Shari'ah (Islamic Law) - Revision history

Asmith: /* Islamic Laws: */ fixing language

2026-04-30T22:45:27Z

Islamic Laws:: fixing language

Lightyears: /* Polygamy */

2026-03-20T22:32:38Z

Polygamy

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 20 March 2026
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	{{Main\|Polygamy in Islam}}		{{Main\|Polygamy in Islam}}

	Under Islam, a husband has a right to take up to four wives (due to {{Quran\|4\|3}}) and has significant control over his wives. Under the Hanbali ~~(but not Hanafi)~~ school, women may stipulate conditions in the marriage contract to grant greater freedom of movement or to ~~object to~~ her husband ~~taking~~ additional ~~wives, with a right to divorce if these are broken~~.<ref>John L. Eposito, "Women in Muslim Family Law", 2001, p. 22</ref> In ~~many~~ cases such ~~stipulations~~ will not have been agreed ahead of the marriage, though ~~some modern~~ reforms of family law ~~have sought~~ to ~~improve~~ the ~~situation~~. Otherwise the husband's rights are automatic.		Under Islam, a husband has a right to take up to four wives (due to {{Quran\|4\|3}}) and has significant control over his wives. Under the Hanbali school alone, women may stipulate conditions in the marriage contract to grant greater freedom of movement or to have the marriage dissolved if her husband takes an additional wife.<ref>John L. Eposito, "Women in Muslim Family Law", Second edition, 2001, p. 22</ref> Such stipulations are unenforcable according to the Hanafi, Shafi'i, and Maliki schools on the basis that they cannot overide his Quranic rights.<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Marriage and Slavery in early Islam'', Harvard University Pross, 2010, p. 74 and ftn. 31 on p. 220</ref> All schools agree though that he may delegate to his wife his powerful, Quranic ''talaq'' (divorce) rights at any time. This is called ''talaq al-tafwid'', and can be conditional such as in the event that he takes another wife (the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools allow him to later revoke this delegation).<ref>Muhammad Ifzal Mehmood (2019) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338688656_A_Study_of_Talaq_Al-Tafwid_in_Islamic_Law_and_Contemporary_Legislations_Should_Malaysia_Follow_Suit A Study of Talaq Al-Tafwid in Islamic Law and Contemporary Legislations: Should Malaysia Follow Suit?]'', Bahria University</ref> In most cases such a stipulation or delegation will not have been agreed ahead of the marriage, though an increasing number of countries in the Muslim world have made reforms to family law to limit polygamy or provide other legal routes for the first wife to seek divorce. Otherwise the husband's rights are automatic.

