The Pact of Umar - Revision history

Asmith at 02:53, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T02:53:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:53, 12 December 2025
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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=2\|References=2}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}
	[[File:Umar's_covenant.jpg\|link=\|right\|thumb\|227x227px]]		[[File:Umar's_covenant.jpg\|link=\|right\|thumb\|227x227px]]
	According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].		According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].

Asmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */

2025-11-29T23:27:43Z

Analysis of the Pact

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:27, 29 November 2025
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	{{Quote\|\|Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, (Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley.) This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''"<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}		{{Quote\|\|Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, (Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley.) This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''"<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}

	~~So we~~		This indicates

	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==
	Although from the perspective of contemporary Middle Eastern regimes the strictures of the Pact of Umar were unremarkable insofar as they reflected the religious intolerance of the age, their enduring ~~using~~ in Islamic fiqh ~~points to~~ the ~~fundamental inferiority and savageness~~ of Islamic shari'ah ~~vis-a-vis~~ modern liberalism. While modern liberalism grants complete freedom of belief, the Pact of Umar ~~enforces~~ religious ~~apartheid~~.		Although from the perspective of contemporary Middle Eastern regimes the strictures of the Pact of Umar were unremarkable insofar as they reflected the religious intolerance of the age, their enduring usage in Islamic fiqh highlights the incompatability of traditional Islamic shari'ah with modern liberalism, which seeks a state without any such discriminatory laws. While modern liberalism grants complete freedom of belief, the Pact of Umar codifies religious segregation and oppression.

	According to Islamic theology, Umar is one of four 'Rightly-guided' Caliphs. Therefore, he is considered by them to be a model Muslim leader.<ref>"...''Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, Sayyiduna Umar Al Farouq, Sayyiduna 'Uthman Ghani and Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in) were the consecutive successors of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam). These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years. They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).''..." - [http://www.sunniessentials.net/islam/introduction/Personalities_Caliphs.pdf The Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam]</ref> His actions and this pact reflect the teachings of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly consensus<ref>"...''The terms in the Pact of Omar for dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the sanction of Allah [Quran 9:29] and prophetic tradition. Therefore, the Pact of Omar, wrote Abu Yusuf, the great eighth-century Hanafi jurist, ‘stands till the ay of resurrection.’ ''..." - M. A. Khan - "[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islamic-Jihad-Conversion-Imperialism-Slavery/dp/1440118469 Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]" - p. 106, Universe Inc., New York, Bloomington</ref> (together forming Islamic sacred law, or [[Sharia]]).		According to Islamic theology, Umar is one of four 'Rightly-guided' Caliphs. Therefore, he is considered by them to be a model Muslim leader.<ref>"...''Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, Sayyiduna Umar Al Farouq, Sayyiduna 'Uthman Ghani and Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in) were the consecutive successors of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam). These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years. They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).''..." - [http://www.sunniessentials.net/islam/introduction/Personalities_Caliphs.pdf The Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam]</ref> His actions and this pact reflect the teachings of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly consensus<ref>"...''The terms in the Pact of Omar for dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the sanction of Allah [Quran 9:29] and prophetic tradition. Therefore, the Pact of Omar, wrote Abu Yusuf, the great eighth-century Hanafi jurist, ‘stands till the ay of resurrection.’ ''..." - M. A. Khan - "[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islamic-Jihad-Conversion-Imperialism-Slavery/dp/1440118469 Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]" - p. 106, Universe Inc., New York, Bloomington</ref> (together forming Islamic sacred law, or [[Sharia]]).

