Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Offensive Jihad - Revision history

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	Offensive jihad, known in Arabic as جهاد الطلب "jihad at-talab" ("the jihad of request", referring to the invitation to Islam which must be sent to the opposing infidels before hostilities may commence), is understood in the classical sources as an offensive struggle against [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)\|Dar Al-Harb]] (the House of War or the realm of the infidels), is a duty incumbent upon Muslims and the [[Ummah]], and as such is to be carried out in a variety of ways. Muslim scholars generally agree that the the duty of Jihad is eternal until "the religion is for Allah" yet significant differences exist between scholars about whether Jihad may be validly conducted when the presence of a caliph and commander of the faithful is lacking. This difference constitutes a major point of contention between salafi-jihadis and conservative but quietist salafi factions, with the jihadis believing that a caliph is not a necessary pre-requisite for jihad. Modernist Islamic scholars argue that the traditional interpretations are mistaken, overextend the doctrine of abrogation and were a result of the need to legitimise the emerging empire and Caliphates. They argue that the Quran does not itself sanction expansionist warfare nor reveals an evolution in the extent of its permission to fight, contrary to traditional interpretation. Although differences exist in the modern understanding of when and where jihad may be conducted, the classical sources are generally in agreement that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers [[Jihad_as_Obligation_(Fard)\|is a duty]] incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men when Muslim lands are threatened, or a duty that must be fulfilled by a group from among them for expansionary purposes.		Offensive jihad, known in Arabic as جهاد الطلب "jihad at-talab" ("the jihad of request", referring to the invitation to Islam which must be sent to the opposing infidels before hostilities may commence), understood in the classical sources as an offensive struggle against [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)\|Dar Al-Harb]] (the House of War or the realm of the infidels), is a duty incumbent upon Muslims and the [[Ummah]], and as such is to be carried out in a variety of ways. Classical Muslim scholars generally agree that the the duty of Jihad is eternal until "the religion is for Allah" yet significant differences exist between scholars about whether Jihad may be validly conducted when the presence of a caliph and commander of the faithful is lacking. This difference constitutes a major point of contention between salafi-jihadis and conservative but quietist salafi factions, with the jihadis believing that a caliph is not a necessary pre-requisite for jihad. Modernist Islamic scholars argue that the traditional interpretations are mistaken, overextend the doctrine of abrogation and were a result of the need to legitimise the emerging empire and Caliphates. They argue that the Quran does not itself sanction expansionist warfare nor reveals an evolution in the extent of its permission to fight, contrary to traditional interpretation. Although differences exist in the modern understanding of when and where jihad may be conducted, the classical sources are generally in agreement that "jihad fi sabil allah" "Jihad-warfare on the path of god" against the unbelievers [[Jihad_as_Obligation_(Fard)\|is a duty]] incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men when Muslim lands are threatened, or a duty that must be fulfilled by a group from among them for expansionary purposes.

	{{Main\|Jihad in Islamic Law}}		{{Main\|Jihad in Islamic Law}}

Lightyears at 00:57, 14 November 2025

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	=== Hadith===		=== Hadith===

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|392\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|25\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|392\|darussalam}} and {{Bukhari\|\|\|393\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|25\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik:

	Allah's Apostle said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, '''then their blood and property will be sacred''' to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik,		Allah's Apostle said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, '''then their blood and property will be sacred''' to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik,

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

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Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

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	=== Hadith===		=== Hadith===

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|1\|8\|~~387~~}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|1\|2\|24}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|392\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|25\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik:

	Allah's Apostle said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, '''then their blood and property will be sacred''' to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik,		Allah's Apostle said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, '''then their blood and property will be sacred''' to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik,
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	"O Abu Hamza! '''What makes the life and property of a person sacred?" He replied, "Whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah'''', faces our Qibla during the prayers, prays like us and eats our slaughtered animal, then he is a Muslim, and has got the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have."}}		"O Abu Hamza! '''What makes the life and property of a person sacred?" He replied, "Whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah'''', faces our Qibla during the prayers, prays like us and eats our slaughtered animal, then he is a Muslim, and has got the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have."}}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|5\|59\|~~435~~}}\|		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|4109\|darussalam}}\|
	On the day of Al-Ahzab (i.e. clans) the Prophet said, (After this battle) we will go to attack them (i.e. the infidels) and they will not come to attack us."}}		On the day of Al-Ahzab (i.e. clans) the Prophet said, (After this battle) we will go to attack them (i.e. the infidels) and they will not come to attack us."}}

