User:Flynnjed/Sandbox3 - Revision history

Flynnjed: Blanked the page

2021-04-23T04:03:30Z

Blanked the page

Show changes

Flynnjed: /* See Also */

2021-04-21T13:44:48Z

Flynnjed: /* Muhammad Wanted to Forbid FGM but Couldn't */

2021-04-21T13:43:00Z

Muhammad Wanted to Forbid FGM but Couldn't

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:43, 21 April 2021
Line 262:		Line 262:
	===Muhammad Wanted to Forbid FGM but Couldn't===		===Muhammad Wanted to Forbid FGM but Couldn't===
	{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/SJmql#selection-283.0-287.152 Grand Ayatollah Fadlalllah's remarks on the circumcision of women (2010)]\|'''Islam did not forbid [FGM] at that time because it was not possible to suddenly forbid a ritual with strong roots in Arabic culture'''; rather it preferred to gradually express its negative opinions. This is how Islam treated slavery as well, (gradual preparation of the society for the final forbiddance of slavery) [...]The Prophet had prevented people several times from circumcising women}}		{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/SJmql#selection-283.0-287.152 Grand Ayatollah Fadlalllah's remarks on the circumcision of women (2010)]\|'''Islam did not forbid [FGM] at that time because it was not possible to suddenly forbid a ritual with strong roots in Arabic culture'''; rather it preferred to gradually express its negative opinions. This is how Islam treated slavery as well, (gradual preparation of the society for the final forbiddance of slavery) [...]The Prophet had prevented people several times from circumcising women}}
	The evidence that Muhammad wished FGM to be abolished appears to be the following hadith (or a variant of it): {{Quote\|1={{Abu Dawud\|41\|5251}}\|2=Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform '''circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: "Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband".}}~~Here~~, a hadith ~~that~~ is ~~usually assigned the status of~~ ''daif'' (weak) when proposed as evidence that ~~Muhammad approved of FGM,~~ is ~~being~~ treated as ''sahih'' (authentic) ~~when proposed as evidence that he wanted to moderate the practice~~. ~~And regardless~~ of its level of authority this hadith is a textbook example of a tacit approval.		The evidence that Muhammad wished FGM to be abolished appears to be the following hadith (or a variant of it): {{Quote\|1={{Abu Dawud\|41\|5251}}\|2=Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform '''circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: "Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband".}}When proposed as evidence that Muhammad approved of FGM, the hadith is considered ''daif'' (weak). However, when proposed as evidence that he wanted to moderate the practice it is treated as ''sahih'' (authentic). Regardless of its level of authority this hadith is a textbook example of a tacit approval.
	{{Quote\|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)]\|There are several versions of this Hadith, but all of them have been declared dhaeef (weak)
	~~because the chain of transmitters (sanad) is weak and there is conflict in its meaning.}}~~
	Undermining this argument is also the fact that Muhammad affirmed the practices that ''cause'' FGM: polygyny and sex-slavery. He also affirmed sister-practices (practices that emerge from the same causes, and that create a normative, legal and institutional structure that supports, justifies and normalizes FGM) such as male circumcision, child marriage, bride-price and gender segregation.

	Muhammad ~~forbade~~ .		Critics of this argument note that Muhammad affirmed the practices that ''cause'' FGM: polygyny and sex-slavery. He also affirmed practices that emerge from the same causes, and that create a normative, legal and institutional structure that support, justifiy and normalize FGM, such as male circumcision, child marriage, bride-price and gender segregation.

	One of the major ~~‘selling points’~~ of Mohammed’s new religion was that it overturned and rejected the established practices of pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism. Mohammed suddenly forbade many ~~harmless (or 'harmless' if enjoyed in moderation)~~ things that would have been dear to the people he ruled over - [[Intoxicants and Recreation in Islamic Law\|pork products,]] [[Intoxicants and Recreation in Islamic Law\|alcohol, gambling]], [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Music\|instrumental music ~~and~~ singing]], art depicting the human form, the easy fraternisation of men and women, interest in debt, and the public display of women’s faces. He also imposed on his followers such new practices as male circumcision, ritual ablutions and praying 5 times a day.		One of the major attractions of Mohammed’s new religion was that it overturned and rejected the established practices of pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism. Mohammed suddenly forbade many things that would have been dear to the people he ruled over - [[Intoxicants and Recreation in Islamic Law\|pork products,]] [[Intoxicants and Recreation in Islamic Law\|alcohol, gambling]], [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Music\|instrumental music, singing]], art depicting the human form, the easy fraternisation of men and women, interest in debt, and the public display of women’s faces. He also imposed on his followers such new practices as male circumcision, ritual ablutions and praying 5 times a day.

	~~And his~~ followers obeyed these new rules. How much more willingly would his followers have abandoned a practice that is harmful, and that must be distressing for loving parents to perform and witness?		His followers obeyed these new rules. How much more willingly would his followers have abandoned a practice that is harmful, and that must be distressing for loving parents to perform and witness?

	One can speculate how things would be different if, in the Qur'an, Muhammad had forbidden FGM with the same force he did alcohol, ~~and not approved~~ of it in his words and deeds in the Hadith.		One can speculate how things would be different if in the Qur'an Muhammad had forbidden FGM with the same force he did alcohol, instead of approving of it in his words and deeds in the Hadith.

