Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Cosmology - Revision history

Lightyears at 20:40, 14 November 2025

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	{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}		{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
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	No complete picture of Islamic cosmogony is given in the Qur'an, however, from what details are offered it does appear that the writer(s) of the Qur'an envisioned the earth as flat (see [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]). The Qur'an also paints the picture of the universe in which both the sun and the moon revolve around the earth; the hadith add to the picture the detail that when not visible they prostrate themselves to Allah. On top of this, the [[Tafsir\|mufasirrun]] add to the picture [[The Islamic Whale]], the mythological giant whale upon which the earth as a whole rests. ~~The stars are portrayed as being roughly the size they appear, and also being castable from heaven by Allah, and all~~ of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth.		No complete picture of Islamic cosmogony is given in the Qur'an, however, from what details are offered it does appear that the writer(s) of the Qur'an envisioned the earth as flat (see [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]). The Qur'an also paints the picture of the universe in which both the sun and the moon revolve around the earth (see [[Geocentrism and the Quran]]), above which are seven heavens, the lowest adorned with the stars; the hadith add to the picture the detail that when not visible they prostrate themselves to Allah. On top of this, the [[Tafsir\|mufasirrun]] add to the picture [[The Islamic Whale]], the mythological giant whale upon which the earth as a whole rests. All of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth.

			{{Main\|Cosmology of the Quran}}

	==Qur'an==		==Qur'an==
			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|71\|15}}\|
			See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|37\|6}}\| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|65\|12}}\|Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge..}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|258}}\|Hast thou not Turned thy vision to one who disputed with Abraham About his Lord, because Allah had granted him power? Abraham said: "My Lord is He Who Giveth life and death." He said: "I give life and death". Said Abraham: "But it is Allah that causeth the sun to rise from the east: Do thou then cause him to rise from the West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|258}}\|Hast thou not Turned thy vision to one who disputed with Abraham About his Lord, because Allah had granted him power? Abraham said: "My Lord is He Who Giveth life and death." He said: "I give life and death". Said Abraham: "But it is Allah that causeth the sun to rise from the east: Do thou then cause him to rise from the West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

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	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|10\|5}}\|It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|10\|5}}\|It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.}}

	~~{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|59}}\|Moses said: "Your tryst is the Day of the Festival, and let the people be assembled when the sun is well up."}}~~

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|130}}\|Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|130}}\|Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy.}}

Lightyears at 18:58, 13 November 2025

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	He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked: Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and the next. Above that there are eight mountain goats the distance between whose hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that }}		He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked: Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and the next. Above that there are eight mountain goats the distance between whose hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that }}

	{{Quote\|{{~~cite web\|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/42/132 \|title=Sunan~~ Abu Dawud ~~42:132 \|publisher= \|author=~~ \|~~date=~~ \|~~archiveurl=~~ \|~~deadurl=no~~}}\|Jabir b. ‘Abd Allah reported the Prophet as saying: I have been permitted to tell about one of Allah’s angels who bears the throne that the distance between the lobe of his ear and his shoulder is a journey of seven hundred years.}}		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|4727\|darussalam}}\|Jabir b. ‘Abd Allah reported the Prophet as saying: I have been permitted to tell about one of Allah’s angels who bears the throne that the distance between the lobe of his ear and his shoulder is a journey of seven hundred years.}}

	===Al Tirmidhi===		===Al Tirmidhi===

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-13T18:57:05Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

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	===Sahih Bukhari===		===Sahih Bukhari===