	====Child marriage====		====Child marriage====

Lightyears at 00:41, 15 November 2025

2025-11-15T00:41:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:41, 15 November 2025
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	[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction.jpg\|thumb\|Bamiyan Buddhas before and after destruction]]		[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction.jpg\|thumb\|Bamiyan Buddhas before and after destruction]]
	Though views vary widely today, [[music]], and some other forms of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pictures and Images\|art]] (including tattooing),<ref>"''....The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|2086\|darussalam}} See also {{Bukhari\|\|\|2238\|darussalam}}, {{Bukhari\|\|\|5945\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|5962\|darussalam}}</ref> under Islamic law are forbidden. Western music<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment\|title=Iran arrests 230 in raid on illegal rock concert\|publisher=ABC News (Australia)\|date=4 August 2007 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment \|archivedate=2012-07-17}}</ref> and movies in particular, have been declared as corruptive influences by Islamic clerics. The vast majority<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|title=Music is Haram \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The Muslim Women</ref> of Islamic scholars and all four schools of Islamic jurisprudence<ref name="Music 2"></ref> are in agreement that listening to, or playing musical instruments, and singing is forbidden. They form this opinion from both the Qur'an and Hadith. The only exception to this rule which can be extracted from the hadith is the permissibility of singing acapella accompanied by a duff (a hand-held one-sided drum) on special occasions (i.e. on weddings, Eid, during jihad, etc.)<ref>"''....innocent singing, unaccompanied by musical instruments other than the daff(small hand drum) is permissible are specified in the Sunnah. These are: 1) Jihaad. During jihad and other struggles in the way of Allah, battle songs are of great moral and spiritual benefit to the fighters....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> This form of song is referred to as a '''Nasheed''' (نشيد), and the striking of the duff is permitted for women only<ref>"''....What is mustahabb (recommended) is to beat on the daff [simple hand drum] at weddings. This is mustahabb for women only, in order to announce the wedding and to distinguish it from fornication....As for men, it is not permissible for them to play any kind of musical instrument, whether at weddings or on any other occasion....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> and must not be done in the presence of men.<ref>"''....According to the Sunnah, females can sing and beat the duff on the two ‘Eids (specific Muslim celebrations) and to announce a Muslim wedding amongst themselves, and their voices shouldn’t be raised loud enough or near enough to be heard by the men.''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> There are several verses within the Qur'an which have been understood by highly respected early scholars and historians of Islam to be condemning music and singing. For example; in verse 31:6, according to the Tafseer of Ibn Kathir, "idle talks" is a reference to "singing and musical instruments."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|title=Ruling on music, singing and dancing - Fatwa No. 5000 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islam Q&A</ref> While the Qur'anic verses on music and its prohibition may appear vague, the hadith are a lot clearer in regards to this issue. Authentic sources record Muhammad as saying "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful..."<ref>[{{Bukhari~~-url-only~~\|7\|69\|~~494~~}}~~v Sahih Bukhari 7:69:494v]~~ </ref> and upon hearing music, Abu Bakr proclaimed "Musical instrument of Satan!"<ref name="Music 2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|title=Music \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Shariffa Carlo - Islam Awakening</ref> The mere fact that Muhammad condemned music in the same breath as other non-Islamic activities, such as illegal sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol, is extremely suggestive and the companions (including the four Caliphs) understood this to mean prohibition.<ref>"''....The companions unanimously agreed upon the prohibition of music and song but allowed particular exceptions specified by the authentic sunnah....Also, the four Khalifas, the fuqahaa among the saahabah such as Ibin Abaas, Ibin Umar, and Jaabir bin Abdullah as well as the general body of saahabah.''" - Al Qurtubi's Tafseer, vol 14, pp51-52, and Al-Aaloosi's Tafseer, Roohul Ma'aani, vol. 21, pp. 66-68)</ref> As Abu Bakr stated, unless performed under the various restrictions outlined in Muhammad's Sunnah, music is considered to be of the devil.		Though views vary widely today, [[music]], and some other forms of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pictures and Images\|art]] (including tattooing),<ref>"''....The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|2086\|darussalam}} See also {{Bukhari\|\|\|2238\|darussalam}}, {{Bukhari\|\|\|5945\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|5962\|darussalam}}</ref> under Islamic law are forbidden. Western music<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment\|title=Iran arrests 230 in raid on illegal rock concert\|publisher=ABC News (Australia)\|date=4 August 2007 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment \|archivedate=2012-07-17}}</ref> and movies in particular, have been declared as corruptive influences by Islamic clerics. The vast majority<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|title=Music is Haram \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The Muslim Women</ref> of Islamic scholars and all four schools of Islamic jurisprudence<ref name="Music 2"></ref> are in agreement that listening to, or playing musical instruments, and singing is forbidden. They form this opinion from both the Qur'an and Hadith. The only exception to this rule which can be extracted from the hadith is the permissibility of singing acapella accompanied by a duff (a hand-held one-sided drum) on special occasions (i.e. on weddings, Eid, during jihad, etc.)<ref>"''....innocent singing, unaccompanied by musical instruments other than the daff(small hand drum) is permissible are specified in the Sunnah. These are: 1) Jihaad. During jihad and other struggles in the way of Allah, battle songs are of great moral and spiritual benefit to the fighters....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> This form of song is referred to as a '''Nasheed''' (نشيد), and the striking of the duff is permitted for women only<ref>"''....What is mustahabb (recommended) is to beat on the daff [simple hand drum] at weddings. This is mustahabb for women only, in order to announce the wedding and to distinguish it from fornication....As for men, it is not permissible for them to play any kind of musical instrument, whether at weddings or on any other occasion....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> and must not be done in the presence of men.<ref>"''....According to the Sunnah, females can sing and beat the duff on the two ‘Eids (specific Muslim celebrations) and to announce a Muslim wedding amongst themselves, and their voices shouldn’t be raised loud enough or near enough to be heard by the men.''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> There are several verses within the Qur'an which have been understood by highly respected early scholars and historians of Islam to be condemning music and singing. For example; in verse 31:6, according to the Tafseer of Ibn Kathir, "idle talks" is a reference to "singing and musical instruments."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|title=Ruling on music, singing and dancing - Fatwa No. 5000 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islam Q&A</ref> While the Qur'anic verses on music and its prohibition may appear vague, the hadith are a lot clearer in regards to this issue. Authentic sources record Muhammad as saying "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful..."<ref>[{{Bukhari\|\|\|5590\|darussalam}}</ref> and upon hearing music, Abu Bakr proclaimed "Musical instrument of Satan!"<ref name="Music 2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|title=Music \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Shariffa Carlo - Islam Awakening</ref> The mere fact that Muhammad condemned music in the same breath as other non-Islamic activities, such as illegal sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol, is extremely suggestive and the companions (including the four Caliphs) understood this to mean prohibition.<ref>"''....The companions unanimously agreed upon the prohibition of music and song but allowed particular exceptions specified by the authentic sunnah....Also, the four Khalifas, the fuqahaa among the saahabah such as Ibin Abaas, Ibin Umar, and Jaabir bin Abdullah as well as the general body of saahabah.''" - Al Qurtubi's Tafseer, vol 14, pp51-52, and Al-Aaloosi's Tafseer, Roohul Ma'aani, vol. 21, pp. 66-68)</ref> As Abu Bakr stated, unless performed under the various restrictions outlined in Muhammad's Sunnah, music is considered to be of the devil.

	The Islamic prohibition on images is well known, hence the lack of imagery in Islamic religious art. This sentiment is also known as aniconism. Depictions of living things have in fact been documented at specific times and places in Islamic history. In general the strictest attitude to aniconism is found in modern Salafism, while the most relaxed attitude is found in Sufism and Shi'a Islam.		The Islamic prohibition on images is well known, hence the lack of imagery in Islamic religious art. This sentiment is also known as aniconism. Depictions of living things have in fact been documented at specific times and places in Islamic history. In general the strictest attitude to aniconism is found in modern Salafism, while the most relaxed attitude is found in Sufism and Shi'a Islam.
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	{{Quote\|\|"We must know that [wife] beating is a punishment in Islamic religious law,....No one should deny this because this was permitted by the Creator of Man, and because when you purchase an electric appliance or a car you get instructions – a catalogue, explaining how to use it. The Creator of Man has sent down this book [the Quran] in order to show man which ways he must choose....We shouldn't be ashamed before the nations of the world who are still in their days of ignorance, to admit that these [beatings] are part of our religious law,....We must remind the ignorant from among the Islamic Nation who followed the [West] that those [Westerners] acknowledge the wondrous nature of this verse,"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|title=Muslim cleric: Some wives need to be beaten \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - WorldNetDaily, September 03, 2004</ref>}}		{{Quote\|\|"We must know that [wife] beating is a punishment in Islamic religious law,....No one should deny this because this was permitted by the Creator of Man, and because when you purchase an electric appliance or a car you get instructions – a catalogue, explaining how to use it. The Creator of Man has sent down this book [the Quran] in order to show man which ways he must choose....We shouldn't be ashamed before the nations of the world who are still in their days of ignorance, to admit that these [beatings] are part of our religious law,....We must remind the ignorant from among the Islamic Nation who followed the [West] that those [Westerners] acknowledge the wondrous nature of this verse,"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|title=Muslim cleric: Some wives need to be beaten \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - WorldNetDaily, September 03, 2004</ref>}}