	{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.10-062324/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/6682/selling-alcohol-to-kaafirs Selling alcohol to kaafirs Islam Q&A 2000]\|“[Mohammed] cursed alcohol and the one who drinks it, the one who sells it, the one who buys it, the one who carries it, the one to whom it is carried, the one who consumes its price, the one who squeezes the grapes and the one for whom they are squeezed.”}}		{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.10-062324/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/6682/selling-alcohol-to-kaafirs Selling alcohol to kaafirs Islam Q&A 2000]\|“[Mohammed] cursed alcohol and the one who drinks it, the one who sells it, the one who buys it, the one who carries it, the one to whom it is carried, the one who consumes its price, the one who squeezes the grapes and the one for whom they are squeezed.”}}

Flynnjed: /* There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised */

2021-04-21T13:35:19Z

There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 21 April 2021
Line 249:		Line 249:
	===There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised===		===There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised===
	{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/2021.04.09-045325/https://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/#selection-1263.35-1263.257 Islam And Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)]\|The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had four daughters and '''we have no strong sources to prove if even one of them was circumcised''', therefore it can be concluded that this practice has no strong reasons to be called as Islamic.}}		{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/2021.04.09-045325/https://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/#selection-1263.35-1263.257 Islam And Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)]\|The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had four daughters and '''we have no strong sources to prove if even one of them was circumcised''', therefore it can be concluded that this practice has no strong reasons to be called as Islamic.}}
	The Qur'an, hadith and sirat ~~conatin~~ no reference to Muhammad having his wives or daughters mutilated.		The Qur'an, hadith and sirat contain no reference to Muhammad having his wives or daughters mutilated.

	However, ~~there are many aspects of Islamic law for which there is no record of Mohammed having practiced:~~ there is no record of Muhammad having undergone circumcision himself, or of him having his sons circumcised. ~~Nor~~, for ~~example,~~ is there ~~any~~ record of Muhammad limiting himself to just four wives.		However, there is also no record of Muhammad having undergone circumcision himself, or of him having his sons circumcised. Indeed, there are many aspects of Islamic law for which there is no record of Mohammed having practiced: there is no record of Muhammad limiting himself to just four wives, for example.

	~~Current practice and the~~ hadith suggest that females in Muhammad's circle would have ~~been circumcised~~ in ~~childhood~~. In the [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#Someone to Amuse Them\|hadith narrated by Umm ‘Alqama]] the persons being cut are clearly children, and the function of Islamic FGM (see [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#The origins of FGM\|The Origins of FGM]], [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM\|Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM]] and [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#The Functions of FGM\|the Functions of FGM]]) requires that it be prepubescents who are submitted to FGM, not adolescents or adults.Therefore it is unlikely that Muhammad would have needed to command or require the circumcision of his wives, since they would have already been circumcised before he married them.		The hadith suggest that females in Muhammad's circle would have undergone FGM before puberty, and current practice confirms this (a 2013 UNICEF pamphlet reveals that most girls undergo FGM before five years of age in roughly half of countries with available data<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0968-8080(13)42747-7 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: a statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, July 2013]</ref>). In the [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#Someone to Amuse Them\|hadith narrated by Umm ‘Alqama]] the persons being cut are clearly children, and the function of Islamic FGM (see [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#The origins of FGM\|The Origins of FGM]], [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM\|Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM]] and [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox2#The Functions of FGM\|the Functions of FGM]]) requires that it be prepubescents who are submitted to FGM, not adolescents or adults.Therefore it is unlikely that Muhammad would have needed to command or require the circumcision of his wives, since they would have already been circumcised before he married them.

	FGM in Islamic cultures is matriarchal, taboo-ridden and secretive affair, usually arranged by female relatives. The hadith '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Do not cut .22severely.22\|do not cut severely]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#One Who Circumcises Other Ladies\|One who circumcises other ladies]]' depict women performing the mutilation, not men. Male family members are excluded and may not even realise that their community engages in the practice. <ref>[http://archive.today/2021.04.09-081411/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/08/victim-fgm-speaking-out-cut-genitals-culture-of-silence I’m a survivor of female genital cutting and I’m speaking out – as others must too - Maryum Saifee]</ref>		FGM in Islamic cultures is matriarchal, taboo-ridden and secretive affair, usually arranged by female relatives. The hadith '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Do not cut .22severely.22\|do not cut severely]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#One Who Circumcises Other Ladies\|One who circumcises other ladies]]' depict women performing the mutilation, not men. Male family members are excluded and may not even realise that their community engages in the practice.<ref>[http://archive.today/2021.04.09-081411/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/08/victim-fgm-speaking-out-cut-genitals-culture-of-silence I’m a survivor of female genital cutting and I’m speaking out – as others must too - Maryum Saifee]</ref>