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|54\|~~421~~}}\| Narrated Abu Dhar:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3199\|darussalam}}\| Narrated Abu Dhar:
	The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. }}		The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. }}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|9\|93\|~~520~~}}\|Narrated Abu Dharr: I entered the mosque while Allah's Apostle was sitting there. When the sun had set, the Prophet said, "O Abu Dharr! Do you know where this (sun) goes?" I said, "Allah and His Apostle know best." He said, "It goes and asks permission to prostrate, and it is allowed, and (one day) it, as if being ordered to return whence it came, then it will rise from the west." Then the Prophet recited, "That: ‘And the sun runs on its fixed course (for a term decreed),"}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|7424\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Dharr: I entered the mosque while Allah's Apostle was sitting there. When the sun had set, the Prophet said, "O Abu Dharr! Do you know where this (sun) goes?" I said, "Allah and His Apostle know best." He said, "It goes and asks permission to prostrate, and it is allowed, and (one day) it, as if being ordered to return whence it came, then it will rise from the west." Then the Prophet recited, "That: ‘And the sun runs on its fixed course (for a term decreed),"}}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|2\|18\|~~158~~}}\| Narrated Abu Bakra: Allah's Apostle said: "The sun and the moon are two signs amongst the signs of Allah and they do not eclipse because of the death of someone but Allah frightens His devotees with them." }}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|1048\|darussalam}}\| Narrated Abu Bakra: Allah's Apostle said: "The sun and the moon are two signs amongst the signs of Allah and they do not eclipse because of the death of someone but Allah frightens His devotees with them." }}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|54\|~~480~~}}\|Narrated Abu Dhar: While the Prophet was on a journey, he said (regarding the performance of the Zuhr prayer), "Wait till it (i.e. the weather) gets cooler." He said the same again till the shade of the hillocks extended. Then he said, "Delay the (Zuhr) Prayer till it gets cooler, for the severity of heat is from the increase in heat of Hell (fire)."}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3258\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Dhar: While the Prophet was on a journey, he said (regarding the performance of the Zuhr prayer), "Wait till it (i.e. the weather) gets cooler." He said the same again till the shade of the hillocks extended. Then he said, "Delay the (Zuhr) Prayer till it gets cooler, for the severity of heat is from the increase in heat of Hell (fire)."}}

	===Sahih Muslim===		===Sahih Muslim===

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|1\|~~297~~}}\|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|159a\|reference}}\|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}}

	===Abu Dawud===		===Abu Dawud===

	{{Quote\|{{~~Abudawud~~\|40\|~~4705~~}}\|		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|4723\|darussalam}}\|
	Narrated Al-Abbas ibn AbdulMuttalib:		Narrated Al-Abbas ibn AbdulMuttalib:
	I was sitting in al-Batha with a company among whom the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was sitting, when a cloud passed above them.		I was sitting in al-Batha with a company among whom the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was sitting, when a cloud passed above them.

Asmith at 02:29, 12 August 2024

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	[[Category:Cosmology]]		[[Category:Cosmology]]
	[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_علم_الكونيات]]		[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_علم_الكونيات]]
			[[fr:Coran, hadith et savants : la Cosmologie]]

Asmith at 02:01, 29 January 2023

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	[[Category:Islam and Science]]		[[Category:Islam and Science]]
	[[Category:Cosmology]]		[[Category:Cosmology]]
			[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_علم_الكونيات]]

Asmith: /* Al Tabari */

2021-04-18T03:17:59Z

Al Tabari

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	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. \|page=82}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol.1 \|page=73}}

	\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}		\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}
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	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=218-220}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=218-220}}
	<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. \|page=50-52}}		<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. \|page=49-52}}
	\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.		\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.

Asmith: /* Al Tabari */

2021-03-31T06:58:18Z

Al Tabari

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	{{Quote\|\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=218-220}}
			<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. \|page=50-52}}
			\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.

	I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.		I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.