	The verse being referred to is 4:34. According to this verse, a man may not only beat his wives in certain circumstances but also beat them simply for the ''fear'' of such.<ref>"''....and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them....''" - {{Quran\|4\|34}}</ref> Whilst there are a few restrictions in regards to the practice of wife-beating (beating should be "without severity"<ref>"Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. You are responsible for providing them with food and clothing in a fitting manner." - ~~[https://sunnah.com/abudawud/11/185 Sunan~~ Abu Dawud ~~10:1900]~~</ref>, should avoid the face,<ref>"''....you should give her food when you eat, clothe her when you clothe yourself, do not strike her '''on the face'''....''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|2142\|darussalam}}</ref> breaking bones,<ref>"''....that you should not break her bones or leave a bruise....''" - al-Tabari, 5:68-69</ref> and husbands should not sleep with them after beating them),<ref>"''.... The Prophet said, "None of you should flog his wife as he flogs a slave and then have sexual intercourse with her in the last part of the day."''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5204\|darussalam}}</ref> they hardly offer comfort to a woman who is abused with the blessings of her god. The mere fact that the husband is allowed to physically abuse his wives (very often with impunity from the law) inevitably leads many to go beyond simply 'beating' them.		The verse being referred to is 4:34. According to this verse, a man may not only beat his wives in certain circumstances but also beat them simply for the ''fear'' of such.<ref>"''....and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them....''" - {{Quran\|4\|34}}</ref> Whilst there are a few restrictions in regards to the practice of wife-beating (beating should be "without severity"<ref>"Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. You are responsible for providing them with food and clothing in a fitting manner." - {{Abu Dawud\|\|1905\|darussalam}}</ref>, should avoid the face,<ref>"''....you should give her food when you eat, clothe her when you clothe yourself, do not strike her '''on the face'''....''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|2142\|darussalam}}</ref> breaking bones,<ref>"''....that you should not break her bones or leave a bruise....''" - al-Tabari, 5:68-69</ref> and husbands should not sleep with them after beating them),<ref>"''.... The Prophet said, "None of you should flog his wife as he flogs a slave and then have sexual intercourse with her in the last part of the day."''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5204\|darussalam}}</ref> they hardly offer comfort to a woman who is abused with the blessings of her god. The mere fact that the husband is allowed to physically abuse his wives (very often with impunity from the law) inevitably leads many to go beyond simply 'beating' them.

	Wife beating has been an accepted part of Islam since its inception. In Aisha's own words "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"<ref>"...''so when Allah's Apostle came, 'Aisha said, "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"...''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5825\|darussalam}}</ref> The indifference to her words displayed by Muhammad proved its legitimacy within the laws of Islam. Muhammad reportedly declared, "A man should not be asked why he beats his wife"<ref>"It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said: "I was a guest (at the home) of 'Umar one night, and in the middle of the night he went and hit his wife, and I separated them. When he went to bed he said to me: 'O Ash'ath, learn from me something that I heard from the Messenger of Allah" A man should not be asked why he beats his wife, and do not go to sleep until you have prayed the Witr."' And I forgot the third thing."" - {{Ibn Majah\|\|3\|9\|1986}}</ref> Moreover, he not only allowed Abu Bakr to slap his own child-bride Aisha,<ref>"''....Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) then got up went to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and slapped her on the neck, and 'Umar stood up before Hafsa and slapped her saying: You ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) which he does not possess....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|334\|darussalam}}</ref> but he also struck her in the chest himself,<ref>"''...He said: Was it the darkness (of your shadow) that I saw in front of me? I said: Yes. He struck me on the chest which caused me pain, and then said: Did you think that Allah and His Apostle would deal unjustly with you?...''" - {{Muslim\|\|974b\|reference}}<BR />Note that the sunnah.com website have since [[Wife_Beating_in_Islamic_Law#Muhammad_struck_Aisha_and_the_tampering_of_English_hadith_translations\|tampered with their copy of the hadith translation here in order to soft the language]].</ref> and according to Aisha it was not something 'symbolic' or a 'gentle tap' on the body; it was painful.		Wife beating has been an accepted part of Islam since its inception. In Aisha's own words "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"<ref>"...''so when Allah's Apostle came, 'Aisha said, "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"...''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5825\|darussalam}}</ref> The indifference to her words displayed by Muhammad proved its legitimacy within the laws of Islam. Muhammad reportedly declared, "A man should not be asked why he beats his wife"<ref>"It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said: "I was a guest (at the home) of 'Umar one night, and in the middle of the night he went and hit his wife, and I separated them. When he went to bed he said to me: 'O Ash'ath, learn from me something that I heard from the Messenger of Allah" A man should not be asked why he beats his wife, and do not go to sleep until you have prayed the Witr."' And I forgot the third thing."" - {{Ibn Majah\|\|3\|9\|1986}}</ref> Moreover, he not only allowed Abu Bakr to slap his own child-bride Aisha,<ref>"''....Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) then got up went to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and slapped her on the neck, and 'Umar stood up before Hafsa and slapped her saying: You ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) which he does not possess....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|334\|darussalam}}</ref> but he also struck her in the chest himself,<ref>"''...He said: Was it the darkness (of your shadow) that I saw in front of me? I said: Yes. He struck me on the chest which caused me pain, and then said: Did you think that Allah and His Apostle would deal unjustly with you?...''" - {{Muslim\|\|974b\|reference}}<BR />Note that the sunnah.com website have since [[Wife_Beating_in_Islamic_Law#Muhammad_struck_Aisha_and_the_tampering_of_English_hadith_translations\|tampered with their copy of the hadith translation here in order to soft the language]].</ref> and according to Aisha it was not something 'symbolic' or a 'gentle tap' on the body; it was painful.

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-15T00:38:24Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

Show changes

Lightyears at 15:45, 3 October 2025

2025-10-03T15:45:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 3 October 2025
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	====Polygamy====		====Polygamy====
	{{Main\|Polygamy in Islam}}		{{Main\|Polygamy in Islam}}

			Under Islam, a husband has a right to take up to four wives (due to {{Quran\|4\|3}}) and has significant control over his wives. Under the Hanbali (but not Hanafi) school, women may stipulate conditions in the marriage contract to grant greater freedom of movement or to object to her husband taking additional wives, with a right to divorce if these are broken.<ref>John L. Eposito, "Women in Muslim Family Law", 2001, p. 22</ref> In many cases such stipulations will not have been agreed ahead of the marriage, though some modern reforms of family law have sought to improve the situation. Otherwise the husband's rights are automatic.