	{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.09-082018/https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/2019/06/14/a-response-to-delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-part-2/ A Response to ‘Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam’ – part 2]\|[...]brothers are often unaware that their sisters have been 'cut'. The author records a striking instance of this: an Omani undergraduate who was assisting his research into FGM, was stunned to read surveys reporting FGM-rates of between 75 to 95% in Oman, having assumed that his country was free of the practice. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326191394_Female_Genital_Mutilation_in_the_Middle_East_Placing_Oman_on_the_Map Female Genital Mutilation in the Middle East: Placing Oman on the Map, June 2018, Hoda Thabet & Azza Al-Kharousi]</ref>		{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.09-082018/https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/2019/06/14/a-response-to-delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-part-2/ A Response to ‘Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam’ – part 2]\|[...]brothers are often unaware that their sisters have been 'cut'. The author records a striking instance of this: an Omani undergraduate who was assisting his research into FGM, was stunned to read surveys reporting FGM-rates of between 75 to 95% in Oman, having assumed that his country was free of the practice. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326191394_Female_Genital_Mutilation_in_the_Middle_East_Placing_Oman_on_the_Map Female Genital Mutilation in the Middle East: Placing Oman on the Map, June 2018, Hoda Thabet & Azza Al-Kharousi]</ref>

Flynnjed: /* The Qur'an Forbids Mutilation */

2021-04-21T13:11:52Z

The Qur'an Forbids Mutilation

Flynnjed: /* The FGM Hadith Are Weak */

2021-04-21T12:48:17Z

The FGM Hadith Are Weak

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:48, 21 April 2021
Line 208:		Line 208:
	For example, even assuming it a daif hadith, the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely''', since it contradicts neither stronger hadith nor the Qur'an.		For example, even assuming it a daif hadith, the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely''', since it contradicts neither stronger hadith nor the Qur'an.

	~~The hadith - whether daif, hasan, or sahih - provide robust evidence that~~ some form of FGM was practiced by Muhammad's ~~followers~~. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle daleels the consideration what the Sahabah ~~(the Companions of Muhammad)~~ did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). ~~Thus the~~ deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The ~~exception~~ is the ~~Hanafi school, which~~ ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>		That some form of FGM was practiced by the Sahabah (Muhammad's Companions) is amply demonstrated by the hadith. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle [[Daleel\|daleels]] (interpretative heuristics) the consideration of what the Sahabah did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). The deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are therefore second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The Hanafi school is the exception since it ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>
	===The Qur'an Forbids Mutilation===		===The Qur'an Forbids Mutilation===
	{{Quote\|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pd 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)]\|there is no verse in the Quran that can be used as evidence for [FGM]. On the contrary, '''there are several verses that strongly condemn any acts that negatively affect the human body in any way and interfere with Allah’s (SWT) creation without a justification'''. Examples include, “…and there is no changing Allah’s creation. And that is the proper religion but many people do not know” (Quran 30:30) and, “…and make not your own hands contribute to your destruction” (Quran 2:195) }}Islam forbids mutilations to the human body. However, Islam exempts from this interdiction those mutilation that it permits.		{{Quote\|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pd 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)]\|there is no verse in the Quran that can be used as evidence for [FGM]. On the contrary, '''there are several verses that strongly condemn any acts that negatively affect the human body in any way and interfere with Allah’s (SWT) creation without a justification'''. Examples include, “…and there is no changing Allah’s creation. And that is the proper religion but many people do not know” (Quran 30:30) and, “…and make not your own hands contribute to your destruction” (Quran 2:195) }}Islam forbids mutilations to the human body. However, Islam exempts from this interdiction those mutilation that it permits.
Line 215:		Line 215:
	anything done to the body is prohibited unless there is evidence to allow [it]}}		anything done to the body is prohibited unless there is evidence to allow [it]}}

	Male circumcision, for example, is a mutilation that Islamic law permits, and is therefore not forbidden by Islamic law. As are [[Amputation in Islamic Law\|amputation of hand and feet]]. Beheading, [[stoning]], and [[crucifixion]] - which all involve mutilation prior to the victim's death - are all also permitted in Islamic law. ~~This argument is an example 'circular reasoning' of the fallacy of Petitio Principi (assuming in the premise of an argument that which one wishes to prove in the conclusion).~~		Male circumcision, for example, is a mutilation that Islamic law permits, and is therefore not forbidden by Islamic law. As are [[Amputation in Islamic Law\|amputation of hand and feet]]. Beheading, [[stoning]], and [[crucifixion]] - which all involve mutilation prior to the victim's death - are all also permitted in Islamic law.

	('''NB''' ~~Qur'an~~ 2:195 - referenced in the quote at the start of this section - forbids suicide and ''self''-mutilation, and is therefore does not apply to FGM)		This argument is an example the fallacy of Petitio Principi ('Circular Reasoning' or assuming in the premise of an argument that which one wishes to prove in the conclusion).

			('''NB''' {{Quran\|2\|195}} - referenced in the quote at the start of this section - forbids suicide and ''self''-mutilation, and is therefore does not apply to FGM)

	==='Circumcision' is not Mutilation===		==='Circumcision' is not Mutilation===

Flynnjed: /* The FGM Hadith Are Weak */

2021-04-21T12:38:31Z

The FGM Hadith Are Weak

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:38, 21 April 2021
Line 206:		Line 206:
	#its weakness, not authenticity, be realized when applying it.<ref>[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_11_046_2.pdf Portrait of Sheikh Dr. Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, senior Sunni Muslim cleric, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood] - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (2011)</ref>		#its weakness, not authenticity, be realized when applying it.<ref>[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_11_046_2.pdf Portrait of Sheikh Dr. Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, senior Sunni Muslim cleric, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood] - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (2011)</ref>

	For example, even assuming it a daif hadith, the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely''', since it ~~is not in contradiction with the~~ stronger ~~FGM~~ hadith ~~and does not contradict~~ the Qur'an.		For example, even assuming it a daif hadith, the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely''', since it contradicts neither stronger hadith nor the Qur'an.

