the upper skies), like a roof/canopy/ceiling etc; this concept is backed up repeatedly in descriptions from other verses, which unanimously support the solid firmament(s) view. The mostly gaseous empty state of the universe is in no way reflected in the Qur'an, with the sky(s):		Expanding on the descriptions of the sky as a solid object (and the upper skies), like a roof/canopy/ceiling etc; this concept is backed up repeatedly in descriptions from other verses, which unanimously support the solid firmament(s) view. The mostly gaseous empty state of the universe is in no way reflected in the Qur'an, with the sky(s):

	*Raised without pillars that we can see - {{Quran\|13\|2}}		*Raised without pillars that we can see - {{Quran\|13\|2}} and {{Quran\|31\|10}}

	*The sky would fall otherwise - {{Quran\|22\|65}}		*The sky would fall otherwise - {{Quran\|22\|65}}
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	====Between the Universe and the Earth====		====Between the Universe and the Earth====

	God is said to have dominion/sovereignty of the heavens and Earth and all that is ''between them (baynahum بينهم).''		God is said to have dominion/sovereignty of the heavens and Earth and all that is ''between them (baynahum بينهم).''<ref>Quranic research Lanes' Lexicon [https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/02_b/238_byn.html ''root بين'']

			''بَيْنَهُمْ / baynahum'' - Lanes' Lexicon Classical Arabic Dictionary [https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0287.pdf Book 1 p.287]& [https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0288.pdf p.288]</ref>

	There is nothing between the Earth and the rest of the universe, so substituting the 'heavens' with the modern definition of the universe does not make sense here. Yet once again matches the ancient view of the heavens as 'firmaments' in the sky with space between them.		There is nothing between the Earth and the rest of the universe, so substituting the 'heavens' with the modern definition of the universe does not make sense here. Yet once again matches the ancient view of the heavens as 'firmaments' in the sky with space between them.

Contradictions in the Quran

CPO675 — Sun, 31 May 2026 15:46:29 GMT

Abraham and the idols: Added another contradictory aspect of the story - referencing Reynolds.

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	37:97 They said, "Construct for him a furnace and throw him into the burning fire."		37:97 They said, "Construct for him a furnace and throw him into the burning fire."
	\|}		\|}
			Reynolds (2025) also notes a difference in the Qur'anic telling of the story of Abraham confronting his father over idol worship (which occurs in eight different surahs (Q 6:74–83, 19:41–48, 21:51–67, 26:69–82, 29:16–25, 37:83–96, 43:26–27, 60:4); in that some (like surah 21 and 26) he questions both his father and his fathers wider community, while in others (like surah 6 and 19) he questions his father alone.<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. ''Christianity and the Qur'an (p. 68-69).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition. 2025.</ref>

	===Abraham and the Angels===		===Abraham and the Angels===

Qurandakı elmi xətalar

Qorqud — Sat, 30 May 2026 11:48:23 GMT

Qiyamət gününə qədər Yəcuc və Məcucu həbs etmək üçün tikilmiş nəhəng dəmir sədd

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	Nəhayət, Yəcuc və Məcuc səddi açıldığı və onlar hər təpədən sürətlə axışdıqları zaman;		Nəhayət, Yəcuc və Məcuc səddi açıldığı və onlar hər təpədən sürətlə axışdıqları zaman;
	Haqq olan vəd (qiyamət günü) yaxınlaşdığı zaman birdən kafir olanların gözləri bərələr (və belə deyərlər): “Vay halımıza! Həqiqətən, biz bundan xəbərsiz idik. Əksinə, biz zalım kimsələrmişik”.}}		Haqq olan vəd (qiyamət günü) yaxınlaşdığı zaman birdən kafir olanların gözləri bərələr (və belə deyərlər): “Vay halımıza! Həqiqətən, biz bundan xəbərsiz idik. Əksinə, biz zalım kimsələrmişik”.}}