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|19\|~~4294~~}}\|		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|1731a\|reference}}\|
	It has been reported from Sulaiman b. Buraida through his father that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say:		It has been reported from Sulaiman b. Buraida through his father that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say:

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	Abu Hurairah reported the Prophet (ﷺ) as saying “He who dies without having fought or having felt fighting (against the infidels) to be his duty will die guilty of a kind of hypocrisy.”}}		Abu Hurairah reported the Prophet (ﷺ) as saying “He who dies without having fought or having felt fighting (against the infidels) to be his duty will die guilty of a kind of hypocrisy.”}}

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|20\|~~4718~~}}\|		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|1923\|reference}}\|
	It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. 'Abdullah who said:		It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. 'Abdullah who said:

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	==Deceit in War from the Life of Muhammad==		==Deceit in War from the Life of Muhammad==
	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~268~~}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle called,: "War is deceit".\|See Also {{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~269~~}}}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3029\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle called,: "War is deceit".\|See Also {{Bukhari\|\|\|3030\|darussalam}}}}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~271~~}}\|Narrated Jabir: The Prophet said, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b bin Ashraf (i.e. a Jew)." Muhammad bin Maslama replied, "Do you like me to kill him?" The Prophet replied in the affirmative. Muhammad bin Maslama said, '''"Then allow me to say what I like." The Prophet replied, "I do (i.e. allow you)."'''}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3032\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Jabir: The Prophet said, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b bin Ashraf (i.e. a Jew)." Muhammad bin Maslama replied, "Do you like me to kill him?" The Prophet replied in the affirmative. Muhammad bin Maslama said, '''"Then allow me to say what I like." The Prophet replied, "I do (i.e. allow you)."'''}}

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|5\|59\|~~369~~}}\|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, "Who is willing to kill Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf who has hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Thereupon Muhammad bin Maslama got up saying, "O Allah's Apostle! Would you like that I kill him?" The Prophet said, "Yes,"''' Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Then allow me to say a (false) thing (i.e. to deceive Kab). "The Prophet said, "You may say it."''' Then Muhammad bin Maslama went to Kab and said, "That man (i.e. Muhammad demands Sadaqa (i.e. Zakat) from us, and he has troubled us, and I have come to borrow something from you." On that, Kab said, "By Allah, you will get tired of him!"...}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|4037\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, "Who is willing to kill Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf who has hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Thereupon Muhammad bin Maslama got up saying, "O Allah's Apostle! Would you like that I kill him?" The Prophet said, "Yes,"''' Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Then allow me to say a (false) thing (i.e. to deceive Kab). "The Prophet said, "You may say it."''' Then Muhammad bin Maslama went to Kab and said, "That man (i.e. Muhammad demands Sadaqa (i.e. Zakat) from us, and he has troubled us, and I have come to borrow something from you." On that, Kab said, "By Allah, you will get tired of him!"...}}

	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The Life of Muhammad\|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah\|ISBN=0-19-636033-1\|year=1955\|publisher=Oxford UP\|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)\|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)\|editor=A. Guillaume\|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=365}}<br>{{citation\|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا\|author1=ابن إسحاق\|author2=ابن هشام\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 2\|pages=54-55}}<br>See Also {{Tabari\|7\|p. 94}}\|Then he composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women. The apostle said--according to what 'Abdullah b. al-Mughith b. Abu Burda told me--'Who will rid me of Ibnu'I-Ashraf?' Muhammad b. Maslama, brother of the B. 'Abdu'l-Ashhal, said, 'I will deal with him for you, O apostle of God, I will kill him.' He said, 'Do so if you can: So Muhammad b. Maslama returned and waited for three days without food or drink, apart from what was absolutely necessary. When the apostle was told of this he summoned him and asked him why he had given up eating and drinking. He replied that he had given him an undertaking and he did not know whether he could fulfil it. The apostle said, 'All that is incumbent upon you is that you should try: He said, 'O apostle		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=The Life of Muhammad\|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah\|ISBN=0-19-636033-1\|year=1955\|publisher=Oxford UP\|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)\|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)\|editor=A. Guillaume\|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up\|page=365}}<br>{{citation\|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا\|author1=ابن إسحاق\|author2=ابن هشام\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833\|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah\|volume=vol. 2\|pages=54-55}}<br>See Also {{Tabari\|7\|p. 94}}\|Then he composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women. The apostle said--according to what 'Abdullah b. al-Mughith b. Abu Burda told me--'Who will rid me of Ibnu'I-Ashraf?' Muhammad b. Maslama, brother of the B. 'Abdu'l-Ashhal, said, 'I will deal with him for you, O apostle of God, I will kill him.' He said, 'Do so if you can: So Muhammad b. Maslama returned and waited for three days without food or drink, apart from what was absolutely necessary. When the apostle was told of this he summoned him and asked him why he had given up eating and drinking. He replied that he had given him an undertaking and he did not know whether he could fulfil it. The apostle said, 'All that is incumbent upon you is that you should try: He said, 'O apostle
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	==Women and Children==		==Women and Children==

	Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim\|19\|~~4319~~}}).		Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim\|\|1744a\|reference}}).

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~257~~}}\|During some of the Ghazawat of the Prophet (ﷺ) a woman was found killed. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) disapproved the killing of women and children.}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3014\|darussalam}}\|During some of the Ghazawat of the Prophet (ﷺ) a woman was found killed. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) disapproved the killing of women and children.}}

	Although when asked, he excused the probable exposure of women and children to danger during an attack.		Although when asked, he excused the probable exposure of women and children to danger during an attack.

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~256~~}}\|Narrated As-Sab bin Jaththama: The Prophet passed by me at a place called Al-Abwa or Waddan, and was asked whether it was permissible to attack the pagan warriors at night with the probability of exposing their women and children to danger. '''The Prophet replied, "They (i.e. women and children) are from them (i.e. pagans)."''' I also heard the Prophet saying, "The institution of Hima is invalid except for Allah and His Apostle."}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|3012\|darussalam}}\|Narrated As-Sab bin Jaththama: The Prophet passed by me at a place called Al-Abwa or Waddan, and was asked whether it was permissible to attack the pagan warriors at night with the probability of exposing their women and children to danger. '''The Prophet replied, "They (i.e. women and children) are from them (i.e. pagans)."''' I also heard the Prophet saying, "The institution of Hima is invalid except for Allah and His Apostle."}}

	A more specific hadith quotes the same narrator stating that this involved women and children who were trampled over with horses during the attack:		A more specific hadith quotes the same narrator stating that this involved women and children who were trampled over with horses during the attack:
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	Some of the expeditions which Muhammad and his men reportedly undertook involved sieges against enemy strongholds (such as the siege of Taif, in which catapults were reportedly used), or night raids, either of which put at risk the lives of women and children and not just male combatants as in a pitched battle. According to the hadith, Muhammad allowed the unintentional killing of women and children during nocturnal attacks (night raids) after some were trampled by horses.		Some of the expeditions which Muhammad and his men reportedly undertook involved sieges against enemy strongholds (such as the siege of Taif, in which catapults were reportedly used), or night raids, either of which put at risk the lives of women and children and not just male combatants as in a pitched battle. According to the hadith, Muhammad allowed the unintentional killing of women and children during nocturnal attacks (night raids) after some were trampled by horses.

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|19\|~~4321~~}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~256~~}} and {{Al Tirmidhi\|\|3\|19\|1570}}\|It is reported on the authority of Sa'b b. Jaththama that the Prophet of Allah (may peace be upon him), when asked about the women and children of the polytheists being killed during the night raid, said: “They are from them”.}}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|1745a\|reference}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|3012\|darussalam}} and {{Al Tirmidhi\|\|3\|19\|1570}}\|It is reported on the authority of Sa'b b. Jaththama that the Prophet of Allah (may peace be upon him), when asked about the women and children of the polytheists being killed during the night raid, said: “They are from them”.}}

	The Saudi scholar, Sheikh Al Shuaybi (d. 2001) said that Muhammad therefore (as is evident) acknowledged that non-combatants could be killed and allowed at least semi-indiscriminate killings.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WC_2AtmBOpEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jihad in classical and Modern Islam, Rudolph Peters, Pg.179]</ref> Another notorious cleric with similar views, Omar Bakri Mohammed also referred to this hadith to justify why killing women and children is Islamic.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5532956235787015675# Islam - A mufti explains, why Muhammad killed Women and Children]</ref>		The Saudi scholar, Sheikh Al Shuaybi (d. 2001) said that Muhammad therefore (as is evident) acknowledged that non-combatants could be killed and allowed at least semi-indiscriminate killings.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WC_2AtmBOpEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jihad in classical and Modern Islam, Rudolph Peters, Pg.179]</ref> Another notorious cleric with similar views, Omar Bakri Mohammed also referred to this hadith to justify why killing women and children is Islamic.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5532956235787015675# Islam - A mufti explains, why Muhammad killed Women and Children]</ref>