	====Child marriage====		====Child marriage====
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	{{quote \|1=[http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=65 Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi: Tafhim al Quran. Commentary on Quran Chapter 65:4]\|2=....making mention of the waiting-period for the girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl in marriage at this age but it is also permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her. '''Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Quran has held as permissible'''.}}		{{quote \|1=[http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=65 Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi: Tafhim al Quran. Commentary on Quran Chapter 65:4]\|2=....making mention of the waiting-period for the girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl in marriage at this age but it is also permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her. '''Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Quran has held as permissible'''.}}

	As has already been mentioned, Muhammad committed child marriage, and even according to the most stringent clinical definition of child marriage- the DSM-IV-TR, he was a pedophile. His actions fulfilled all three requirements needed for a positive diagnosis; he had sexual urges/relations towards/with a pre-pubescent child (generally age 13 years or younger) over a period of at least six months, he acted on those sexual urges, and he was over 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child involved. Muhammad was engaged to ''Aisha bint Abu Bakr'' when she was only six years of age and he was fifty-one, and consummated the relationship while she was still pre-pubescent, aged just 9 years old<ref>"''....the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old...." - {{Bukhari\|7\|62\|64}}''</ref> (the sahih hadiths also tell us she remained pre-pubescent until aged fifteen).<ref>"''....Dr Muhsin Khan in the official text published in Islamic University - Al-Medina Al-Munauwara, Saudi Arabia says in two related ahadith that Aisha had not reached puberty when she was 15 years old....''"</ref> Some have suggested that it was the 'cultural norm' and Aisha was 'offered' in marriage by her father. However, It was Muhammad who approached Abu Bakr, and Abu Bakr originally protested.<ref>"''....The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother."....''" - {{Bukhari\|7\|62\|18}}</ref> However, even if she was offered to Muhammad, this does not alter the fact that as the 'uswa hasana' his actions are forever considered lawful and morally acceptable in Islam. Muhammad even justified his attraction to Aisha with a 'divine' vision from Allah.<ref>"''....You were shown to me twice (in my dream) before I married you. I saw an angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said to him, 'Uncover (her),' and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.....''" - {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|140}}</ref>		As has already been mentioned, Muhammad committed child marriage, and even according to the most stringent clinical definition of child marriage- the DSM-IV-TR, he was a pedophile. His actions fulfilled all three requirements needed for a positive diagnosis; he had sexual urges/relations towards/with a pre-pubescent child (generally age 13 years or younger) over a period of at least six months, he acted on those sexual urges, and he was over 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child involved. Muhammad was engaged to ''Aisha bint Abu Bakr'' when she was only six years of age and he was fifty-one, and consummated the relationship while she was still pre-pubescent, aged just 9 years old<ref>"''....the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old...." - {{Bukhari\|7\|62\|64}}''</ref> Some have suggested that it was the 'cultural norm' and Aisha was 'offered' in marriage by her father. However, It was Muhammad who approached Abu Bakr, and Abu Bakr originally protested.<ref>"''....The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother."....''" - {{Bukhari\|7\|62\|18}}</ref> However, even if she was offered to Muhammad, this does not alter the fact that as the 'uswa hasana' his actions are forever considered lawful and morally acceptable in Islam. Muhammad even justified his attraction to Aisha with a 'divine' vision from Allah.<ref>"''....You were shown to me twice (in my dream) before I married you. I saw an angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said to him, 'Uncover (her),' and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.....''" - {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|140}}</ref>

	The many historical endorsements of child marriage within the Islamic traditon has been known to hinder reformist efforts to prevent this common practice in some Islamic countries, particularly when Islamic scholars enter the debate:		The many historical endorsements of child marriage within the Islamic traditon has been known to hinder reformist efforts to prevent this common practice in some Islamic countries, particularly when Islamic scholars enter the debate:

Asmith at 04:06, 25 May 2025

2025-05-25T04:06:05Z

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Lightyears: Brought more up to date; additional balance; removed 4 of the hadith/sira killings as people pointed out those 4 have mixed reasons as per main article; added flogging sub-section and another on Sharia in modern legal systems.

2025-05-20T21:32:01Z

Brought more up to date; additional balance; removed 4 of the hadith/sira killings as people pointed out those 4 have mixed reasons as per main article; added flogging sub-section and another on Sharia in modern legal systems.

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Asmith at 02:17, 17 May 2025

2025-05-17T02:17:23Z

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			\|title=Shari'ah (Islamic Law)
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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=3}}
	==Definition==		==Definition==

AdrianE: Fixed typos.

2024-06-12T19:24:52Z

Fixed typos.

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Lightyears at 01:31, 10 August 2023

2023-08-10T01:31:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:31, 10 August 2023
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	==Definition==		==Definition==