			=== Məryəm Üçlüyün bir hissəsi kimi ===
			Əsas xristian doktrinası Məryəmi heç vaxt Üçlüyün (Təslisin) bir hissəsi hesab etməmişdir. Lakin Qurani-Kərimdə buna bənzər bir eyhamın vurulması, bir çoxlarının Məhəmməd peyğəmbərin xristian doktrinasını səhv anladığı qənaətinə gəlməsinə səbəb olmuşdur.{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|116}}\|Allah (axirətdə): “Ey Məryəm oğlu İsa! Sənmi insanlara: “'''Allahı qoyub məni və anamı ilah qəbul edin!'''” – demisən?!” – buyurduğu zaman (İsa peyğəmbər belə) deyəcək: “Sən pak və müqəddəssən! Haqqım olmayan bir şeyi demək mənə yaraşmaz. Əgər onu demiş olsaydım, Sən onu mütləq bilərdin. Sən ürəyimdə olanı bilirsən. Mən isə Sənin zatında olanı bilmirəm. Şübhəsiz ki, gizli olanları bilən Sənsən.}}Üçlüyün bu alternativ formalaşdırılması [https://quran.az/5 Quran 5]:72-75 ayələrində daha aydın şəkildə özünü göstərir; burada Müqəddəs Ruhdan heç bəhs edilmir və İsa ilə anasının, normal insanlar kimi, yemək yediklərinə diqqət çəkilərək onların ilahiliyi təkzib olunur.{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|5\|72\|75}}\|“Şübhəsiz ki, Allah Mər-yəm oğlu Məsihdir”– deyənlər artıq kafir oldular. Məsih isə demişdir: “Ey İsrail oğulları! Rəbbim və Rəbbiniz olan Allaha ibadət edin! Həqiqətən də, Allaha şərik qoşan kimsəyə, Allah Cənnəti haram etmiş və onun sığınacağı yer Oddur. Zalımlara kömək edən olmayacaqdır”. '''“Şübhəsiz ki, Allah üçlüyün üçüncüsüdür!”– deyənlər artıq kafir oldular.''' Halbuki Bir olan İlahdan başqa heç bir ilah yoxdur. Əgər onlar dediklərinə son qoymasalar, onlardan kafir olanlara mütləq üzücü bir əzab toxunacaqdır. Onlar Allaha tövbə edib Ondan bağışlanma diləməyəcəklər? Allah ki Bağışlayandır, Rəhmlidir. '''Məryəm oğlu Məsih ancaq bir elçidir,''' ondan əvvəl də elçilər gəlib getmişlər. '''Onun anası isə (Allaha) sidq ürəkdən inanan bir qadın idi. Hər ikisi də yemək yeyirdi.''' Bax gör ayələrimizi onlara necə bəyan edirik, sonra da gör onlar (haqdan) necə döndərilirlər.}}Bu gün müsəlman alimləri tərəfindən müdafiə olunan ümumi bir təfsirə görə, burada "Kolliridianlar" kimi tanınan marqinal bir ərəb xristian sektası nəzərdə tutulur. Lakin bu sekta haqqında yalnız bizim eranın IV əsrində bidətlərə dair yazılmış bir kitabda bəhs edilmişdir. Akademik tədqiqatçılar tərəfindən bu günə qədər irəli sürülən ən ağlabatan təfsir isə bu ayələri Bizansın teoloji mübahisələrinə və dövrün müharibə təbliğatına (yaxud tənqidçilərin fikrincə, bunun səhv başa düşülməsinə) bir cavab kimi şərh edir. Ətraflı məlumat üçün "[[Quran və son antik dövr Yəhudi-Xristian ədəbiyyatı arasındakı paralellər]]" məqaləsinin "Qurandakı Üçlük" bölməsinə baxa bilərsiniz.

	== Həmçinin bax ==		== Həmçinin bax ==
	{{Translation-links-azerbaijani\|1=[[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|İngilis]]}}		{{Translation-links-azerbaijani\|1=[[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|İngilis]]}}

User talk:Ibnsarah

Ibnsarah — Sat, 30 May 2026 05:00:22 GMT

Concept of Intercession in Islam

New page

Concept of Intercession in Islam

While Islam speaks about any partners or associates with Allah, there is concept of intercession.
Why it is needed
Who can intercede
Who can not intercede

Science and the Seven Earths

Asmith — Fri, 29 May 2026 18:56:57 GMT

updating language and language score

Sawm (Fasting)

Asmith — Fri, 29 May 2026 18:29:59 GMT

updated language and language score

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=1}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=4\|References=1}}
	'''Sawm''' (صوم‎) is the [[Arabic]] word which refers to [[Islam\|Islamic]] [[fasting]]. The observance of sawm during the Islamic month of Ramadan is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] and therefore a compulsory ([[fard]] فرض) duty.		'''Sawm''' (صوم‎) is the [[Arabic]] word which refers to [[Islam\|Islamic]] [[fasting]]. The observance of sawm during the Islamic month of Ramadan is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] and therefore a compulsory ([[fard]] فرض) duty.

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	==Adverse effects==		==Adverse effects==

	The [[Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting\|adverse effects of Islamic fasting]] are numerous and encompass such ~~issues~~ as [[health]], national economy and productivity, crime rates, public safety and social behavior. ~~In practice,~~ Islamic fasting is unlike medical fasting. It is more accurately described as ~~delayed~~ eating~~; Muslims simply turn their~~ eating habits ~~upside down and gorge at dusk and at dawn~~.		The [[Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting\|adverse effects of Islamic fasting]] are numerous and encompass both personal and societal issues such as [[health]], national economy and productivity, crime rates, public safety and social behavior. Islamic fasting is thus very unlike medical fasting. It is more accurately described as meal delay, and for many practitioners binge eating and unhealthy eating habits increase during the month of Ramadan.

	===Other religions===		===Other religions===

	Rules vary but fasting in Christianity is not compulsory, nor is it expected to be a complete fast. Christians generally reduce (not stop) their intake of food, and also drink freely during fasts. This is a healthier way compared to the Islamic sawm. Similarly in Hinduism, fasting is a part of the religion, but individuals observe different kinds of fasts based on their personal beliefs and local customs.<ref>[{{Reference archive\|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting\|2=2013-03-14}} Fasting] - Wikipedia, accessed March 14, 2013</ref>		Rules vary but fasting in Christianity is generally not compulsory, nor is it expected to be a complete fast. Christians generally reduce (not stop) their intake of food, and also drink freely during fasts. This is a healthier way compared to the Islamic sawm. Similarly in Hinduism, fasting is a part of the religion, but individuals observe different kinds of fasts based on their personal beliefs and local customs.<ref>[{{Reference archive\|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting\|2=2013-03-14}} Fasting] - Wikipedia, accessed March 14, 2013</ref>

	==Binge eating==		==Binge eating==
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	==Animal slaughter==		==Animal slaughter==