Asmith: /* Al Tabari */

2021-03-31T06:57:19Z

Al Tabari

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	"The merciful ones will be granted mercy from the Most Merciful. Have mercy on those on earth -- the One above the heavens will then have mercy on you. And Ar-Rahim (the womb) is from Ar-Rahman, so whoever joins it, it joins him; and whoever severs it, it severs him." Abu Dawud and At-Tirmidhi both recorded this Hadith and it has been reported with continuous chains of transmission. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih." There are numerous other Hadiths in this regard.}}		"The merciful ones will be granted mercy from the Most Merciful. Have mercy on those on earth -- the One above the heavens will then have mercy on you. And Ar-Rahim (the womb) is from Ar-Rahman, so whoever joins it, it joins him; and whoever severs it, it severs him." Abu Dawud and At-Tirmidhi both recorded this Hadith and it has been reported with continuous chains of transmission. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih." There are numerous other Hadiths in this regard.}}

	~~===Al Tabari===~~
	===Al Tabari===		===Al Tabari===
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=232-238}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol.1\|pages=63-70}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=232-238}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol.1\|pages=63-70}}
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	{{Quote\|\|~~Umar b~~. al-~~Khattab said at this point~~): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. ~~That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west~~. ~~The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God~~.' }}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. \|page=82}}

			\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}

	{{Quote\|<nowiki>{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=218-220}}</nowiki> <BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=50-52}}\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.
			{{Quote\|\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.

	I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.		I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.

Asmith: /* Al Tabari */

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Al Tabari

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	{{Quote\|<nowiki>{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}}</nowiki> <BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=82}}\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}		{{Quote\|\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}

Asmith: /* Al Tabari */

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Al Tabari

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	"The merciful ones will be granted mercy from the Most Merciful. Have mercy on those on earth -- the One above the heavens will then have mercy on you. And Ar-Rahim (the womb) is from Ar-Rahman, so whoever joins it, it joins him; and whoever severs it, it severs him." Abu Dawud and At-Tirmidhi both recorded this Hadith and it has been reported with continuous chains of transmission. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih." There are numerous other Hadiths in this regard.}}		"The merciful ones will be granted mercy from the Most Merciful. Have mercy on those on earth -- the One above the heavens will then have mercy on you. And Ar-Rahim (the womb) is from Ar-Rahman, so whoever joins it, it joins him; and whoever severs it, it severs him." Abu Dawud and At-Tirmidhi both recorded this Hadith and it has been reported with continuous chains of transmission. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih." There are numerous other Hadiths in this regard.}}

			===Al Tabari===
	===Al Tabari===		===Al Tabari===
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=232-238}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol.1\|pages=63-70}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=232-238}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol.1\|pages=63-70}}
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	He continued. '''When the sun rises, it rises upon its chariot from one of those springs accompanied by 360 angels with outspread wings. They draw it along the sphere,''' praising and sanctifying God with prayer, according to the extent of the hours of night and the hours of day, be it night or day. When God wishes to test the sun and the moon, showing His servants a sign and thereby asking them to stop disobeying Him and to start to obey, '''the sun tumbles from the chariot and falls into the deep of that ocean, which is the sphere. When God wants to increase the significance of the sign and frighten His servants severely, all of the sun falls, and nothing of it remains upon the chariot. That is a total eclipse of the sun,''' when the day darkens and the stars come out. '''When God wants to make a partial sign, half or a third or two-thirds of it fall into the water, while the rest remains upon the chariot, this being a partial eclipse. It is a misfortune for the sun or for the moon.''' It frightens His servants and constitutes a request from the Lord (for them to repent). However this may be, the angels entrusted with the chariot of the sun divide into two groups, one that goes to the sun and pulls it toward the chariot, and another that goes to the chariot and pulls it toward the sun, while at the same time they keep it steady in the sphere, praising and sanctifying God with prayer, according to the extent of the hours of day or the hours of night, be it night or day, summer or winter, autumn or spring between summer and winter, lest the length of night and day be increased in any way. God has given them knowledge of that by inspiration and also the power for it. The gradual emergence of the sun or the moon from the deep of that ocean covering them which you observe after an eclipse (is accomplished by) all the angels together who, after having brought out all of it, carry it (back) and put it upon the chariot. They praise God that He gave them the power to do that. They grip the handholds of the chariot and draw it in the sphere, praising and sanctifying God with prayer. '''Finally, they bring the sun to the west. Having done so; they put it into the spring, and the sun falls from the horizon of the sphere into the spring.'''		He continued. '''When the sun rises, it rises upon its chariot from one of those springs accompanied by 360 angels with outspread wings. They draw it along the sphere,''' praising and sanctifying God with prayer, according to the extent of the hours of night and the hours of day, be it night or day. When God wishes to test the sun and the moon, showing His servants a sign and thereby asking them to stop disobeying Him and to start to obey, '''the sun tumbles from the chariot and falls into the deep of that ocean, which is the sphere. When God wants to increase the significance of the sign and frighten His servants severely, all of the sun falls, and nothing of it remains upon the chariot. That is a total eclipse of the sun,''' when the day darkens and the stars come out. '''When God wants to make a partial sign, half or a third or two-thirds of it fall into the water, while the rest remains upon the chariot, this being a partial eclipse. It is a misfortune for the sun or for the moon.''' It frightens His servants and constitutes a request from the Lord (for them to repent). However this may be, the angels entrusted with the chariot of the sun divide into two groups, one that goes to the sun and pulls it toward the chariot, and another that goes to the chariot and pulls it toward the sun, while at the same time they keep it steady in the sphere, praising and sanctifying God with prayer, according to the extent of the hours of day or the hours of night, be it night or day, summer or winter, autumn or spring between summer and winter, lest the length of night and day be increased in any way. God has given them knowledge of that by inspiration and also the power for it. The gradual emergence of the sun or the moon from the deep of that ocean covering them which you observe after an eclipse (is accomplished by) all the angels together who, after having brought out all of it, carry it (back) and put it upon the chariot. They praise God that He gave them the power to do that. They grip the handholds of the chariot and draw it in the sphere, praising and sanctifying God with prayer. '''Finally, they bring the sun to the west. Having done so; they put it into the spring, and the sun falls from the horizon of the sphere into the spring.'''