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	In the modern-world, harsh punishments for blasphemy (including death) are still applied in many Islamic nations including; Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. Accusations of blasphemy are becoming more and more frequent in the East, and almost always lead to mob-violence (sometimes by thousands of Muslims) against non-Muslim minorities. For example, this was seen in the August 2009 riots against Christians in Gojra, over an alleged desecration of a Qur'an. Many Christian men, women and even children were burnt alive.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15943&size=A \|title=Eight Christians burned alive in Punjab \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15943&size=A \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Asia News, August 2, 2009</ref> In addition to this, Bibles were burnt and more than a hundred churches and Christian-owned homes were looted and destroyed.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15941&size=A \|title=Muslims burn 75 Christian homes and 2 churches in Punjab \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15941&size=A \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Asia News, August 1, 2009</ref><ref>[http://jubileecampaign.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/50-more-homes-burned-in-gojra/ 50 More Homes Burned in Gojra] - Jubilee Campaign, August 5, 2009 </ref> While there are [[Islam and Freedom of Speech#Practical_Application_in_Islamic_Countries\|numerous examples]] of individuals being sentenced by Islamic courts to death or imprisonment for blasphemy, they are rarely publicised by Western media outlets. There are, however, more well known examples like the Jyllands-Posten Danish cartoons and the [[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Muhammad_Cartoons_Controversy\|resulting uproar]]. These cartoons, once again, sparked violence and murder against the minority Christians in the East.<ref>"[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=vn20060208033427794C349514 Murder of priest 'religious revenge']". Independent Online. 2006-02-08 </ref> By the end of February 2006 more than 40 people had died<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/25734739/JOURNALISM-FOR-INTEGRATION-THE-MUHAMMAD-CARTOONS \|title=JOURNALISM FOR INTEGRATION - THE MUHAMMAD CARTOONS \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/25734739/JOURNALISM-FOR-INTEGRATION-THE-MUHAMMAD-CARTOONS \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> as a result of the angry reaction from Muslims, and its continued republication has resulted in more than 200 deaths and hundreds of injuries.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,547572,00.html \|title=Yale Removes Cartoons of Prophet Muhammad From Forthcoming Book, Citing Fears of Violence \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,547572,00.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Fox News, September 08, 2009</ref> The November 2007 "[[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Muhammad_Teddy_Bear_Blasphemy_Case\|Muhammad Teddy bear]]" blasphemy case likewise led to a protest in Khartoum, Sudan. A protest where ten thousand Muslims<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-498689/Teddy-teacher-Lawyer-expects-pardoned-visit-British-Muslim-peers.html \|title=Teddy teacher: Lawyer expects her to be pardoned after visit from British Muslim peers \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-498689/Teddy-teacher-Lawyer-expects-pardoned-visit-British-Muslim-peers.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Mail Online, December 01, 2007</ref><ref name="teddy bear protest">{{cite web \|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/30/uk.schoolsworldwide \|title=Jailed teddy row teacher appeals for tolerance \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120801/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/30/uk.schoolsworldwide \|archivedate=2012-08-01 \|accessdate=2012-08-01}} - Allegra Stratton - Guardian, November 30, 2007</ref> carrying swords, knives, and sticks, after Friday prayers, called for the execution<ref name="Calls in Sudan for Execution">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/world/africa/01sudan.html \|title=Calls in Sudan for Execution of British Teacher \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/world/africa/01sudan.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The New York Times, November 30, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.newser.com/story/12982/armed-mob-wants-british-teacher-dead.html \|title=Armed Mob Wants British Teacher Dead \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.newser.com/story/12982/armed-mob-wants-british-teacher-dead.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Sam Gale Rosen - Newser, November 30, 2007</ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071130/ap_on_re_af/sudan_british_teacher Calls in Sudan for execution of Briton] - Mohamed Osman - Associated Press, November 30, 2007 </ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071130/wl_uk_afp/sudanbritainreligiondiplomacydemo Khartoum demo calls for teacher to be shot] - Charles Onians - Agence France Press, 30 November 2007 </ref> of a British teacher for allowing her students to name a teddy bear 'Muhammad.' And also the "[[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Satanic_Verses_Controversy\|Satanic Verses]]" controversy, which led to thirty-eight deaths<ref>Dr. Koenraad Elst - {{cite web \|url=http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html \|title=Afterword: The Rushdie Affair's Legacy \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120710/http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html \|archivedate=2012-07-10 \|accessdate=2012-07-10}}</ref> and nationwide bombings of book-stores in the U.K<ref>Pipes, (1990) p.169-171</ref> and U.S.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/arts/riverdale-press-to-be-honored.html \|title=Riverdale Press To Be Honored \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/arts/riverdale-press-to-be-honored.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - New York Times - Tuesday, May 9, 1989</ref>		In the modern-world, harsh punishments for blasphemy (including death) are still applied in many Islamic nations including; Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. Accusations of blasphemy are becoming more and more frequent in the East, and almost always lead to mob-violence (sometimes by thousands of Muslims) against non-Muslim minorities. For example, this was seen in the August 2009 riots against Christians in Gojra, over an alleged desecration of a Qur'an. Many Christian men, women and even children were burnt alive.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15943&size=A \|title=Eight Christians burned alive in Punjab \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15943&size=A \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Asia News, August 2, 2009</ref> In addition to this, Bibles were burnt and more than a hundred churches and Christian-owned homes were looted and destroyed.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15941&size=A \|title=Muslims burn 75 Christian homes and 2 churches in Punjab \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15941&size=A \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Asia News, August 1, 2009</ref><ref>[http://jubileecampaign.wordpress.com/2009/08/05/50-more-homes-burned-in-gojra/ 50 More Homes Burned in Gojra] - Jubilee Campaign, August 5, 2009 </ref> While there are [[Islam and Freedom of Speech#Practical_Application_in_Islamic_Countries\|numerous examples]] of individuals being sentenced by Islamic courts to death or imprisonment for blasphemy, they are rarely publicised by Western media outlets. There are, however, more well known examples like the Jyllands-Posten Danish cartoons and the [[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Muhammad_Cartoons_Controversy\|resulting uproar]]. These cartoons, once again, sparked violence and murder against the minority Christians in the East.<ref>"[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=vn20060208033427794C349514 Murder of priest 'religious revenge']". Independent Online. 2006-02-08 </ref> By the end of February 2006 more than 40 people had died<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/25734739/JOURNALISM-FOR-INTEGRATION-THE-MUHAMMAD-CARTOONS \|title=JOURNALISM FOR INTEGRATION - THE MUHAMMAD CARTOONS \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/25734739/JOURNALISM-FOR-INTEGRATION-THE-MUHAMMAD-CARTOONS \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> as a result of the angry reaction from Muslims, and its continued republication has resulted in more than 200 deaths and hundreds of injuries.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,547572,00.html \|title=Yale Removes Cartoons of Prophet Muhammad From Forthcoming Book, Citing Fears of Violence \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,547572,00.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Fox News, September 08, 2009</ref> The November 2007 "[[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Muhammad_Teddy_Bear_Blasphemy_Case\|Muhammad Teddy bear]]" blasphemy case likewise led to a protest in Khartoum, Sudan. A protest where ten thousand Muslims<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-498689/Teddy-teacher-Lawyer-expects-pardoned-visit-British-Muslim-peers.html \|title=Teddy teacher: Lawyer expects her to be pardoned after visit from British Muslim peers \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-498689/Teddy-teacher-Lawyer-expects-pardoned-visit-British-Muslim-peers.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Mail Online, December 01, 2007</ref><ref name="teddy bear protest">{{cite web \|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/30/uk.schoolsworldwide \|title=Jailed teddy row teacher appeals for tolerance \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120801/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/30/uk.schoolsworldwide \|archivedate=2012-08-01 \|accessdate=2012-08-01}} - Allegra Stratton - Guardian, November 30, 2007</ref> carrying swords, knives, and sticks, after Friday prayers, called for the execution<ref name="Calls in Sudan for Execution">{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/world/africa/01sudan.html \|title=Calls in Sudan for Execution of British Teacher \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/world/africa/01sudan.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The New York Times, November 30, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.newser.com/story/12982/armed-mob-wants-british-teacher-dead.html \|title=Armed Mob Wants British Teacher Dead \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.newser.com/story/12982/armed-mob-wants-british-teacher-dead.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Sam Gale Rosen - Newser, November 30, 2007</ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071130/ap_on_re_af/sudan_british_teacher Calls in Sudan for execution of Briton] - Mohamed Osman - Associated Press, November 30, 2007 </ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071130/wl_uk_afp/sudanbritainreligiondiplomacydemo Khartoum demo calls for teacher to be shot] - Charles Onians - Agence France Press, 30 November 2007 </ref> of a British teacher for allowing her students to name a teddy bear 'Muhammad.' And also the "[[Islam and Freedom of Speech#The_Satanic_Verses_Controversy\|Satanic Verses]]" controversy, which led to thirty-eight deaths<ref>Dr. Koenraad Elst - {{cite web \|url=http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html \|title=Afterword: The Rushdie Affair's Legacy \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120710/http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/articles/misc/rushdie.html \|archivedate=2012-07-10 \|accessdate=2012-07-10}}</ref> and nationwide bombings of book-stores in the U.K<ref>Pipes, (1990) p.169-171</ref> and U.S.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/arts/riverdale-press-to-be-honored.html \|title=Riverdale Press To Be Honored \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/arts/riverdale-press-to-be-honored.html \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - New York Times - Tuesday, May 9, 1989</ref>