	Once the month of Ramadan comes to an end, Muslims then observe Eid ul-Fitr ("Festival of Fast-Breaking"), a day to celebrate the end of Ramadan. Eid celebrations include the unprecedented large-scale slaughter of at least a hundred million [[animals]].<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha#Traditions_and_practices\|title= Eid ul-Adha/ Traditions and practices\|publisher= Wikipedia\|author= \|date= accessed October 18, 2013\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEid_ul-Adha%23Traditions_and_practices&date=2013-10-18\|deadurl=no}}</ref> In the Netherlands alone, which has little over a million Muslims, a 100,000 animals were slaughtered in 2010 for Eid al-Adha ("Festival of Sacrifice").<ref>[http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=214020 <!-- http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabna.ir%2Fdata.asp%3Flang%3D3%26Id%3D214020&date=2011-06-01 -->Netherland Muslims slaughtered 100,000 animals for Eid ul-Adha] - Ahlul Bayt News, November 21, 2010</ref> And in Pakistan, 7.5 million animals (2.5 million cows and 5 million goats) were slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.travelwireasia.com/2010/11/bakra-eid-the-cost-of-sacrifice/\|title= Bakra Eid: The cost of sacrifice\|publisher= Travel Wire Asia\|author= \|date= November 16, 2010\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelwireasia.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fbakra-eid-the-cost-of-sacrifice%2F&date=2013-10-18<!-- http://archive.is/i2qSF -->\|deadurl=no}}</ref> Muslim children are often present and observe this, as it is considered a family ~~affair~~.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.arabnews.com/news/468058\|title= Celebrating Eid Al-Adha in the US\|publisher= Arab News\|author= Sameen Tahir-Khan\|date= October 18, 2013\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnews%2F468058&date=2013-10-18\|deadurl=no}}</ref>		Once the month of Ramadan comes to an end, Muslims then observe Eid ul-Fitr ("Festival of Fast-Breaking"), a day to celebrate the end of Ramadan. Eid celebrations include the unprecedented large-scale slaughter of at least a hundred million [[animals]].<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha#Traditions_and_practices\|title= Eid ul-Adha/ Traditions and practices\|publisher= Wikipedia\|author= \|date= accessed October 18, 2013\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEid_ul-Adha%23Traditions_and_practices&date=2013-10-18\|deadurl=no}}</ref> In the Netherlands alone, which has little over a million Muslims, a 100,000 animals were slaughtered in 2010 for Eid al-Adha ("Festival of Sacrifice").<ref>[http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=214020 <!-- http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabna.ir%2Fdata.asp%3Flang%3D3%26Id%3D214020&date=2011-06-01 -->Netherland Muslims slaughtered 100,000 animals for Eid ul-Adha] - Ahlul Bayt News, November 21, 2010</ref> And in Pakistan, 7.5 million animals (2.5 million cows and 5 million goats) were slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.travelwireasia.com/2010/11/bakra-eid-the-cost-of-sacrifice/\|title= Bakra Eid: The cost of sacrifice\|publisher= Travel Wire Asia\|author= \|date= November 16, 2010\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelwireasia.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fbakra-eid-the-cost-of-sacrifice%2F&date=2013-10-18<!-- http://archive.is/i2qSF -->\|deadurl=no}}</ref> Muslim children are often present and observe this, as it is considered a family ritual.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.arabnews.com/news/468058\|title= Celebrating Eid Al-Adha in the US\|publisher= Arab News\|author= Sameen Tahir-Khan\|date= October 18, 2013\|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnews%2F468058&date=2013-10-18\|deadurl=no}}</ref>

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Scientific Errors in the Hadith

Asmith — Fri, 29 May 2026 16:13:01 GMT

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	A common criticism of the [[Hadith]], [[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|as with the Quran]], is that they contain numerous [[Islam and Science\|scientific]] and historical errors, with no obvious attempts to differentiate their understanding of the natural world and historical events from the common folklore and misconceptions of the people living in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia. Modern responses typically appeal to metaphor, alternative meanings, or [[w:Phenomenology (philosophy)\|phenomenological]] interpretations of such hadiths. They also argue that the wording needed to be acceptable to people of its time. Critics typically argue that an all-knowing, perfect communicator would nevertheless have been able to guide the avoidance of statements in the Hadith that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness.		A common criticism of the [[Hadith]], [[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|as with the Quran]], is that they contain numerous [[Islam and Science\|scientific]] and historical errors, with no obvious attempts to differentiate their understanding of the natural world and historical events from the common folklore and misconceptions of the people living in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia. Modern apologetic responses typically appeal to metaphor, alternative meanings, or [[w:Phenomenology (philosophy)\|phenomenological]] interpretations of such hadiths. They also argue that the wording needed to be acceptable to people of its time. Critics typically argue that an all-knowing, perfect communicator would nevertheless have been able to guide the avoidance of statements in the Hadith that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a scale that critics contend is an overwhelming weakness.
	==Archaeology==		==Archaeology==

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	===Women are deficient in intelligence===		===Women are deficient in intelligence===
	{{Main\|Women's Intelligence and the Islamic Tradition}}		{{Main\|Women's Intelligence and the Islamic Tradition}}
	The hadith maintain that women are less intelligent than men, the reason given or this is that as a punishment for Eve's transgressions in the garden and 'betrayal of her husband', Allah decided to make women menstruate, suffer pregnancy, and lose out on intelligence. Modern science, however, has revealed no such universal deficiency in women's intelligence~~. Indeed, some of the smartest and most accomplished people in the world are women (e.g. Patricia Crone)~~.{{quote \| {{Bukhari\|\|\|2658\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|1462\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|304\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri		The hadith maintain that women are less intelligent than men, the reason given or this is that as a punishment for Eve's transgressions in the garden and 'betrayal of her husband', Allah decided to make women menstruate, suffer pregnancy, and lose out on intelligence. Modern science, however, has revealed no such universal deficiency in women's intelligence. {{quote \| {{Bukhari\|\|\|2658\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|1462\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|304\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri

	The Prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes." He said, "This is because of the deficiency of a woman's mind." }}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3399\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:		The Prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes." He said, "This is because of the deficiency of a woman's mind." }}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3399\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:
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	===Black dogs are devils===		===Black dogs are devils===

	The hadith maintain that black dogs are devils. Scientific research, by contrast, has shown that melanin, the pigment that causes darker shades of flesh, gives a foraging advantage, is heritable through a dominant gene, and is unrelated to anything having to do with demons.

