Dhimma - Revision history

Lightyears: /* Origins */

2025-10-03T14:32:12Z

Origins

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 3 October 2025
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	Here the beginnings of the tripartite offer can be glimpsed. The full trifecta of conversion to Islam, paying the jizyah, or death would be finalized by the masterful Muslim general Khalid bin Al-Walid, the "Sword of Allah", in his jihad against the Christians of Iraq and their Zoroastrian overlords:		Here the beginnings of the tripartite offer can be glimpsed. The full trifecta of conversion to Islam, paying the jizyah, or death would be finalized by the masterful Muslim general Khalid bin Al-Walid, the "Sword of Allah", in his jihad against the Christians of Iraq and their Zoroastrian overlords:

	{{Quote\|Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 11, The Challenge to the Empires, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1993), 6\|I call you to God, to His worship, and to Islam. If you accept, you obtain the benefits we enjoy and take up the responsibilties we bear. If you refuse, then [you must pay] the ''jizyah''. If ~~the~~ refuse the ''jizyah'', then we will bring against you a people who love death more than you love drinking wine.}}		{{Quote\|Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 11, The Challenge to the Empires, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1993), 6\|I call you to God, to His worship, and to Islam. If you accept, you obtain the benefits we enjoy and take up the responsibilties we bear. If you refuse, then [you must pay] the ''jizyah''. If you refuse the ''jizyah'', then we will bring against you a people who love death more than you love drinking wine.}}

	This tripartite offer of death, paying the jizya and accepting the dhimma, or converting to Islam would be copied by Islamic conquerors throughout the ages, from Spain to Indonesia, and is still found today in the declarations of war and "invitation" by Islamic terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda.		This tripartite offer of death, paying the jizya and accepting the dhimma, or converting to Islam would be copied by Islamic conquerors throughout the ages, from Spain to Indonesia, and is still found today in the declarations of war and "invitation" by Islamic terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda.

Lightyears: /* Origins */ Corrected quotes to the actual wording in the cited translations

2025-10-03T14:25:47Z

Origins: Corrected quotes to the actual wording in the cited translations

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 3 October 2025
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	According to Islamic sources the pact of the dhimma originated with Muhammad himself after the battle of [[Khaybar]]. Muhammad, having defeated the Jews of the oasis, destroyed their forts, killed their leader, took his wife as his own, tortured and killed various of their number in order to find their treasures, and cut down their palm trees, allowed the surviving Jews to remain there on the condition that they pay half their crop to him and the Muslims.<ref> Littman, G., 1985. The Dhimmi. 1st ed. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Pr., 44</ref> This was the beginning of the [[jizyah]] and the dhimma. According to his biographer ibn Sa'd, Muhammad would later write to a Christian ruler:		According to Islamic sources the pact of the dhimma originated with Muhammad himself after the battle of [[Khaybar]]. Muhammad, having defeated the Jews of the oasis, destroyed their forts, killed their leader, took his wife as his own, tortured and killed various of their number in order to find their treasures, and cut down their palm trees, allowed the surviving Jews to remain there on the condition that they pay half their crop to him and the Muslims.<ref> Littman, G., 1985. The Dhimmi. 1st ed. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Pr., 44</ref> This was the beginning of the [[jizyah]] and the dhimma. According to his biographer ibn Sa'd, Muhammad would later write to a Christian ruler:

	{{Quote\|Sa’d, Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir, vol. 1, 328-329.\|I will not fight against you unless I write to you in advance. So, join the fold of Islam or pay the jizyah. Obey Allah and His Apostle and the messengers of His Apostle, honour them and dress them in nice clothes.… Provide Zayd with good clothes. If my messengers will be pleased with you, I shall also be pleased with you.… Pay three wasaq of barley to Harmalah… ~~<Ref> Spencer, Robert. The History of Jihad: From Muhammad to ISIS (p. 42). Bombardier Books. Kindle Edition </Ref>~~}}		{{Quote\|Ibn Sa’d, Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir, vol. 1, 328-329. translated by S. Moinul Haq\|I will not fight against you unless I write to you (in advance). So, join the fold of Islam or pay the ''jizyah''. Obey Allah and His Apostle and the messengers of His Apostle, honour them and dress them in nice clothes.… Provide Zayd with good clothes. If my messengers will be pleased with you, I shall also be pleased with you.… Pay three ''wasaq'' of barley to Harmalah…}}

	Here the beginnings of the tripartite offer can be glimpsed. The full trifecta of conversion to Islam, paying the jizyah, or death would be finalized by the masterful Muslim general Khalid bin Al-Walid, the "Sword of Allah", in his jihad against the Christians of Iraq and their Zoroastrian overlords:		Here the beginnings of the tripartite offer can be glimpsed. The full trifecta of conversion to Islam, paying the jizyah, or death would be finalized by the masterful Muslim general Khalid bin Al-Walid, the "Sword of Allah", in his jihad against the Christians of Iraq and their Zoroastrian overlords:

	{{Quote\|Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 11, The Challenge to the Empires, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1993), 6\|I call you to God and to Islam. If you ~~respond to the call~~, ~~then~~ you ~~are Muslims: You~~ obtain the benefits ~~they~~ enjoy and take up the ~~responsibilities they~~ bear. If you refuse, then [you must pay] the jizyah. If ~~you~~ refuse the jizyah, I will bring against you ~~tribes of~~ people who ~~are~~ more ~~eager for death~~ than you ~~are for life. We will then fight you until God decides between us and you.”~~		{{Quote\|Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 11, The Challenge to the Empires, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1993), 6\|I call you to God, to His worship, and to Islam. If you accept, you obtain the benefits we enjoy and take up the responsibilties we bear. If you refuse, then [you must pay] the ''jizyah''. If the refuse the ''jizyah'', then we will bring against you a people who love death more than you love drinking wine.}}
	~~<Ref>Spencer, Robert. The History of Jihad: From Muhammad to ISIS (p. 49). Bombardier Books. Kindle Edition~~.~~</Ref>~~}}

	This tripartite offer of death, paying the jizya and accepting the dhimma, or converting to Islam would be copied by Islamic conquerors throughout the ages, from Spain to Indonesia, and is still found today in the declarations of war and "invitation" by Islamic terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda.		This tripartite offer of death, paying the jizya and accepting the dhimma, or converting to Islam would be copied by Islamic conquerors throughout the ages, from Spain to Indonesia, and is still found today in the declarations of war and "invitation" by Islamic terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda.