	On the other hand, in another hadith (see the section above on [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Offensive_Jihad#Women_and_Children\|women and children]]), Muhammad disapproved of deliberately targeting women and children ({{Bukhari\|4\|52\|~~257~~}}), and by consensus in Islamic law this is forbidden. Nevertheless, some scholars have come to the conclusion that this was not because they were non-combatants, but because it is better to take them for slavery or exchange them for Muslim prisoners. Muhammad took the Jewish woman and children of Banu Qurayza for slavery according to tradition.		On the other hand, in another hadith (see the section above on [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Offensive_Jihad#Women_and_Children\|women and children]]), Muhammad disapproved of deliberately targeting women and children ({{Bukhari\|\|\|3014\|darussalam}}), and by consensus in Islamic law this is forbidden. Nevertheless, some scholars have come to the conclusion that this was not because they were non-combatants, but because it is better to take them for slavery or exchange them for Muslim prisoners. Muhammad took the Jewish woman and children of Banu Qurayza for slavery according to tradition.

	{{Quote\|Ibn Taymiyyah, ‘Governance According to Allaah’s Law in Reforming		{{Quote\|Ibn Taymiyyah, ‘Governance According to Allaah’s Law in Reforming
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	==Jihad is Perpetual==		==Jihad is Perpetual==

	{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|14\|~~2526~~}}\|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Three things are the roots of faith: to refrain from (killing) a person who utters, "There is no god but Allah" and not to declare him unbeliever whatever sin he commits, and not to excommunicate him from Islam for his any action; and jihad will be performed continuously since the day Allah sent me as a prophet until the day the last member of my community will fight with the Dajjal (Antichrist). The tyranny of any tyrant and the justice of any just (ruler) will not invalidate it. One must have faith in Divine decree.}}		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|2532\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Three things are the roots of faith: to refrain from (killing) a person who utters, "There is no god but Allah" and not to declare him unbeliever whatever sin he commits, and not to excommunicate him from Islam for his any action; and jihad will be performed continuously since the day Allah sent me as a prophet until the day the last member of my community will fight with the Dajjal (Antichrist). The tyranny of any tyrant and the justice of any just (ruler) will not invalidate it. One must have faith in Divine decree.}}

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Lightyears: Strange mixture of translations in 9:29 replaced with single one. Removed sentence from very long intro text (much of which was misleading given revised treaties section). Added early source on Muhammad starting the war. Replaced citations to untitled book and bad link.

2025-05-20T18:58:00Z

Strange mixture of translations in 9:29 replaced with single one. Removed sentence from very long intro text (much of which was misleading given revised treaties section). Added early source on Muhammad starting the war. Replaced citations to untitled book and bad link.

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AdrianE: Added three hadiths.

2024-05-25T18:33:57Z

Added three hadiths.

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AdrianE: Restructured this page. Two hadith were placed in the wrong section. Some tafsir commentary was related to a different verse than the one being mentioned. Added some Quran verses.

2024-05-25T09:52:43Z

Restructured this page. Two hadith were placed in the wrong section. Some tafsir commentary was related to a different verse than the one being mentioned. Added some Quran verses.

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Lightyears at 22:33, 23 July 2023

2023-07-23T22:33:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 23 July 2023
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	==Non-Combatants==		==Non-Combatants==

	According to the hadith, Muhammad allowed the killing of women and children during nocturnal attacks (night raids). ~~In the Seige of taif, Muhammad reportedly used Ballistics (catapults) against the enemy. When asked about the non-combatant woman and children being killed, he said:~~		Some of the expeditions which Muhammad and his men reportedly undertook involved sieges against enemy strongholds (such as the siege of Taif, in which catapults were reportedly used), or night raids, either of which put at risk the lives of women and children and not just male combatants as in a pitched battle. According to the hadith, Muhammad allowed the unintentional killing of women and children during nocturnal attacks (night raids) after some were trampled by horses.