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|510a\|reference}}\|Abu Dharr reported: The Messenger of 'Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When any one of you stands for prayer and there is a thing before him equal to the back of the saddle that covers him and in case there is not before him (a thing) equal to the back of the saddle, his prayer would be cut off by (passing of an) ass, woman, and black Dog. I said: O Abu Dharr, what feature is there in a black dog which distinguish it from the red dog and the yellow dog? He said: O, son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) as you are asking me, and he said: '''The black dog is a devil'''.}}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|510a\|reference}}\|Abu Dharr reported: The Messenger of 'Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When any one of you stands for prayer and there is a thing before him equal to the back of the saddle that covers him and in case there is not before him (a thing) equal to the back of the saddle, his prayer would be cut off by (passing of an) ass, woman, and black Dog. I said: O Abu Dharr, what feature is there in a black dog which distinguish it from the red dog and the yellow dog? He said: O, son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) as you are asking me, and he said: '''The black dog is a devil'''.}}

Revelational Circumstances of the Qur'an: Surah 2 (Al-Baqara)

Asmith — Sun, 17 May 2026 02:04:04 GMT

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	{{rc-header\|[[#2:115\|2:115]] • [[#2:125\|2:125]] • [[#2:136\|2:136]] • [[#2:142\|2:142]] • [[#2:143\|2:143]] • [[#2:144\|2:144]] • [[#2:149 - 2:150\|2:149 • 2:150]] • [[#2:158\|2:158]] • [[#2:178\|2:178]] • [[#2:183\|2:183]] • [[#2:184\|2:184]] • [[#2:185\|2:185]] • [[#2:187\|2:187]] • [[#2:189\|2:189]] • [[#2:195\|2:195]] • [[#2:196\|2:196]] • [[#2:197\|2:197]] • [[#2:198\|2:198]] • [[#2:199\|2:199]] • [[#2:217\|2:217]] • [[#2:219\|2:219]] • [[#2:220\|2:220]] • [[#2:222\|2:222]] • [[#2:223\|2:223]] • [[#2:225\|2:225]] • [[#2:232\|2:232]] • [[#2:238\|2:238]] • [[#2:240\|2:240]] • [[#2:256\|2:256]] • [[#2:278\|2:278]] • [[#2:280\|2:280]] • [[#2:285 - 2:286\|2:285 • 2:286]]\|300px}}		{{rc-header\|[[#2:115\|2:115]] • [[#2:125\|2:125]] • [[#2:136\|2:136]] • [[#2:142\|2:142]] • [[#2:143\|2:143]] • [[#2:144\|2:144]] • [[#2:149 - 2:150\|2:149 • 2:150]] • [[#2:158\|2:158]] • [[#2:178\|2:178]] • [[#2:183\|2:183]] • [[#2:184\|2:184]] • [[#2:185\|2:185]] • [[#2:187\|2:187]] • [[#2:189\|2:189]] • [[#2:195\|2:195]] • [[#2:196\|2:196]] • [[#2:197\|2:197]] • [[#2:198\|2:198]] • [[#2:199\|2:199]] • [[#2:217\|2:217]] • [[#2:219\|2:219]] • [[#2:220\|2:220]] • [[#2:222\|2:222]] • [[#2:223\|2:223]] • [[#2:225\|2:225]] • [[#2:232\|2:232]] • [[#2:238\|2:238]] • [[#2:240\|2:240]] • [[#2:256\|2:256]] • [[#2:278\|2:278]] • [[#2:280\|2:280]] • [[#2:285 - 2:286\|2:285 • 2:286]]\|300px}}
	==2:115==		==2:115==

Kafir (Infidel)