	====~~Fornication~~ between consenting adults====		====Sexual relations between unmarried consenting adults====
	{{Main\|Zina\|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Stoning}}		{{Main\|Zina\|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Stoning}}

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	[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction.jpg\|thumb\|Bamiyan Buddhas before and after destruction]]		[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction.jpg\|thumb\|Bamiyan Buddhas before and after destruction]]
	Though views vary widely today, [[music]], and some other forms of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pictures and Images\|art]] (including tattooing),<ref>"''....The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|2086\|darussalam}} See also {{Bukhari\|\|\|2238\|darussalam}}, {{Bukhari\|\|\|5945\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|5962\|darussalam}}</ref> under Islamic law are forbidden. Western music<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment\|title=Iran arrests 230 in raid on illegal rock concert\|publisher=ABC News (Australia)\|date=4 August 2007 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment \|archivedate=2012-07-17}}</ref> and movies in particular, have been declared as corruptive influences by Islamic clerics. The vast majority<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|title=Music is Haram \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The Muslim Women</ref> of Islamic scholars and all four schools of Islamic jurisprudence<ref name="Music 2"></ref> are in agreement that listening to, or playing musical instruments, and singing is forbidden. They form this opinion from both the Qur'an and Hadith. The only exception to this rule which can be extracted from the hadith is the permissibility of singing acapella accompanied by a duff (a hand-held one-sided drum) on special occasions (i.e. on weddings, Eid, during jihad, etc.)<ref>"''....innocent singing, unaccompanied by musical instruments other than the daff(small hand drum) is permissible are specified in the Sunnah. These are: 1) Jihaad. During jihad and other struggles in the way of Allah, battle songs are of great moral and spiritual benefit to the fighters....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> This form of song is referred to as a '''Nasheed''' (نشيد), and the striking of the duff is permitted for women only<ref>"''....What is mustahabb (recommended) is to beat on the daff [simple hand drum] at weddings. This is mustahabb for women only, in order to announce the wedding and to distinguish it from fornication....As for men, it is not permissible for them to play any kind of musical instrument, whether at weddings or on any other occasion....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> and must not be done in the presence of men.<ref>"''....According to the Sunnah, females can sing and beat the duff on the two ‘Eids (specific Muslim celebrations) and to announce a Muslim wedding amongst themselves, and their voices shouldn’t be raised loud enough or near enough to be heard by the men.''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> There are several verses within the Qur'an which have been understood by highly respected early scholars and historians of Islam to be condemning music and singing. For example; in verse 31:6, according to the Tafseer of Ibn Kathir, "idle talks" is a reference to "singing and musical instruments."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|title=Ruling on music, singing and dancing - Fatwa No. 5000 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islam Q&A</ref> While the Qur'anic verses on music and its prohibition may appear vague, the hadith are a lot clearer in regards to this issue. Authentic sources record Muhammad as saying "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful..."<ref>[{{Bukhari~~-url-only~~\|7\|69\|~~494~~}}~~v Sahih Bukhari 7:69:494v]~~ </ref> and upon hearing music, Abu Bakr proclaimed "Musical instrument of Satan!"<ref name="Music 2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|title=Music \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Shariffa Carlo - Islam Awakening</ref> The mere fact that Muhammad condemned music in the same breath as other non-Islamic activities, such as illegal sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol, is extremely suggestive and the companions (including the four Caliphs) understood this to mean prohibition.<ref>"''....The companions unanimously agreed upon the prohibition of music and song but allowed particular exceptions specified by the authentic sunnah....Also, the four Khalifas, the fuqahaa among the saahabah such as Ibin Abaas, Ibin Umar, and Jaabir bin Abdullah as well as the general body of saahabah.''" - Al Qurtubi's Tafseer, vol 14, pp51-52, and Al-Aaloosi's Tafseer, Roohul Ma'aani, vol. 21, pp. 66-68)</ref> As Abu Bakr stated, unless performed under the various restrictions outlined in Muhammad's Sunnah, music is considered to be of the devil.		Though views vary widely today, [[music]], and some other forms of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pictures and Images\|art]] (including tattooing),<ref>"''....The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|2086\|darussalam}} See also {{Bukhari\|\|\|2238\|darussalam}}, {{Bukhari\|\|\|5945\|darussalam}}, and {{Bukhari\|\|\|5962\|darussalam}}</ref> under Islamic law are forbidden. Western music<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment\|title=Iran arrests 230 in raid on illegal rock concert\|publisher=ABC News (Australia)\|date=4 August 2007 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/05/1996913.htm?section=entertainment \|archivedate=2012-07-17}}</ref> and movies in particular, have been declared as corruptive influences by Islamic clerics. The vast majority<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|title=Music is Haram \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.themuslimwoman.com/beware/MusicisHaram.htm \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - The Muslim Women</ref> of Islamic scholars and all four schools of Islamic jurisprudence<ref name="Music 2"></ref> are in agreement that listening to, or playing musical instruments, and singing is forbidden. They form this opinion from both the Qur'an and Hadith. The only exception to this rule which can be extracted from the hadith is the permissibility of singing acapella accompanied by a duff (a hand-held one-sided drum) on special occasions (i.e. on weddings, Eid, during jihad, etc.)