	The hadith - whether daif, hasan, or sahih - provide robust evidence that some form of FGM was practiced by Muhammad's followers. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle daleels the consideration what the Sahabah (the Companions of Muhammad) did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>		The hadith - whether daif, hasan, or sahih - provide robust evidence that some form of FGM was practiced by Muhammad's followers. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle daleels the consideration what the Sahabah (the Companions of Muhammad) did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>

Flynnjed: /* The FGM Hadith Are Weak */

2021-04-21T12:36:38Z

The FGM Hadith Are Weak

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:36, 21 April 2021
Line 194:		Line 194:
	The statement came as a response to the Tadwin Center for Gender Studies, who has urged the Sheikh of Al-Azhar to reconsider unreliable fatwas released by some members of the faculty of Al-Azhar University who claim '''FGM is a religious necessity based on weak Hadith'''.}}Some of the FGM hadith are considered weak by some scholars and schools of Islam.		The statement came as a response to the Tadwin Center for Gender Studies, who has urged the Sheikh of Al-Azhar to reconsider unreliable fatwas released by some members of the faculty of Al-Azhar University who claim '''FGM is a religious necessity based on weak Hadith'''.}}Some of the FGM hadith are considered weak by some scholars and schools of Islam.

	But ~~it is traditional~~ Islamic scholarship that weak hadiths ~~do not~~ cancel, or weaken, more reliable ones~~, and several sahih (authentic) hadith favour FGM~~.		But several sahih (authentic) hadith favour FGM, and Islamic scholarship does not consider that that weak hadiths cancel, or weaken, more reliable ones.

	Four of the seven '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#FGM in the Hadith\|FGM hadith]]' report Muhammad favouring FGM. Two of these ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The fitrah is five things.2C including circumcision\|The fitrah is five things]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]') are included in ''both'' ~~sahih~~ Bukhari and ~~sahih~~ Muslim. Both ~~hadith compilations~~ are considered wholly authoritative. Moreover these two hadith are also some of the best-supported hadith in these compilations. '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]' is a 'tacit approval' in that it reports Muhammad referring in passing to FGM without him expressing disapproval of it.		Four of the seven '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#FGM in the Hadith\|FGM hadith]]' report Muhammad favouring FGM. Two of these ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The fitrah is five things.2C including circumcision\|The fitrah is five things]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]') are included in the hadith compilations of ''both'' [[Sahih Bukhari\|Bukhari]] and Muslim. Both are considered wholly authoritative. Moreover these two hadith are also some of the best-supported hadith in these compilations. '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]' is a 'tacit approval' in that it reports Muhammad referring in passing to FGM without him expressing disapproval of it. The two other hadith report Muhammad's attitude towards FGM ([[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#A preservation of honor for women\|'A preservation of honour for women]]' and [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Do not cut .22severely.22\|'Do not cut severely']]). These are not generally considered as ''sahih'', but ''hasan'' (good) or ''daif'' (weak).

	~~The~~ two ~~other hadith that report Muhammad's attitude towards~~ FGM ([[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#~~A preservation of honor for women~~\|~~'A preservation of honour for women~~]]' and [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#~~Do not cut .22severely.22~~\|~~'Do not cut severely'~~]]) ~~are~~ not ~~generally considered~~ as ''~~sahih~~'', ~~but~~ ''~~hasan~~'' ~~(good)~~ or ''~~daif~~'' ~~(weak)~~.		Al-Bukhari also compiled two adab which touch on FGM ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Someone to Amuse Them\|Someone to Amuse Them]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them\|Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them]]'). Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths included ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled the hadith in the collection as being mostly ''sahih'' or ''hasan''.

	Al-Bukhari also compiled the two adab ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Someone to Amuse Them\|Someone to Amuse Them]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them\|Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them]]') which touch on FGM. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection as being ''sahih'' or ''hasan''.		Furthermore, whilst weak hadith alone cannot be generate, they can be used if:

	Furthermore, whilst ~~doctrine cannot be generated from a~~ weak hadith alone, they can be used if:

	#the ''hadith'' not be very weak;		#the ''hadith'' not be very weak;
Line 208:		Line 206:
	#its weakness, not authenticity, be realized when applying it.<ref>[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_11_046_2.pdf Portrait of Sheikh Dr. Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, senior Sunni Muslim cleric, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood] - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (2011)</ref>		#its weakness, not authenticity, be realized when applying it.<ref>[https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_11_046_2.pdf Portrait of Sheikh Dr. Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, senior Sunni Muslim cleric, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood] - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (2011)</ref>

	For example the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely'''~~, even assuming it a daif hadith~~, since it is not in contradiction with the stronger FGM hadith and does not contradict the Qur'an.		For example, even assuming it a daif hadith, the information that Muhammad considered a form of FGM excessively severe can be taken from ''<nowiki/>'Do not cut severely''', since it is not in contradiction with the stronger FGM hadith and does not contradict the Qur'an.