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|19\|4321}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|4\|52\|256}}\|"It is reported on the authority of Sa'b b. Jaththama that the Prophet of Allah (may peace be upon him), when asked about the women and children of the polytheists being killed during the night raid, said: “They are from them”." }}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|19\|4321}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|4\|52\|256}} and {{Al Tirmidhi\|\|3\|19\|1570}}\|It is reported on the authority of Sa'b b. Jaththama that the Prophet of Allah (may peace be upon him), when asked about the women and children of the polytheists being killed during the night raid, said: “They are from them”.}}

	Sheikh Al Shuaybi ~~says~~ that Muhammad therefore (as is evident) acknowledged that non-combatants could be killed and allowed at least semi-indiscriminate killings.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WC_2AtmBOpEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jihad in classical and Modern Islam, Rudolph Peters, Pg.179]</ref> ~~Muslim~~ cleric Omar Bakri Mohammed also referred to this hadith to justify why killing women and children is Islamic.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5532956235787015675# Islam - A mufti explains, why Muhammad killed Women and Children]</ref>		The Saudi scholar, Sheikh Al Shuaybi (d. 2001) said that Muhammad therefore (as is evident) acknowledged that non-combatants could be killed and allowed at least semi-indiscriminate killings.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WC_2AtmBOpEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jihad in classical and Modern Islam, Rudolph Peters, Pg.179]</ref> Another notorious cleric with similar views, Omar Bakri Mohammed also referred to this hadith to justify why killing women and children is Islamic.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5532956235787015675# Islam - A mufti explains, why Muhammad killed Women and Children]</ref>

	In other hadith ~~quoted in~~ the section above on women and children, Muhammad ~~forbade intentionally~~ targeting ~~woman~~ and children. ~~However~~, some scholars have come to the conclusion that this was not because they were non-combatants, but because it is better to take them for slavery or exchange them for Muslim prisoners. As Muhammad took the Jewish woman and children of Banu Qurayza for slavery.		On the other hand, in another hadith (see the section above on [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Offensive_Jihad#Women_and_Children\|women and children]]), Muhammad disapproved of deliberately targeting women and children ({{Bukhari\|4\|52\|257}}), and by consensus in Islamic law this is forbidden. Nevertheless, some scholars have come to the conclusion that this was not because they were non-combatants, but because it is better to take them for slavery or exchange them for Muslim prisoners. Muhammad took the Jewish woman and children of Banu Qurayza for slavery according to tradition.

	{{Quote\|Ibn Taymiyyah, ‘Governance According to Allaah’s Law in Reforming		{{Quote\|Ibn Taymiyyah, ‘Governance According to Allaah’s Law in Reforming
	the Ruler and his Flock’\|Some [jurists] are of the opinion that all of them may be killed, on the mere ground that they are unbelievers, but they make an exception for women and children since they constitute "'''property for Muslims'''".<ref name="ibn Taymiyyah"></ref>}}		the Ruler and his Flock’\|Some [jurists] are of the opinion that all of them may be killed, on the mere ground that they are unbelievers, but they make an exception for women and children since they constitute "'''property for Muslims'''".<ref name="ibn Taymiyyah"></ref>}}

	The following Q&A with a Lebanese Islamic scholar and Muslim Brotherhood associate is taken from the Arabic section of Islam Online.		In some modern contexts even more exteme views can be found among Salafi-Jihadists (though criticised by many other Muslim scholars). The following Q&A with a Lebanese Islamic scholar and Muslim Brotherhood associate is taken from the Arabic section of Islam Online.

	'''"Is it permissible to kill civilians in Israel through martyrdom operations which are carried out by Palestinians in defense of their land?"'''		'''"Is it permissible to kill civilians in Israel through martyrdom operations which are carried out by Palestinians in defense of their land?"'''
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	===Islamic law===		===Islamic law regarding non-combatants===

	The different schools of jurisprudence agreed that it was forbidden to kill various classes of non-combatants such as women and children, though Shafi'i alone among the major legal school founders was of the opinion that certain other categories of persons could be killed.		The different schools of jurisprudence agreed that it was forbidden to kill various classes of non-combatants such as women and children, though Shafi'i alone among the major legal school founders was of the opinion that certain other categories of persons could be killed.

Lightyears at 00:28, 19 July 2023

2023-07-19T00:28:29Z

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