<ref>"''....innocent singing, unaccompanied by musical instruments other than the daff(small hand drum) is permissible are specified in the Sunnah. These are: 1) Jihaad. During jihad and other struggles in the way of Allah, battle songs are of great moral and spiritual benefit to the fighters....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> This form of song is referred to as a '''Nasheed''' (نشيد), and the striking of the duff is permitted for women only<ref>"''....What is mustahabb (recommended) is to beat on the daff [simple hand drum] at weddings. This is mustahabb for women only, in order to announce the wedding and to distinguish it from fornication....As for men, it is not permissible for them to play any kind of musical instrument, whether at weddings or on any other occasion....''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> and must not be done in the presence of men.<ref>"''....According to the Sunnah, females can sing and beat the duff on the two ‘Eids (specific Muslim celebrations) and to announce a Muslim wedding amongst themselves, and their voices shouldn’t be raised loud enough or near enough to be heard by the men.''" - {{cite web \|url=http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|title=Music - BEATING THE DUFF \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://islamicarticles.wordpress.com/music/ \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islamic Articles</ref> There are several verses within the Qur'an which have been understood by highly respected early scholars and historians of Islam to be condemning music and singing. For example; in verse 31:6, according to the Tafseer of Ibn Kathir, "idle talks" is a reference to "singing and musical instruments."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|title=Ruling on music, singing and dancing - Fatwa No. 5000 \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/5000/music \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Islam Q&A</ref> While the Qur'anic verses on music and its prohibition may appear vague, the hadith are a lot clearer in regards to this issue. Authentic sources record Muhammad as saying "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful..."<ref>[{{Bukhari\|\|\|5590\|darussalam}}</ref> and upon hearing music, Abu Bakr proclaimed "Musical instrument of Satan!"<ref name="Music 2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|title=Music \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=312 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - Shariffa Carlo - Islam Awakening</ref> The mere fact that Muhammad condemned music in the same breath as other non-Islamic activities, such as illegal sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol, is extremely suggestive and the companions (including the four Caliphs) understood this to mean prohibition.<ref>"''....The companions unanimously agreed upon the prohibition of music and song but allowed particular exceptions specified by the authentic sunnah....Also, the four Khalifas, the fuqahaa among the saahabah such as Ibin Abaas, Ibin Umar, and Jaabir bin Abdullah as well as the general body of saahabah.''" - Al Qurtubi's Tafseer, vol 14, pp51-52, and Al-Aaloosi's Tafseer, Roohul Ma'aani, vol. 21, pp. 66-68)</ref> As Abu Bakr stated, unless performed under the various restrictions outlined in Muhammad's Sunnah, music is considered to be of the devil.

	The Islamic prohibition on images is well known, hence the lack of imagery in Islamic religious art. This sentiment is also known as aniconism. Depictions of living things have in fact been documented at specific times and places in Islamic history. In general the strictest attitude to aniconism is found in modern Salafism, while the most relaxed attitude is found in Sufism and Shi'a Islam.		The Islamic prohibition on images is well known, hence the lack of imagery in Islamic religious art. This sentiment is also known as aniconism. Depictions of living things have in fact been documented at specific times and places in Islamic history. In general the strictest attitude to aniconism is found in modern Salafism, while the most relaxed attitude is found in Sufism and Shi'a Islam.
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	{{Quote\|\|"We must know that [wife] beating is a punishment in Islamic religious law,....No one should deny this because this was permitted by the Creator of Man, and because when you purchase an electric appliance or a car you get instructions – a catalogue, explaining how to use it. The Creator of Man has sent down this book [the Quran] in order to show man which ways he must choose....We shouldn't be ashamed before the nations of the world who are still in their days of ignorance, to admit that these [beatings] are part of our religious law,....We must remind the ignorant from among the Islamic Nation who followed the [West] that those [Westerners] acknowledge the wondrous nature of this verse,"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|title=Muslim cleric: Some wives need to be beaten \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - WorldNetDaily, September 03, 2004</ref>}}		{{Quote\|\|"We must know that [wife] beating is a punishment in Islamic religious law,....No one should deny this because this was permitted by the Creator of Man, and because when you purchase an electric appliance or a car you get instructions – a catalogue, explaining how to use it. The Creator of Man has sent down this book [the Quran] in order to show man which ways he must choose....We shouldn't be ashamed before the nations of the world who are still in their days of ignorance, to admit that these [beatings] are part of our religious law,....We must remind the ignorant from among the Islamic Nation who followed the [West] that those [Westerners] acknowledge the wondrous nature of this verse,"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|title=Muslim cleric: Some wives need to be beaten \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40276 \|archivedate=2012-09-15 \|accessdate=2012-09-15}} - WorldNetDaily, September 03, 2004</ref>}}