Asmith — Sun, 17 May 2026 01:15:13 GMT

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}In Islamic terminology, a '''kāfir''' (كافر ; plural كفّار ''kuffār'') is a ''disbeliever'', or someone who rejects or does not believe in [[Allah]] as the one and only God and [[Muhammad]] as the final messenger of Allah.<ref>"...''Kafir: Literally means "a disbeliever". In Islam it refers to one who rejects Allah and who '''does not believe in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''..." - [http://www.as-sidq.org/glossary.html Islamic Glossary]</ref><ref>"...''kafir noun (pl=kuffar) ''		{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=2}}In Islamic terminology, a '''kāfir''' (كافر ; plural كفّار ''kuffār'') is a ''disbeliever'', or someone who rejects or does not believe in [[Allah]] as the one and only God and [[Muhammad]] as the final messenger of Allah.<ref>"...''Kafir: Literally means "a disbeliever". In Islam it refers to one who rejects Allah and who '''does not believe in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''..." - [http://www.as-sidq.org/glossary.html Islamic Glossary]</ref><ref>"...''kafir noun (pl=kuffar) ''
	1. (Islam) infidel, Infidel, pagan, non-believer; a non-Muslim aside from ahl al-kitab (Christians, Jews, etc.).		1. (Islam) infidel, Infidel, pagan, non-believer; a non-Muslim aside from ahl al-kitab (Christians, Jews, etc.).
	2. (Islam) Infidel, pagan, non-believer;''' any non-Muslim'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: "Whosoever does not forbid people from the deen of the Jews and Christians after the prophethood of the messenger Muhammad (saw) nor declares them kafir nor hates them, he is not a Muslim by the consensus of ALL Muslims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassing category of non-Muslim, which includes all other sub-categories, such as ''mushrikun'', or polytheists (lit. "those who do ''shirk''", that is, attribute partners to God), ''dahriyah'', or those who deny the existence of any gods outright, as well as those who would today identify as agnostics, or suggest simply their ignorance of the existence of any gods.		2. (Islam) Infidel, pagan, non-believer;''' any non-Muslim'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: "Whosoever does not forbid people from the deen of the Jews and Christians after the prophethood of the messenger Muhammad (saw) nor declares them kafir nor hates them, he is not a Muslim by the consensus of ALL Muslims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassing category of non-Muslim, which includes all other sub-categories, such as ''mushrikun'', or polytheists (lit. "those who do ''shirk''", that is, attribute partners to God), ''dahriyah'', or those who deny the existence of any gods outright, as well as those who would today identify as agnostics, or suggest simply their ignorance of the existence of any gods.
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	====Guidelines on how to deal with disbelievers====		====Guidelines on how to deal with disbelievers====
	The ~~Muslims~~ must remain united in opposition to the disbelievers, and maintain faith, while refusing to take the disbelievers as close allies. If the disbelievers acquiesce but then return "to enmity", they must be slayed, unless they have a treaty with the Muslims or seek refuge amongst them. Finally, if the disbelievers "incline to peace", so too should the Muslims.		The believers must remain united in opposition to the disbelievers, and maintain faith, while refusing to take the disbelievers as close allies in the Qur'an. If the disbelievers acquiesce but then return "to enmity", they must be slayed, unless they have a treaty with the Muslims or seek refuge amongst them. Finally, if the disbelievers "incline to peace", so too should the Muslims.

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|4\|88-90}}\|88. What aileth you that ye are become two parties regarding the hypocrites, when Allah cast them back (to disbelief) because of what they earned? Seek ye to guide him whom Allah hath sent astray? He whom Allah sendeth astray, for him thou (O Muhammad) canst not find a road.<BR>		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|4\|88-90}}\|88. What aileth you that ye are become two parties regarding the hypocrites, when Allah cast them back (to disbelief) because of what they earned? Seek ye to guide him whom Allah hath sent astray? He whom Allah sendeth astray, for him thou (O Muhammad) canst not find a road.<BR>
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	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|5-6}}\|5. But when the forbidden 4 months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular [[Salah\|prayers]] and practise regular [[Zakat\|charity]], then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.<br>		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|5-6}}\|5. But when the forbidden 4 months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular [[Salah\|prayers]] and practise regular [[Zakat\|charity]], then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.<br>
	6. If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah; and then escort him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge.}}~~Muslims~~ are commanded to treat unbelievers harshly while being merciful to other Muslims.		6. If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah; and then escort him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge.}}The believers are commanded to treat unbelievers harshly while being merciful to other Muslims.
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|48\|29}}\|<b>Muhammad (is the) Messenger of Allah, and those who (are) with him (are) firm against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves.</b> You see them bowing and prostrating, seeking Bounty from Allah and pleasure. Their mark (is) on their faces from (the) trace (of) the prostration. That (is) their similitude in the Taurah. And their similitude in the Injeel, (is) like a seed (which) sends forth its shoot then strengthens it, then it becomes thick and it stands upon its stem delighting the sowers that He (may) enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them, forgiveness and a reward great.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|48\|29}}\|<b>Muhammad (is the) Messenger of Allah, and those who (are) with him (are) firm against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves.</b> You see them bowing and prostrating, seeking Bounty from Allah and pleasure. Their mark (is) on their faces from (the) trace (of) the prostration. That (is) their similitude in the Taurah. And their similitude in the Injeel, (is) like a seed (which) sends forth its shoot then strengthens it, then it becomes thick and it stands upon its stem delighting the sowers that He (may) enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them, forgiveness and a reward great.}}

Jihad as Obligation (Fard)

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 21:30:07 GMT

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	Depending on the school of Islamic thought, [[jihad]] is classified either as an ''individual duty'' (فرض العين fard al-'ayn) (obligatory for all Muslims) or a ''sufficiency duty'' (فرض الكفائي‎ fard al-kifaya) (community responsibility). Scholarly discussions of these two views revolve especially around {{Quran\|2\|216}} and {{Quran\|9\|122}}.<ref>Reuven Firestone, ''Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 60-61</ref>		Depending on the school of Islamic thought, [[jihad]] is classified either as an ''individual duty'' (فرض العين fard al-'ayn) (obligatory for all Muslims) or a ''sufficiency duty'' (فرض الكفائي‎ fard al-kifaya) (community responsibility). Scholarly discussions of these two views revolve especially around {{Quran\|2\|216}} and {{Quran\|9\|122}}.<ref>Reuven Firestone, ''Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 60-61</ref>

	Modern voices differentiate between a ''personal'' "greater jihad" and a military "lesser jihad." This dichotomy does not appear in classical or early Islamic literature or scripture, which refer to jihad largely as a doctrine of military conquest. Some have additionally argued that references to "internal struggle" in early Islamic literature are metaphorically used, making jihad an exclusively military concept.		Modern Muslims voices often differentiate between a ''personal'' "greater jihad" and a military "lesser jihad." This dichotomy does not appear in classical or early Islamic literature or scripture, which refer to jihad largely as a doctrine of military conquest. Some have additionally argued that references to "internal struggle" in early Islamic literature are metaphorically used, making jihad an exclusively military concept.
	==Scholars==		==Scholars==