	The hadith - whether daif, hasan, or sahih - provide robust evidence that some form of FGM was practiced by Muhammad's followers. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle daleels the consideration what the Sahabah (the Companions of Muhammad) did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>		The hadith - whether daif, hasan, or sahih - provide robust evidence that some form of FGM was practiced by Muhammad's followers. The Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i schools of Islam all have as their principle daleels the consideration what the Sahabah (the Companions of Muhammad) did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and come into play when the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref>

Flynnjed: /* The FGM Hadith Are Weak */

2021-04-21T07:58:58Z

The FGM Hadith Are Weak

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:58, 21 April 2021
Line 192:		Line 192:
	{{Quote\|[https://rumahkitab.com/female-genital-mutilation-forbidden-islam-dar-al-ifta/ Female genital mutilation is forbidden in Islam: Dar Al-Ifta (2019)]\|Highly-ranking Egyptian Muslim institution Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah recently confirmed in a press statement that female genital mutilation (FGM) is religiously forbidden due to it’s negative impact on physical and mental well-being.		{{Quote\|[https://rumahkitab.com/female-genital-mutilation-forbidden-islam-dar-al-ifta/ Female genital mutilation is forbidden in Islam: Dar Al-Ifta (2019)]\|Highly-ranking Egyptian Muslim institution Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah recently confirmed in a press statement that female genital mutilation (FGM) is religiously forbidden due to it’s negative impact on physical and mental well-being.

	The statement came as a response to the Tadwin Center for Gender Studies, who has urged the Sheikh of Al-Azhar to reconsider unreliable fatwas released by some members of the faculty of Al-Azhar University who claim '''FGM is a religious necessity based on weak Hadith'''.}}Some of the FGM hadith are ~~considere~~ weak by some scholars and schools of Islam.		The statement came as a response to the Tadwin Center for Gender Studies, who has urged the Sheikh of Al-Azhar to reconsider unreliable fatwas released by some members of the faculty of Al-Azhar University who claim '''FGM is a religious necessity based on weak Hadith'''.}}Some of the FGM hadith are considered weak by some scholars and schools of Islam.

	But weak hadiths do not cancel, or weaken, more reliable ones, and several sahih hadith favour FGM.		But it is traditional Islamic scholarship that weak hadiths do not cancel, or weaken, more reliable ones, and several sahih (authentic) hadith favour FGM.

	Four of the seven '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#FGM in the Hadith\|FGM hadith]]' report Muhammad favouring FGM. Two of these ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The fitrah is five things.2C including circumcision\|The fitrah is five things]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]') are included in ''both'' sahih Bukhari and sahih Muslim. Both hadith compilations are considered wholly authoritative. Moreover these two hadith are also some of the best-supported hadith in these compilations. '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]' is a 'tacit approval' in that it reports Muhammad referring in passing to FGM without him expressing disapproval of it.		Four of the seven '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#FGM in the Hadith\|FGM hadith]]' report Muhammad favouring FGM. Two of these ('[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The fitrah is five things.2C including circumcision\|The fitrah is five things]]' and '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]') are included in ''both'' sahih Bukhari and sahih Muslim. Both hadith compilations are considered wholly authoritative. Moreover these two hadith are also some of the best-supported hadith in these compilations. '[[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#When the circumcised parts touch each other\|When the circumcised parts touch]]' is a 'tacit approval' in that it reports Muhammad referring in passing to FGM without him expressing disapproval of it.

Flynnjed: /* Not All Muslims Practice FGM */

2021-04-21T07:57:19Z

Not All Muslims Practice FGM

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 21 April 2021
Line 175:		Line 175:
	===Not All Muslims Practice FGM===		===Not All Muslims Practice FGM===
	{{Quote\|[http://www.african-women.org/documents/behind-FGM-tradition.pdf What is behind the tradition of FGM?		{{Quote\|[http://www.african-women.org/documents/behind-FGM-tradition.pdf What is behind the tradition of FGM?
	Dr. Ashenafi Moges (2009)]\|However, '''not all Muslims practise FGM''', for example, it is not practised in Saudi Arabia, Libya, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, the Maghreb countries of northwest Africa, Morocco, Iran and Iraq. All the Muslims in FGM practicing countries do not practice it, for example, in the case of Senegal where 94% of the population are Muslims only 20% practice FGM (Mottin-Sylla 1990). }}~~About 20% of Muslim women have undergone FGM<ref name=":0" />, which suggests that about 80% of Muslims~~ ''~~don~~'t'' ~~practice FGM. However, if this fact is taken to prove that FGM is un~~-~~Islamic, it must be on~~ the ~~assumption that Islam is defined only by that which it universally forbids or makes universally obligatory~~ - ~~that only those practices which ''all'' Muslims engage~~ in ~~are Islamic~~, and ~~that minority practices are by definition un~~-~~Islamic~~.		Dr. Ashenafi Moges (2009)]\|However, '''not all Muslims practise FGM''', for example, it is not practised in Saudi Arabia, Libya, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, the Maghreb countries of northwest Africa, Morocco, Iran and Iraq. All the Muslims in FGM practicing countries do not practice it, for example, in the case of Senegal where 94% of the population are Muslims only 20% practice FGM (Mottin-Sylla 1990). }}('''NB''' - since Dr Ashenafi Moges published the above-cited essay, FGM has been reported in Jordan, Syria, Iran and Iraq and many other Middle East countries. Studies have found FGM-rates of 20% in Saudi Arabia<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190606-almost-1-in-5-women-in-saudi-subject-to-fgm/ Almost 1 in 5 women in Saudi subject to FGM] (2019)</ref>)

	But religions are also defined by, and responsible for, what they recommend, encourage, allow and discourage. For example, the Eucharist (Holy Communion) is recommended, not obligatory, but it is nevertheless Christian, despite not all Christians taking the Eucharist. And polygyny is Islamic, ~~despite not every Muslim having several wives~~.		About 20% of Muslim women have undergone FGM<ref name=":0" />, which suggests that about 80% of Muslims ''don't'' practice FGM.