	While today's secular Europeans and Christians can and have denounced (and even apologized)<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/12/sm.06.html Pope John Paul II Makes Unprecedented Apology For Sins of ~~Catholic Church] - CNN, March 12, 2000</ref><ref>"...The Reconciliation Walk~~ is ~~an interdenominational grassroots movement of Western Christians,...retracing the route of the First Crusade, apologizing to Muslims, Jews~~ and ~~Eastern Christians for the atrocities~~ of ~~the Crusades -- foremost among them, the misuse of the name and message of Jesus.~~.~~." - [http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_cru1.htm Christian apology for the Crusades: The Reconciliation Walk]</ref>~~ for ~~past atrocities committed by others in the name~~ of ~~their countries and religion, the same by and large cannot be said~~ of ~~Islam. Many still deny that the~~ Islamic ~~slave trade ever existed, or indeed still exists<ref>"Officially, slavery has long been abolished in Mauritania, but the~~ law ~~has never been enforced and there are an estimated 600,000 slaves, almost one in five of the country~~'s 3.2 million people, almost 150 years since the American civil war...A Berber driver, who would only give his first name, Mohammed, defended slavery. "It is our religion and custom," he said. "Why does the international community try to stop it? The slaves are better off with ~~their masters. This is their fate. When they leave, they starve.""~~ - Nick Meo - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ghana/5805113/Half-a-million-African-slaves-are-at-the-heart-of-Mauritanias-presidential-election.html Half a million African slaves are at the heart of Mauritania's presidential election] - The Telegraph, ~~July 12, 2009</ref>~~ in the ~~east~~, ~~and in Turkey for instance even mentioning some~~ of ~~the crimes of the past Turkish regimes against~~ its ~~dhimmi populations is a crime~~.		The pact of Umar is a document with a complicated history and patchy record of implementation. Used for generations of Muslims scholars as a basis of Islamic law's dealings with non-Muslims, today many progressive Muslims question its authenticity and applicability in the modern day while no actual existing Muslim state, including official theocracies such as Iran, actually enforces all or most of its dictates. To this day, tho, many Muslim scholar still hold up this document with pride and reverence,<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Convenant of Omar\|url=http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2006/articles/abbas.htm\|date=February-March 2006\|publisher=The Handstand}}</ref> believing it to be a bedrock of fiqh vis-a-vis the treatment of non-Muslims in a Muslim state. Although no modern Muslim state actually imposes most of the strictures of the pact on non-Muslims, its legacy does live on in the de jure and de facto persecution of non-Muslim communities in Muslim states.

	To this day, many ~~Muslims~~ hold up this document with pride,<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Convenant of Omar\|url=http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2006/articles/abbas.htm\|date=February-March 2006\|publisher=The Handstand}}</ref> ~~holding~~ it to be a bedrock of fiqh vis-a-vis the treatment of non-Muslims in a Muslim state, and ~~most Muslim nations still persecute and oppress~~ non-Muslim communities.
	==External Links==		==External Links==

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-15T01:00:17Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

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AdrianE: Fixed some typos.

2024-06-13T18:15:54Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:15, 13 June 2024
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	According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].		According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].

	The Pact of Umar laid down many of the fundamental particulars of the [[Dhimma]]''.''<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> The ~~authentcity~~ of the pact has been questioned by modern scholars, yet it it indisputable that it was often used as a source of Islamic jurisprudence on the matter of Christians and ~~Muslim~~ living in Islamic lands. The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, still dictate how many revivalist and fundamentalist Muslims would like to see non-Muslims in Muslim society treated today. Despite these desires, no currently existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.		The Pact of Umar laid down many of the fundamental particulars of the [[Dhimma]]''.''<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> The authenticity of the pact has been questioned by modern scholars, yet it it indisputable that it was often used as a source of Islamic jurisprudence on the matter of Christians and Jews living in Islamic lands. The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, still dictate how many revivalist and fundamentalist Muslims would like to see non-Muslims in Muslim society treated today. Despite these desires, no currently existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.
	==Authenticity==		==Authenticity==

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	{{Quote\|\|Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, (Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley.) This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''"<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}		{{Quote\|\|Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, (Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley.) This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''"<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}

	~~So we~~		So we

	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==
	Although from the perspective of contemporary ~~middle eastern~~ regimes the strictures of the Pact of Umar were unremarkable insofar as they reflected the religious intolerance of the age, their enduring using in Islamic fiqh points to the fundamental inferiority and savageness of Islamic shari'ah vis-a-vis modern liberalism. While modern liberalism grants complete freedom of belief, the Pact of Umar enforces religious apartheid.		Although from the perspective of contemporary Middle Eastern regimes the strictures of the Pact of Umar were unremarkable insofar as they reflected the religious intolerance of the age, their enduring using in Islamic fiqh points to the fundamental inferiority and savageness of Islamic shari'ah vis-a-vis modern liberalism. While modern liberalism grants complete freedom of belief, the Pact of Umar enforces religious apartheid.