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Textual History of the Qur'an

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 20:19:32 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Urine

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 20:09:06 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Race and Tribe

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 20:08:17 GMT

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	Among my people there are four characteristics belonging to pre-Islamic period which they do not abandon: boasting of high rank, reviling other peoples' genealogies, seeking rain by stars, and walling. And he (further) said: If the wailing woman does not repent before she dies, she will be made to stand on the Day of Resurrection wearing a garment of pitch and a chemise of mange.}}		Among my people there are four characteristics belonging to pre-Islamic period which they do not abandon: boasting of high rank, reviling other peoples' genealogies, seeking rain by stars, and walling. And he (further) said: If the wailing woman does not repent before she dies, she will be made to stand on the Day of Resurrection wearing a garment of pitch and a chemise of mange.}}

	~~Unfortunately~~ as ~~we shall see in the following sections, such sentiments~~ are somewhat undermined by some other sahih hadiths where ~~we find~~ prejudice against some Arab groups, and black people are used as negative imagery. In addition, many classical and modern Islamic scholars of high repute ~~are guilty of promoting~~ explicitly ~~racist~~ attitudes.		Such sentiments as above are somewhat undermined by some other sahih hadiths where the prejudice against some Arab groups, and black people are used as negative imagery. In addition, many classical and modern Islamic scholars of high repute promote explicitly supremacist or discriminatory attitudes.

	==Race and tribe in scripture==		==Race and tribe in scripture==

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Rape of Slaves, Prisoners, and Wives

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 20:04:27 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Music

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:50:51 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:The Islamic Tradition Itself

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:50:16 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Toilet Etiquette

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Violence Against Women

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:47:10 GMT

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	A hadith graded ''hasan'' (the 2nd highest level of authenticity according to traditional scholars of hadith, below ''sahih'') by Dar-us-Salam, though da'if (weak) by al-Albani,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250306231801/https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:1986 Grading information on sunnah.com (archive)] before it was removed</ref>		A hadith graded ''hasan'' (the 2nd highest level of authenticity according to traditional scholars of hadith, below ''sahih'') by Dar-us-Salam, though da'if (weak) by al-Albani,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250306231801/https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:1986 Grading information on sunnah.com (archive)] before it was removed</ref>
	quotes Muhammad saying that a man should not be asked why he beats his wife:
			====quotes Muhammad saying that a man should not be asked why he beats his wife:====

	{{Quote\|1=[http://sunnah.com/urn/1263050 Sunan Ibn Majah 3:9:1986]\|2=It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said:		{{Quote\|1=[http://sunnah.com/urn/1263050 Sunan Ibn Majah 3:9:1986]\|2=It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said:

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Predestination

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:44:00 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad's Death

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:29:04 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad and the Satanic Verses

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 19:28:15 GMT

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	\|image=Daughters_of_Allah.jpg		\|image=Daughters_of_Allah.jpg
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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad and Jihad

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 18:58:47 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 18:55:53 GMT

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	In Islam [[Muhammad]] is known as '''[[Uswa Hasana\|uswa hasana]], al-Insān al-Kāmil''', meaning in Arabic that he is the ''' 'perfect human' ''' who is ''' 'worthy of imitation' '''. As such, all of his deeds, actions, thoughts, and practices are the perfect examplars for all humans in every time in every age. For this reason, his [[Sunnah]] or traditions is one of the basic building blocks of [[Islamic Law]] (the other being the [[Qur'an]]). This tradition is preserved mostly in the [[Hadith]] collections of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari\|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories of the prophet's military campaigns such as [[Sirat_Rasul_Allah\|Ibn Ishaq]]. These sources impart to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind.		In Islam [[Muhammad]] is known as '''[[Uswa Hasana\|uswa hasana]], al-Insān al-Kāmil''', meaning in Arabic that he is the ''' 'perfect human' ''' who is ''' 'worthy of imitation' '''. As such, all of his deeds, actions, thoughts, and practices are the perfect examplars for all humans in every time in every age. For this reason, his [[Sunnah]] or traditions is one of the basic building blocks of [[Islamic Law]] (the other being the [[Qur'an]]). This tradition is preserved mostly in the [[Hadith]] collections of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari\|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories of the prophet's military campaigns such as [[Sirat_Rasul_Allah\|Ibn Ishaq]]. These sources impart to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind.

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Mahr

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 18:29:26 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Honor Killing

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 18:28:23 GMT

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	Honor killing is the murder by family members, usually of females, who are perceived to have brought shame on the family, and as occured in many cultures. The motivating attitude is that the honor of the family in the community can be protected or restored in this way. Common triggers for honour killing occur when young couples have unmarried relations with each other, or when a woman marries someone against the wishes of her parents.		Honor killing is the murder by family members, usually of females, who are perceived to have brought shame on the family, and as occured in many cultures. The motivating attitude is that the honor of the family in the community can be protected or restored in this way. Common triggers for honour killing occur when young couples have unmarried relations with each other, or when a woman marries someone against the wishes of her parents.