	The verse being referred to is 4:34. According to this verse, a man may not only beat his wives in certain circumstances but also beat them simply for the ''fear'' of such.<ref>"''....and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them....''" - {{Quran\|4\|34}}</ref> Whilst there are a few restrictions in regards to the practice of wife-beating (beating should be "without severity"<ref>"Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. You are responsible for providing them with food and clothing in a fitting manner." - ~~[https://sunnah.com/abudawud/11/185 Sunan~~ Abu Dawud ~~10:1900]~~</ref>, should avoid the face,<ref>"''....you should give her food when you eat, clothe her when you clothe yourself, do not strike her '''on the face'''....''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|2142\|darussalam}}</ref> breaking bones,<ref>"''....that you should not break her bones or leave a bruise....''" - al-Tabari, 5:68-69</ref> and husbands should not sleep with them after beating them),<ref>"''.... The Prophet said, "None of you should flog his wife as he flogs a slave and then have sexual intercourse with her in the last part of the day."''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5204\|darussalam}}</ref> they hardly offer comfort to a woman who is abused with the blessings of her god. The mere fact that the husband is allowed to physically abuse his wives (very often with impunity from the law) inevitably leads many to go beyond simply 'beating' them.		The verse being referred to is 4:34. According to this verse, a man may not only beat his wives in certain circumstances but also beat them simply for the ''fear'' of such.<ref>"''....and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them....''" - {{Quran\|4\|34}}</ref> Whilst there are a few restrictions in regards to the practice of wife-beating (beating should be "without severity"<ref>"Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. You are responsible for providing them with food and clothing in a fitting manner." - {{Abu Dawud\|\|1905\|darussalam}}</ref>, should avoid the face,<ref>"''....you should give her food when you eat, clothe her when you clothe yourself, do not strike her '''on the face'''....''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|2142\|darussalam}}</ref> breaking bones,<ref>"''....that you should not break her bones or leave a bruise....''" - al-Tabari, 5:68-69</ref> and husbands should not sleep with them after beating them),<ref>"''.... The Prophet said, "None of you should flog his wife as he flogs a slave and then have sexual intercourse with her in the last part of the day."''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5204\|darussalam}}</ref> they hardly offer comfort to a woman who is abused with the blessings of her god. The mere fact that the husband is allowed to physically abuse his wives (very often with impunity from the law) inevitably leads many to go beyond simply 'beating' them.

	Wife beating has been an accepted part of Islam since its inception. In Aisha's own words "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"<ref>"...''so when Allah's Apostle came, 'Aisha said, "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"...''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5825\|darussalam}}</ref> The indifference to her words displayed by Muhammad proved its legitimacy within the laws of Islam. Muhammad reportedly declared, "A man should not be asked why he beats his wife"<ref>"It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said: "I was a guest (at the home) of 'Umar one night, and in the middle of the night he went and hit his wife, and I separated them. When he went to bed he said to me: 'O Ash'ath, learn from me something that I heard from the Messenger of Allah" A man should not be asked why he beats his wife, and do not go to sleep until you have prayed the Witr."' And I forgot the third thing."" - {{Ibn Majah\|\|3\|9\|1986}}</ref> Moreover, he not only allowed Abu Bakr to slap his own child-bride Aisha,<ref>"''....Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) then got up went to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and slapped her on the neck, and 'Umar stood up before Hafsa and slapped her saying: You ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) which he does not possess....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|334\|darussalam}}</ref> but he also struck her in the chest himself,<ref>"''...He said: Was it the darkness (of your shadow) that I saw in front of me? I said: Yes. He struck me on the chest which caused me pain, and then said: Did you think that Allah and His Apostle would deal unjustly with you?...''" - {{Muslim\|\|974b\|reference}}<BR />Note that the sunnah.com website have since [[Wife_Beating_in_Islamic_Law#Muhammad_struck_Aisha_and_the_tampering_of_English_hadith_translations\|tampered with their copy of the hadith translation here in order to soft the language]].</ref> and according to Aisha it was not something 'symbolic' or a 'gentle tap' on the body; it was painful.		Wife beating has been an accepted part of Islam since its inception. In Aisha's own words "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"<ref>"...''so when Allah's Apostle came, 'Aisha said, "I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!"...''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5825\|darussalam}}</ref> The indifference to her words displayed by Muhammad proved its legitimacy within the laws of Islam. Muhammad reportedly declared, "A man should not be asked why he beats his wife"<ref>"It was narrated that Ash'ath bin Qais said: "I was a guest (at the home) of 'Umar one night, and in the middle of the night he went and hit his wife, and I separated them. When he went to bed he said to me: 'O Ash'ath, learn from me something that I heard from the Messenger of Allah" A man should not be asked why he beats his wife, and do not go to sleep until you have prayed the Witr."' And I forgot the third thing."" - {{Ibn Majah\|\|3\|9\|1986}}</ref> Moreover, he not only allowed Abu Bakr to slap his own child-bride Aisha,<ref>"''....Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) then got up went to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and slapped her on the neck, and 'Umar stood up before Hafsa and slapped her saying: You ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) which he does not possess....''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|334\|darussalam}}</ref> but he also struck her in the chest himself,<ref>"''...He said: Was it the darkness (of your shadow) that I saw in front of me? I said: Yes. He struck me on the chest which caused me pain, and then said: Did you think that Allah and His Apostle would deal unjustly with you?...''" - {{Muslim\|\|974b\|reference}}<BR />Note that the sunnah.com website have since [[Wife_Beating_in_Islamic_Law#Muhammad_struck_Aisha_and_the_tampering_of_English_hadith_translations\|tampered with their copy of the hadith translation here in order to soft the language]].</ref> and according to Aisha it was not something 'symbolic' or a 'gentle tap' on the body; it was painful.