	According to Islamic theology, Umar is one of four 'Rightly-guided Caliphs. Therefore, he is considered by them to be a model Muslim leader.<ref>"...''Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, Sayyiduna Umar Al Farouq, Sayyiduna 'Uthman Ghani and Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in) were the consecutive successors of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam). These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years. They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).''..." - [http://www.sunniessentials.net/islam/introduction/Personalities_Caliphs.pdf The Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam]</ref> His actions and this pact reflect the teachings of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly consensus<ref>"...''The terms in the Pact of Omar for dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the sanction of Allah [Quran 9:29] and prophetic tradition. Therefore, the Pact of Omar, wrote Abu Yusuf, the great eighth-century Hanafi jurist, ‘stands till the ay of resurrection.’ ''..." - M. A. Khan - "[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islamic-Jihad-Conversion-Imperialism-Slavery/dp/1440118469 Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]" - p. 106, Universe Inc., New York, Bloomington</ref> (together forming Islamic sacred law, or [[Sharia]]).		According to Islamic theology, Umar is one of four 'Rightly-guided' Caliphs. Therefore, he is considered by them to be a model Muslim leader.<ref>"...''Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, Sayyiduna Umar Al Farouq, Sayyiduna 'Uthman Ghani and Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhumul ajma'in) were the consecutive successors of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam). These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years. They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).''..." - [http://www.sunniessentials.net/islam/introduction/Personalities_Caliphs.pdf The Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam]</ref> His actions and this pact reflect the teachings of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly consensus<ref>"...''The terms in the Pact of Omar for dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the sanction of Allah [Quran 9:29] and prophetic tradition. Therefore, the Pact of Omar, wrote Abu Yusuf, the great eighth-century Hanafi jurist, ‘stands till the ay of resurrection.’ ''..." - M. A. Khan - "[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islamic-Jihad-Conversion-Imperialism-Slavery/dp/1440118469 Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]" - p. 106, Universe Inc., New York, Bloomington</ref> (together forming Islamic sacred law, or [[Sharia]]).

	While today's ~~Secular~~ Europeans and Christians can and have denounced (and even apologized)<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/12/sm.06.html Pope John Paul II Makes Unprecedented Apology For Sins of Catholic Church] - CNN, March 12, 2000</ref><ref>"...The Reconciliation Walk is an interdenominational grassroots movement of Western Christians,...retracing the route of the First Crusade, apologizing to Muslims, Jews and Eastern Christians for the atrocities of the Crusades -- foremost among them, the misuse of the name and message of Jesus..." - [http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_cru1.htm Christian apology for the Crusades: The Reconciliation Walk]</ref> for past atrocities committed by others in the name of their countries and religion, the same by and large cannot be said of Islam. Many still deny that the Islamic slave trade ever existed, or indeed still exists<ref>"Officially, slavery has long been abolished in Mauritania, but the law has never been enforced and there are an estimated 600,000 slaves, almost one in five of the country's 3.2 million people, almost 150 years since the American civil war...A Berber driver, who would only give his first name, Mohammed, defended slavery. "It is our religion and custom," he said. "Why does the international community try to stop it? The slaves are better off with their masters. This is their fate. When they leave, they starve."" - Nick Meo - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ghana/5805113/Half-a-million-African-slaves-are-at-the-heart-of-Mauritanias-presidential-election.html Half a million African slaves are at the heart of Mauritania's presidential election] - The Telegraph, July 12, 2009</ref> in the east, and in Turkey for instance even mentioning some of the past Turkish regimes ~~crimes~~ against its dhimmi populations is a crime.		While today's secular Europeans and Christians can and have denounced (and even apologized)<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/12/sm.06.html Pope John Paul II Makes Unprecedented Apology For Sins of Catholic Church] - CNN, March 12, 2000</ref><ref>"...The Reconciliation Walk is an interdenominational grassroots movement of Western Christians,...retracing the route of the First Crusade, apologizing to Muslims, Jews and Eastern Christians for the atrocities of the Crusades -- foremost among them, the misuse of the name and message of Jesus..." - [http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_cru1.htm Christian apology for the Crusades: The Reconciliation Walk]</ref> for past atrocities committed by others in the name of their countries and religion, the same by and large cannot be said of Islam. Many still deny that the Islamic slave trade ever existed, or indeed still exists<ref>"Officially, slavery has long been abolished in Mauritania, but the law has never been enforced and there are an estimated 600,000 slaves, almost one in five of the country's 3.2 million people, almost 150 years since the American civil war...A Berber driver, who would only give his first name, Mohammed, defended slavery. "It is our religion and custom," he said. "Why does the international community try to stop it? The slaves are better off with their masters. This is their fate. When they leave, they starve."" - Nick Meo - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ghana/5805113/Half-a-million-African-slaves-are-at-the-heart-of-Mauritanias-presidential-election.html Half a million African slaves are at the heart of Mauritania's presidential election] - The Telegraph, July 12, 2009</ref> in the east, and in Turkey for instance even mentioning some of the crimes of the past Turkish regimes against its dhimmi populations is a crime.