	In Islamic law, there is no punishment merely for the shame caused upon a family by their female relations, nor is there a prescribed method to restore family honor by killing them. There are, however, punishments for various types of [[w:Zina\|Zina]] (unlawful sexual relations) in Islamic law. Zina includes both fornication (when they are unmarried), for which the punishment is flogging, and adultery (when they are married, but not to each other), for which the punishment is death by stoning. These punishments are only to be applied by the authorities.		In Islamic law, there is no punishment merely for the shame caused upon a family by their female relations, nor is there a prescribed method to restore family honor by killing them. There are, however, punishments for various types of [[w:Zina\|Zina]] (unlawful sexual relations) in Islamic law. Zina includes both fornication (when they are unmarried), for which the punishment is flogging, and adultery (when they are married, but not to each other), for which the punishment is death by stoning. These punishments are only to be applied by the authorities.

	Honour killing has been condemned in this fatwa<ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/101972 Fatwa 101972 Ruling on honour killing]</ref>, which ~~says~~ that the punishment for fornication by the unmarried is flogging, and must be carried out by the proper authorities.		Honour killing has been condemned in this fatwa<ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/101972 Fatwa 101972 Ruling on honour killing]</ref>, and many others like it, which say that the punishment for fornication by the unmarried is flogging, and must be carried out by the proper authorities.

	Some statements about women and the rules to control them, however, may contribute to the perceived social consequences of failing to exert such control and the underlying attitudes towards women and girls held by those who commit honor killing and honor violence. This includes such rules as those concerning parents and their children, a woman marrying without the approval of her wali, and zina, as detailed below. Cultural researchers and critics of the practice note that honor killing in the Muslim world is largely associated with certain countries like Pakistan and parts of the Middle East and North Africa rather than universally across all Islamic cultures. The problem has also been documented in a Hindu religious context in countries such as India and Nepal, particularly involving couples of differing castes.		Some statements about women and the rules to control them, however, may contribute to the perceived social consequences of failing to exert such control and the underlying attitudes towards women and girls held by those who commit honor killing and honor violence. This includes such rules as those concerning parents and their children, a woman marrying without the approval of her wali, and zina, as detailed below. Cultural researchers and critics of the practice note that honor killing in the Muslim world is largely associated with certain countries like Pakistan and parts of the Middle East and North Africa rather than universally across all Islamic cultures. The problem has also been documented in a Hindu religious context in countries such as India and Nepal, particularly involving couples of differing castes.

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Hijab

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 17:06:15 GMT

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	===Tafsir Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani [https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=hLNKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&lpg=PT122&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&source=bl&ots=HBXT3tzkRn&sig=ACfU3U02Py5hmTr9dynN9qLJw4iVCGlQRw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd1Iu06Y7hAhU68HMBHXy3AAAQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9%20%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%83%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&f=false]:===		===Tafsir Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani [https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=hLNKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&lpg=PT122&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&source=bl&ots=HBXT3tzkRn&sig=ACfU3U02Py5hmTr9dynN9qLJw4iVCGlQRw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd1Iu06Y7hAhU68HMBHXy3AAAQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9%20%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%83%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&f=false]:===
	{{Quote\|\|Al-Hassan al-Basri (mort en 110 ans Hijri) a déclaré : Les femmes esclaves de Médine avaient l'habitude de se faire dire certaines choses lorsqu'elles sortaient. (Une nuit) des gens stupides ont accosté un groupe de femmes et les ont dérangées (blessées) '''parce qu'ils pensaient qu'elles étaient des esclaves, alors qu'elles étaient en réalité des femmes libres'''. Pour cette raison, '''le Prophète a ordonné aux femmes croyantes de jeter leurs jilbabs (manteaux/vêtements de dessus) sur elles-mêmes, afin qu'elles soient reconnues comme des femmes libres, distinguées des femmes esclaves, et non dérangées.'''}}		{{Quote\|\|Al-Hassan al-Basri (mort en 110 ans Hijri) a déclaré : Les femmes esclaves de Médine avaient l'habitude de se faire dire certaines choses lorsqu'elles sortaient. (Une nuit) des gens stupides ont accosté un groupe de femmes et les ont dérangées (blessées) '''parce qu'ils pensaient qu'elles étaient des esclaves, alors qu'elles étaient en réalité des femmes libres'''. Pour cette raison, '''le Prophète a ordonné aux femmes croyantes de jeter leurs jilbabs (manteaux/vêtements de dessus) sur elles-mêmes, afin qu'elles soient reconnues comme des femmes libres, distinguées des femmes esclaves, et non dérangées.'''}}
	The Qur'an doesn't uses the word immoral (فاسق) for these men. Neither the Qur'an nor the Sunnah threatens these men who were sexually harrassing the believing women. In effect, the Qur'an and the fiqh built upon it ~~in effect encourages~~ the sexual harassment of slave women by leaving them without the protection of the hijab. Moreover, fiqh gives permission to Muslims to rape their slaves, and then to sell them to other men to be raped.		The Qur'an doesn't uses the word immoral (فاسق) for these men. Neither the Qur'an nor the Sunnah threatens these men who were sexually harrassing the believing women. In effect, the Qur'an and the fiqh built upon it remove the barries to sexual harassment of slave women by leaving them without the protection of the hijab. Moreover, fiqh gives permission to Muslims to rape their slaves against their will, and then to sell them to other men to be raped in this way.