	Then the Prophet said, expressing wonder at God’s creation: How wonderful is the divine power with respect to something than which nothing more wonderful has ever been created!… By Him Who holds the soul of Muhammad in His hand! Were those people not so many and so noisy, all the inhabitants of this world would hear the '''loud crash made by the sun falling when it rises and when it sets… Whenever the sun sets, it is raised from heaven to heaven by the angels’ fast flight, until it is brought to the highest, seventh heaven, and eventually is underneath the Throne. It falls down in prostration, and the angels entrusted with it prostrate themselves together with it.''' Then it is brought down to heaven. When it reaches this heaven, dawn breaks. When it comes down from one of those springs, morning becomes luminous. And when it reaches this face of heaven, the day becomes luminous.}}		Then the Prophet said, expressing wonder at God’s creation: How wonderful is the divine power with respect to something than which nothing more wonderful has ever been created!… By Him Who holds the soul of Muhammad in His hand! Were those people not so many and so noisy, all the inhabitants of this world would hear the '''loud crash made by the sun falling when it rises and when it sets… Whenever the sun sets, it is raised from heaven to heaven by the angels’ fast flight, until it is brought to the highest, seventh heaven, and eventually is underneath the Throne. It falls down in prostration, and the angels entrusted with it prostrate themselves together with it.''' Then it is brought down to heaven. When it reaches this heaven, dawn breaks. When it comes down from one of those springs, morning becomes luminous. And when it reaches this face of heaven, the day becomes luminous. }}


	{{Quote\|{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}} <BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=82}}\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two ~~door leaves~~ of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.'}}		{{Quote\|<nowiki>{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=241}}</nowiki> <BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=82}}\|Umar b. al-Khattab said at this point): I and my family are you ransom, O Messenger of God, but may I ask what is the Gate of repentance? The Prophet said 'Umar, God created a gate for repentance behind the west with two doorleaves of gold encrusted with pearls and jewels, set apart a distance requiring a speeding rider forty years to traverse. That gate has been open since God created His creation (and will stay open) to the morning of that night when the sun and the moon rise from (their positions in) the west. The repentance of any human being that repents from Adam to the morning of that night, enters that gate and is then lifted up by God.' }}