	~~Not all~~ Islamic ~~practices are~~ obligatory~~: polygyny~~ and ~~child marriage~~ are ~~not obligatory~~, and ~~whilst a Muslim must complete 5 prayers a day~~, ~~there are optional (nawafil) prayers which confer additional rewards. Fasting outside of the month of Ramadhan~~, ~~or giving sadaqah (voluntary charity) are also optional~~.		However critics have pointed out that if this fact proves FGM to be un-Islamic, it is on the assumption that Islam is defined solely by that which it universally forbids or makes universally obligatory - and that only those practices which ''all'' Muslims engage in are Islamic, and that minority practices are, by definition, un-Islamic.

	~~Where a practice~~ is not obligatory it is ~~generally the case that '~~not ~~all Muslims' - or even a minority of Muslims - practice it~~.		But religions are also defined by (and responsible for) what they recommend, encourage, allow and discourage. For example, the Eucharist (Holy Communion) is recommended not obligatory, and not all Christians take the Eucharist. But it is nevertheless Christian. Polygyny is Islamic, despite not every Muslim having several wives.

	~~Variations in the stances of the schools of fiqh to~~ a ~~large extent account for why not all Muslims practice FGM~~. ~~The schools' different levels~~ of ~~obligation are reflected in~~ the ~~incidence~~ of ~~FGM~~. And where it is ~~merely~~ '~~allowed~~' or ~~'tolerated' are we surprised that parents abstain from an act that goes against parents deepest instincts? The Shafi'i school makes FGM obligatory and we find FGM rates~~ of ~~+90% in Shafi'i communities. The Maliki and Hanbali schools recommend~~ it ~~- and the FGM rates in those communities are generally lower than with Shafi'i communities. The Hanafi school merely allows FGM - and Hanafi communities largely eschew FGM~~.		Nor are all Islamic practices obligatory: polygyny and child marriage are not obligatory, and whilst a Muslim must complete 5 prayers a day, there are optional (nawafil) prayers which confer additional rewards. Fasting outside of the month of Ramadhan, or giving sadaqah (voluntary charity) are also optional. And where a practice is not obligatory it is generally the case that 'not all Muslims' - or onlyn a minority of Muslims - practice it.

	~~Thus~~ the ~~fact that~~ not all Muslims practice FGM ~~is a consequence~~ of ~~some schools allowing FGM, others recommending it, and others mandating it. That some communities, where they have the freedom to choose, have historically chosen not to engage~~ in ~~FGM does not alter~~ the ~~fact that Islam's basic position~~ of '~~'allowing'' FGM,~~ makes FGM ~~Islamic. But~~ FGM ~~is not an ethically neutral act, such as the Eucharist~~ - ~~swallowing a wafer~~ - ~~or Baptism - sprinkling water on a baby~~'~~s head~~. FGM ~~is an act of mutilation carried out on a child~~. '~~Allowing'~~ is ~~no more the appropriate base-line for such an act than it would be for child sexual abuse, rape or murder. Likewise a legal system does not need to make child sexual abuse~~ ''~~compulsory~~'' ~~for it to be defined as being favourable to child sexual abuse -~~ it ~~is sufficient~~ that ~~it ''allows'' child sexual abuse to earn itself~~ that ~~label.~~		Variations in the stances of the schools of fiqh to a large extent account for why not all Muslims practice FGM. The schools' different levels of obligation are reflected in the incidence of FGM. The Shafi'i school makes FGM obligatory and Shafi'i communities generally have +90% FGM-rates. The Maliki and Hanbali schools recommend it - and the FGM rates in those communities are generally lower than with Shafi'i communities. The Hanafi school merely allows FGM - and Hanafi communities largely eschew FGM. Shafi'i communities. Where it is merely 'allowed' or 'tolerated' is it surprising that many parents abstain from an act that must go against their deepest instincts?

	('''~~NB'~~'' - ~~since Dr Ashenafi Moges published the above~~-~~cited essay, FGM has been reported in Jordan, Syria, Iran and Iraq and many other Middle East countries~~. ~~Studies have found~~ FGM~~-rates~~ of ~~20% in Saudi Arabia<ref>[https://www~~.~~middleeastmonitor~~.~~com/20190606-almost-1-in-5-women-in-saudi-subject~~-to~~-fgm/ Almost 1 in 5 women in Saudi subject~~ to ~~FGM] (2019)</ref>)~~		Islam's base-line position is that of ''not forbidding'' FGM. But FGM is not an ethically neutral act, such as the Eucharist - swallowing a wafer - or Baptism - sprinkling water on a baby's head. FGM is an act of mutilation carried out on a child. 'Not forbidding' is no more the appropriate base-line for such an act than it would be for child sexual abuse, rape or murder. Likewise a legal system does not need to make child sexual abuse ''compulsory'' for it to be defined as being favourable to child sexual abuse - it is sufficient that it ''fails to forbid'' child sexual abuse to earn itself that label.