	===The Prohibition of the Hijab for Slaves===		===The Prohibition of the Hijab for Slaves===

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 16:33:15 GMT

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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Fasaad(Corruption)

Asmith — Sat, 16 May 2026 16:11:19 GMT

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	Fasaad (فساد) in Arabic means corruption or degeneration. It is often translated as "mischief" or "ruin" in Islamic scriptures and is used to designate the evil deeds of both men and supernatural entities. A general characteristic of fasād is the inversion of divine order in the world.<ref>''afsada'' - Nicolai Sinai, "Key Terms of the Quran", Princeton University Press, pp. 552-7, 2017</ref>		Fasaad (فساد) in Arabic means corruption or degeneration. It is often translated as "mischief" or "ruin" in Islamic scriptures and is used to designate the evil deeds of both men and supernatural entities. A general characteristic of fasād is the inversion of divine order in the world.<ref>''afsada'' - Nicolai Sinai, "Key Terms of the Quran", Princeton University Press, pp. 552-7, 2017</ref>

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	[[File:Sunset from the ISS.JPG\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]]		[[File:Sunset from the ISS.JPG\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]]
	The [[Qur'an]] and a number of [[Sahih]] [[Hadith]] make the claim that there are seven different earths. This concept of multiple different earths or worlds is not unusual in the ancient world; ancient Mesopotamian Cosmology similarly saw seven earths and seven heavens.<ref>''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mesopotamian_Cosmic_Geography/P8fl8BXpR0MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:%22Wayne+Horowitz%22&printsec=frontcover Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography.]'' Wayne Horowitz. Eisenbrauns. 1998. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/9780931464997\|<bdi>9780931464997</bdi>]]. ''Chapter "Seven Heavens and Seven Earths". pp. 208-222.''		The [[Qur'an]] and a number of [[Sahih]] [[Hadith]] make the claim that there are seven different earths. This concept of multiple different earths or worlds is not unusual in the ancient world; ancient Mesopotamian Cosmology similarly saw seven earths and seven heavens.<ref>''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mesopotamian_Cosmic_Geography/P8fl8BXpR0MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:%22Wayne+Horowitz%22&printsec=frontcover Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography.]'' Wayne Horowitz. Eisenbrauns. 1998. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/9780931464997\|<bdi>9780931464997</bdi>]]. ''Chapter "Seven Heavens and Seven Earths". pp. 208-222.''
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	God is also described as having the keys to these:		God is also described as having the keys to these:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|42\|12}}\|To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth: He expands the provision for whomever He wishes, and tightens it [for whomever He wishes]. Indeed He has knowledge of all things.’}}{{Quote\|{{Quran\|39\|63}}\|To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth, and those who disbelieve in the signs of Allah—it is they who are the losers.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|42\|12}}\|To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth: He expands the provision for whomever He wishes, and tightens it [for whomever He wishes]. Indeed He has knowledge of all things.’}}{{Quote\|{{Quran\|39\|63}}\|To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth, and those who disbelieve in the signs of Allah—it is they who are the losers.}}
	It ~~seems~~ that once resurrected, ~~it appears that righteous Muslims~~ will ascend the cosmos to the upper heavens, which are on top of/above each other ({{Quran\|67\|3}}, {{Quran\|71\|15}}) on judgement day, for whom God will open the gates of the skies (so that they can pass the firmament - gates would not be needed if they were simply layers rather than solid objects):		It appears that righteous Muslims, once resurrected, will ascend the cosmos to the upper heavens, which are on top of/above each other ({{Quran\|67\|3}}, {{Quran\|71\|15}}) on judgement day, for whom God will open the gates of the skies (so that they can pass the firmament - gates would not be needed if they were simply layers rather than solid objects):
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|78\|19}}\|And the heavens will be opened and become gates}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|78\|19}}\|And the heavens will be opened and become gates}}
	And similarly in Q7:40.		And similarly in Q7:40.
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	The Quran also has the Earth created before the heavens (universes) are created, while the heaven is 'smoke' (''see [[Quran and a Universe from Smoke]]''). Obviously the Earth cannot be created before the Universe is made:		The Quran also has the Earth created before the heavens (universes) are created, while the heaven is 'smoke' (''see [[Quran and a Universe from Smoke]]''). Obviously the Earth cannot be created before the Universe is made:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|41\|9-12}}\|Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measure therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (Sustenance).		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|41\|9-12}}\|Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He set on the (earth), mountains standing firm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measure therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four Days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (Sustenance).
	Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower.}}Nor was the universe ever smoke.		Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower.}}Nor, it should go without saying, was the universe ever made from smoke.

	====The universe as a roof/ceiling/canopy====		====The universe as a roof/ceiling/canopy====
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	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|18}}\|Say the Jews and the Christians: "We are sons of God and beloved of Him." Say: "Why does He punish you then for your sins? No: You are only mortals, of His creation." He can punish whom He pleases and pardon whom He wills, <b>for God's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and all that lies between them,</b> and everything will go back to Him.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|18}}\|Say the Jews and the Christians: "We are sons of God and beloved of Him." Say: "Why does He punish you then for your sins? No: You are only mortals, of His creation." He can punish whom He pleases and pardon whom He wills, <b>for God's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and all that lies between them,</b> and everything will go back to Him.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|50\|38}}\|And verily We created <b>the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them,</b> in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us.}}~~And~~ repeated in {{Quran\|15\|85}}, {{Quran\|19\|65}}, {{Quran\|21\|16}} and {{Quran\|25\|59}}.		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|50\|38}}\|And verily We created <b>the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them,</b> in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us.}}This is repeated in {{Quran\|15\|85}}, {{Quran\|19\|65}}, {{Quran\|21\|16}} and {{Quran\|25\|59}}.

	Clouds are also distinctly said to be ''between'' the heavens and the Earth, again preventing the interpretation of the 'samā'/heavens/skies as our whole/visible universe.		Clouds are also distinctly said to be ''between'' the heavens and the Earth, again preventing the interpretation of the 'samā'/heavens/skies as our whole/visible universe.