Asmith at 05:35, 27 May 2025

2025-05-27T05:35:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 27 May 2025
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	\|image=~~Banu_qurayza_massacre~~.jpg		\|image=Broken cross.jpg
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Asmith at 05:35, 27 May 2025

2025-05-27T05:35:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 27 May 2025
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			{{#seo:
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			\|image=Banu_qurayza_massacre.jpg
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	[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]		[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]

AdrianE: Fixed some typos and improper use of capitals.

2024-06-11T21:08:48Z

Fixed some typos and improper use of capitals.

Show changes

Mushrik: Link added

2022-01-16T15:48:20Z

Link added

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 16 January 2022
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	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the [[Kafir (Infidel)\|non-Muslim]] from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

	According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of the Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.		According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of the Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

Mushrik: Added 2 more names

2022-01-16T15:43:36Z

Added 2 more names

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 16 January 2022
Line 6:		Line 6:
	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

	According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.		According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of the Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

	==Origins==		==Origins==

Mushrik: Added a link

2022-01-12T09:58:32Z

Added a link

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 12 January 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]		[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]

	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

Mushrik: One more sentence

2022-01-12T09:57:48Z

One more sentence

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 12 January 2022
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	[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]		[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]

	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

Mushrik: Added an apostrophe

2021-12-09T02:20:22Z

Added an apostrophe

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:20, 9 December 2021
Line 4:		Line 4:
	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the ~~prophets~~ predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

	According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.		According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 16 January 2022
Line 4:		Line 4:
	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the [[Kafir (Infidel)\|non-Muslim]] from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

	According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of the Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.		According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of the Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 12 January 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]		[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]

	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 12 January 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]		[[File:Broken cross.jpg\|thumb\|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is that they are not allowed to repair or build anew their churches and synagogues - damaged architecture must remain so.]]

	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Islam \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam \|work=Encyclopedia Britannica \|location=New York \|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:20, 9 December 2021
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	The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>		The dhimma is the "pact of protection" entailing the social rights, responsibilities, and restrictions entailed by the status of being a "dhimmi." According to orthodox [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|Islamic law]] (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) [[People of the Book\|Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians]]. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to [[Islam]]; if they refuse, they are to be [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion\|forced to convert (or face execution, ''en masse'')]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010649/http://www.islam-qa.com/index.php?ref=34770&ln=eng] - Islam Q&A (Archived), Fatwa No. 34770</ref> However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Annemarie Schimmel\|year=2004\|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]\|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|isbn=978-1861891853\|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim\|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')\|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107\|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book\|author=Michael Bonner\|author-link=Michael Bonner\|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|year=2008\|page=89\|isbn=9780691138381\|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=Wael B. Hallaq\|author-link=Wael Hallaq\|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations\|year=2009\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|page=327\|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300\|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

	In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the ~~prophets~~ predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.		In the pre-Islamic northern Arabia of the prophet's predecessors, different tribes existed in a constant state of warfare, with peace being the exception to the general rule of unending warfare<ref name="Peters2016">{{cite book \| author = Rudolph Peters \| date = 2016 \| title = Jihad: A History in Documents \| publisher = Markus Wiener Publishers \| page = 1\| isbn = 978-1-55876-608-2 \| oclc = 1000108084 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q45hjwEACAAJ}}</ref>. The dhimma as a whole is conceived of in the Islamic tradition as "protection" of the non-Muslim from the endless state of jihad, itself a continuation of the war like state of the Arabs before Islam. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or death. Historically, non-Muslim residents of an Islamic state who failed to pay [[Jizyah\|jizya]] or who broke their contract with the state could also be enslaved.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyZ-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52\|title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909\|author=Y. Erdem (20 November 1996)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK\|ISBN=978-0-230-37297-9\|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez (2015)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|ISBN=978-1-4426-0066-9\|page=2}}</ref> The Pact of Umar also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles, and imposes many other restrictions besides these, all of which are meant to humiliate and humble the dhimmi while rendering his religion not a threat to Islam. In return the dhimmi receives the right to live and own property in the Islamic state. As such the Muslim jurists and scholars see it as a form of mercy and protection; in reality, though, the laws and strictures of the dhimma outlining legal discrimination against and limitations on religious minorities constitute a form of religious apartheid and second class citizenship. The limitations extend to but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom to marry the partner of one's choosing, freedom of movement, taxation without representation, the right to own and bear arms, and freedom from slavery and unpaid servitude. The implementation of these rules have varied over time, but Islamic scholars to this day continue to advocate for the implementation of the dhimma, and Islamist regimes in recent times such as the Islamic State, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan have continued to implement elements of the dhimma in the modern age.

	According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.		According to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], the centerpiece of the dhimma contract is that the [[Jizyah]] tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. Legally, the payment of this tax grants the dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by [[The Pact of Umar\|the Pact of Omar]], dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go (which parallels the Nazi practice of making Jews wear yellow badges), etc. Some of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah, although the dhimma as a whole has not been enforced anywhere since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.