	{{Quote\|{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=218-220}}<BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=50-52}}\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.		{{Quote\|<nowiki>{citation\|title=The History of al-Tabari\|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk\|volume=vol. I\|ISBN=0-88706-562-7\|year=1989\|publisher=SUNY Press\|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)\|editor1=Franz Rosenthal\|editor2=W. Montgomery Watt\|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1/mode/2up\|pages=218-220}}</nowiki> <BR>{{citation\|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك\|author=أبو جعفر الطبري\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 1\|pages=50-52}}\|Someone might say: If it is as you have described, namely, that God created the earth before the heaven, then what is the meaning of the statement of Ibn ‘Abbas told all of you by Wasil b. ‘Abd al-A‘la al-Asadi- Muhammad b. Fudayl- al-A‘mash- Abu Zabyan- Ibn ‘Abbas: The first thing God created is the Pen. God then said to it: Write!, whereupon the Pen asked: What shall I write, my lord! God replied: Write what is predestined! He continued: And the Pen proceeded to (write) whatever is predestined and gong to be to the Coming of the Hour. '''God then lifted up the water vapor and split the heavens off from it. Then God created the fish (nun), and the earth was spread out upon its back. The fish became agitated, with the result that the earth was shaken up. It was steadied by means of the mountains,''' for they indeed proudly (tower) over the earth.

	I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.		I was told about the same by Wasil - Waki’ - al-A‘mash - Abu Zabyan - Ibn ‘Abbas.

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	{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}		{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=4}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=4}}
	No complete picture of Islamic cosmogony is given in the Qur'an, however, from what details are offered it does appear that the writer(s) of the Qur'an envisioned the earth as flat (see [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]). The Qur'an also paints the picture of the universe in which both the sun and the moon revolve around the earth; the hadith add to the picture the detail that when not visible they prostrate themselves to Allah. On top of this, the [[Tafsir\|mufasirrun]] add to the picture [[The Islamic Whale]], the mythological giant whale upon which the earth as a whole rests. ~~The stars are portrayed as being roughly the size they appear, and also being castable from heaven by Allah, and all~~ of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth.		No complete picture of Islamic cosmogony is given in the Qur'an, however, from what details are offered it does appear that the writer(s) of the Qur'an envisioned the earth as flat (see [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]). The Qur'an also paints the picture of the universe in which both the sun and the moon revolve around the earth (see [[Geocentrism and the Quran]]), above which are seven heavens, the lowest adorned with the stars; the hadith add to the picture the detail that when not visible they prostrate themselves to Allah. On top of this, the [[Tafsir\|mufasirrun]] add to the picture [[The Islamic Whale]], the mythological giant whale upon which the earth as a whole rests. All of the Islamic scriptures fail to evince the now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth.

			{{Main\|Cosmology of the Quran}}

	==Qur'an==		==Qur'an==
			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|71\|15}}\|
			See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|37\|6}}\| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|65\|12}}\|Allah it is who hath created seven heavens, and of the earth the like thereof. The commandment cometh down among them slowly, that ye may know that Allah is Able to do all things, and that Allah surroundeth all things in knowledge..}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|258}}\|Hast thou not Turned thy vision to one who disputed with Abraham About his Lord, because Allah had granted him power? Abraham said: "My Lord is He Who Giveth life and death." He said: "I give life and death". Said Abraham: "But it is Allah that causeth the sun to rise from the east: Do thou then cause him to rise from the West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|258}}\|Hast thou not Turned thy vision to one who disputed with Abraham About his Lord, because Allah had granted him power? Abraham said: "My Lord is He Who Giveth life and death." He said: "I give life and death". Said Abraham: "But it is Allah that causeth the sun to rise from the east: Do thou then cause him to rise from the West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.}}

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	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|10\|5}}\|It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|10\|5}}\|It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.}}

	~~{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|59}}\|Moses said: "Your tryst is the Day of the Festival, and let the people be assembled when the sun is well up."}}~~

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|130}}\|Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|130}}\|Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy.}}