	To this day, many Muslims hold up this document with pride,<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Convenant of Omar\|url=http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2006/articles/abbas.htm\|date=February-March 2006\|publisher=The Handstand}}</ref>~~, hold~~ it to be a bedrock of fiqh vis-a-vis the treatment of non-Muslims in a Muslim state, and most Muslim nations still persecute and oppress non-Muslim communities.		To this day, many Muslims hold up this document with pride,<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Convenant of Omar\|url=http://www.thehandstand.org/archive/february-march2006/articles/abbas.htm\|date=February-March 2006\|publisher=The Handstand}}</ref> holding it to be a bedrock of fiqh vis-a-vis the treatment of non-Muslims in a Muslim state, and most Muslim nations still persecute and oppress non-Muslim communities.
	==External Links==		==External Links==

Asmith at 00:33, 18 November 2021

2021-11-18T00:33:21Z

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Asmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */

2021-11-17T23:54:34Z

Analysis of the Pact

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Asmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */

2021-11-17T10:52:34Z

Analysis of the Pact

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Asmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */

2021-11-17T10:52:04Z

Analysis of the Pact

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Asmith at 10:51, 17 November 2021

2021-11-17T10:51:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 17 November 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].		According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].

	~~Much has been said~~ of the ''~~Pact of Umar~~'',<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> ~~and much~~ of it ~~distinctly positive. Its contents are~~ often ~~compared to the treatment~~ of ~~religious minorities in Medieval Europe, while ignoring its influence and conformity with~~ Islamic ~~scriptural sources which still govern~~ the ~~treatment~~ of ~~minorities~~ in ~~the East today~~.		The Pact of Umar laid down many of the fundamental particulars of the [[Dhimma]]''.''<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> The authentcity of the pact has been questioned by modern scholars, yet it it indisputable that it was often used as a source of Islamic jurisprudence on the matter of Christians and Muslim living in Islamic lands. The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, still dictate how many revivalist and fundamentalist Muslims would like to see non-Muslims in Muslim society treated today. Despite these desires, no currently existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.

	The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, ~~however, seem~~ to ~~undermine~~ these ~~claims in many ways~~.
	==Authenticity==		==Authenticity==

	In traditional, mainstream circles, this document is and continues to be almost universally accepted as genuine by Islamic scholars. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."		In traditional, mainstream circles, this document is and continues to be almost universally accepted as genuine by Islamic scholars. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."

	Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003\|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref>		Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists and reformers, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003\|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref>

	{{Quote\|{{citation\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|year=2015\|page=2\|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ\|ISBN=978-1442600669}}\|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|year=2015\|page=2\|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ\|ISBN=978-1442600669}}\|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}

IbnPinker at 21:17, 23 October 2021

2021-10-23T21:17:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:17, 23 October 2021
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	Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003\|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref>		Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003\|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref>

			{{Quote\|{{citation\|author=Jarbel Rodriguez\|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|year=2015\|page=2\|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ\|ISBN=978-1442600669}}\|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}

	==Text of Pact==		==Text of Pact==

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=2\|References=2}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}
	[[File:Umar's_covenant.jpg\|link=\|right\|thumb\|227x227px]]		[[File:Umar's_covenant.jpg\|link=\|right\|thumb\|227x227px]]
	According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].		According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs\|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].