	===The FGM Hadith Are Weak===		===The FGM Hadith Are Weak===

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 21 April 2021
Line 283:		Line 283:
	[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam']		[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam']

	[https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/2019/06/14/a-response-to-delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-part-1/ A Critique of ~~‘Delinking~~ Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from ~~Islam’~~]		[https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/2019/06/14/a-response-to-delinking-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-from-islam-part-1/ A Critique of the Above (Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam)]

	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 21 April 2021
Line 219:		Line 219:
	This argument is an example the fallacy of Petitio Principi ('Circular Reasoning' or assuming in the premise of an argument that which one wishes to prove in the conclusion).		This argument is an example the fallacy of Petitio Principi ('Circular Reasoning' or assuming in the premise of an argument that which one wishes to prove in the conclusion).

	('''NB''' {{Quran\|2\|195}} - referenced in the quote at the start of this section - forbids suicide and ''self''-mutilation, and is therefore does not apply to FGM)		('''NB''' {{Quran\|2\|195}} - referenced in the quote at the start of this section - forbids suicide and '''''self'''''-mutilation, and therefore does not apply to FGM)

	==='Circumcision' is not Mutilation===		==='Circumcision' is not Mutilation===
Line 225:		Line 225:

	The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}}		The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}}
	The term ''<nowiki/>'Female Circumcision''' is ~~sometimes~~ used by those who consider certain practices as insufficiently harmful or intrusive to merit the epithet 'mutilation' (as in 'Female Genital ''Mutilation').''		The term ''<nowiki/>'''Female Circumcision' is used by those who consider certain practices insufficiently harmful or intrusive to merit the epithet 'mutilation' (as in 'Female Genital ''Mutilation')'' and can be applied to any procedure short of infibulation''.''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233100651_Somali_Women_in_Western_Exile_Reassessing_Female_Circumcision_in_the_Light_of_Islamic_Teachings Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings] Sara Johnsdotter</ref> The relatively moderate procedure of the ''"removal of the clitoral hood or a ritual nick on the external female genitalia"'' is called 'Sunnah Circumcision'.<ref>[https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]</ref>

	One such practice is the ''"removal of the clitoral hood or a ritual nick on the external female genitalia"''<ref>[https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]</ref>. This is sometimes called 'Sunnah Circumcision' (though this term can be used to denote any form of FGM other than infibulation<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233100651_Somali_Women_in_Western_Exile_Reassessing_Female_Circumcision_in_the_Light_of_Islamic_Teachings Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings] Sara Johnsdotter</ref>). It is mostly practiced by South Asian Muslims, who belong to the Shafi'i school, which makes FGM obligatory and is associated with the most severe form of FGM, ~~infibulation. Sunnah circumcision may have been a way of fulfilling this obligation whilst sparing girls the extremities of~~ infibulation. Infibulation would have been a practice alien to South Asian Muslims, ~~since~~ it ~~is arose with~~ the Islamic slave trade, which largely spared South Asia.<ref>[https://www.librairie-de-flore.fr/produit/esclavage-lhistoire-a-lendroit/ l'Esclavage: l'Histoire à l'Endroit' by Bernard Lugan (2020)]</ref><ref>[https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Forgotten-Slave-Trade-Hardback/p/18473 The Forgotten Slave Trade - the White European Slaves of Islam] by Simon Webb</ref>		Sunnah Circumcision is mostly practiced by South Asian Muslims, who belong to the Shafi'i school, which makes FGM obligatory and is associated with the most severe form of FGM, infibulation. Infibulation would have been a practice alien to South Asian Muslims, arising as it did from the Islamic slave trade, which largely spared South Asia.<ref>[https://www.librairie-de-flore.fr/produit/esclavage-lhistoire-a-lendroit/ l'Esclavage: l'Histoire à l'Endroit' by Bernard Lugan (2020)]</ref><ref>[https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Forgotten-Slave-Trade-Hardback/p/18473 The Forgotten Slave Trade - the White European Slaves of Islam] by Simon Webb</ref> Sunnah circumcision may have been a way of sparing girls the extremities of infibulation whilst still fulfilling the obligation to engage in FGM.

	Granted that 'Sunnah Circumcision' is a ''lesser'' mutilation than full clitoridectomy ~~(or~~ excision or infibulation) it nevertheless remains a mutilation because:		Granted that 'Sunnah Circumcision' is a ''lesser'' mutilation than full clitoridectomy, excision or infibulation, it nevertheless remains a mutilation because:

	*it serves no medical or prophylactic purpose		#it serves no medical or prophylactic purpose
	*it damages the functioning of an important body part (~~amongst other things,~~ permanent exposure reduces the sensitivity of the clitoris)		#it damages the functioning of an important body part (e.g. permanent exposure reduces the sensitivity of the clitoris)
	*it unnecessarily exposes the child to health risks, both short-term and long-term<ref>[https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/health-risks-of-female-genital-mutilation Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)] WHO</ref>		#it unnecessarily exposes the child to health risks, both short-term and long-term<ref>[https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/health-risks-of-female-genital-mutilation Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)] WHO</ref>
	*it is generally done in needlessly traumatic manner - anaesthetics are generally eschewed<!-- link to FGM as initiation rite -->		#it is generally done in a needlessly traumatic manner: anaesthetics are generally eschewed<!-- link to FGM as initiation rite -->
	*it is practiced on children, who can not give informed consent to such a procedure		#it is practiced on children, who can not give informed consent to such a procedure
	*though children can not consent to this procedure, they can ''refuse'' consent or ''withdraw'' it (~~this is~~ signaled by the child struggling to escape the procedure or begging for it to stop). However ~~this refusal/withdrawal of~~ consent is ~~generally not~~ respected by those carrying out the procedure		#though children can not consent to this procedure, they ''can'' refuse consent or withdraw it (signaled by the child struggling to escape the procedure or begging for it to stop). However the child's consent-decision is rarely respected by those carrying out the procedure

	The removal of the clitoral prepuce is justified by [[Daleel\|Qiyas]] as being analogous to male circumcision. Proponents of this position accuse bodies such as the World Health Organisation of double standards in that they condemn 'Sunnah Circumcision' but not Male Circumcision.		The removal of the clitoral prepuce is justified by [[Daleel\|Qiyas]] as being analogous to male circumcision. Proponents of this position accuse bodies such as the World Health Organisation of double standards in that they condemn 'Sunnah Circumcision' but not Male Circumcision.

	If one accepts that ritual male circumcision is not mutilation then their position seems coherent. However, the above-listed characteristics apply equally to male circumcision, and thus male circumcision is a mutilation. The failure of ~~such~~ bodies to classify male circumcision as a mutilation is a political and pragmatic decision, not one based on ethics or an objective evaluation of the practice ~~- the practice~~ is simply too widespread and too ~~accepted~~ for ~~a body~~ such ~~as the WHO~~ to condemn (it is estimated that 38.7% of males are ~~circumcises~~, with 68% of that figure being Muslim men<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772313/ Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision - Brian J Morris et al.] (2016)</ref>).		If one accepts that ritual male circumcision is not mutilation then their position seems coherent. However, the six above-listed characteristics apply equally to male circumcision, and thus male circumcision is a mutilation. The failure of the WHO and other bodies to classify male circumcision as a mutilation is a political and pragmatic decision, not one based on ethics or an objective evaluation of the practice. Male circumcision is simply too widespread and too entrenched for such organisations to condemn (it is estimated that 38.7% of males are circumcised, with 68% of that figure being Muslim men<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772313/ Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision - Brian J Morris et al.] (2016)</ref>).

	The argument that 'Sunnah Circumcision' should be allowed because Male Circumcision is allowed is to argue that ~~because~~ Evil X ~~is tolerated~~ Evil Y ~~should therefore also be tolerated'~~. The WHO etc should ~~aspire to be consistent~~ by condemning ''both'' practices, not by condoning ~~both~~.		The argument that 'Sunnah Circumcision' should be allowed because Male Circumcision is allowed is to argue that Evil X should be allowed because Evil Y is allowed. The WHO etc should achieve coherence by condemning ''both'' practices, not by condoning them.

	'~~<nowiki/>~~''NB''' - no-one who practices, or defends, FGM refers to what they do as 'mutilation', not even those who infibulate. This is especially so for Muslims, since the Qur'an appears to forbid mutilation ({{Quran\|30\|30}}, {{Quran\|2\|195}} - but see [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The Qur.27an Forbids Mutilation\|previous section]]). The line which separates ~~'''''<nowiki/>'''<nowiki/>~~'justified intervention~~'<nowiki/>'~~' and ~~''<nowiki/>~~'mutilation~~'''~~ is therefore always set somewhere beyond the practice being defended. ~~The fact~~ that a Muslim ~~condemns~~ 'Female Genital Mutilation' but on further discussion, reveal themselves to support 'Female ''circumcision'.''		'''NB -''' no-one who practices, or defends, FGM refers to what they do as 'mutilation', not even those who infibulate. This is especially so for Muslims, since the Qur'an appears to forbid mutilation ({{Quran\|30\|30}}, {{Quran\|2\|195}} - but see [[User:Flynnjed/Sandbox#The Qur.27an Forbids Mutilation\|previous section]]). The line which separates 'justified intervention' and 'mutilation is therefore always set somewhere beyond the practice being defended. It can happen that a Muslim will condemn 'Female Genital Mutilation' but on further discussion, reveal themselves to support 'Female circumcision'.

			<nowiki/><nowiki/>'''<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>'''
	===There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised===		===There Is No Record of Muhammad Having His Wives or Daughters Circumcised===
	{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/2021.04.09-045325/https://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/#selection-1263.35-1263.257 Islam And Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)]\|The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had four daughters and '''we have no strong sources to prove if even one of them was circumcised''', therefore it can be concluded that this practice has no strong reasons to be called as Islamic.}}		{{Quote\|[https://archive.ph/2021.04.09-045325/https://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/#selection-1263.35-1263.257 Islam And Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)]\|The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had four daughters and '''we have no strong sources to prove if even one of them was circumcised''', therefore it can be concluded that this practice has no strong reasons to be called as Islamic.}}