Medina: Difference between revisions
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'''Medina''', also known as ''al-Madinah al-Munawwarah'' (المدينة المنورة, lit. "the enlightened city") is a city in the Hijaz region of the Arabian peninsula, today ruled by [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is considered the second most holy city in [[Islam]], is host to the second most holy mosque in Islam (''Masjid al-Nabawi'', lit. " the prophetic mosque") and is the burial place of [[Muhammad]]. While not a mandatory part of the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage that all able Muslims are required to make at least once in their lifetimes, most Muslims who visit [[Mecca]] also end up visiting Medina as well. | '''Medina''', also known as ''al-Madinah al-Munawwarah'' (المدينة المنورة, lit. "the enlightened city") is a city in the Hijaz region of the Arabian peninsula, today ruled by [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is considered the second most holy city in [[Islam]], is host to the second most holy mosque in Islam (''Masjid al-Nabawi'', lit. " the prophetic mosque") and is the burial place of [[Muhammad]]. While not a mandatory part of the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage that all able Muslims are required to make at least once in their lifetimes, most Muslims who visit [[Mecca]] also end up visiting Medina as well. | ||
Revision as of 23:23, 2 September 2020
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Medina, also known as al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (المدينة المنورة, lit. "the enlightened city") is a city in the Hijaz region of the Arabian peninsula, today ruled by Saudi Arabia. It is considered the second most holy city in Islam, is host to the second most holy mosque in Islam (Masjid al-Nabawi, lit. " the prophetic mosque") and is the burial place of Muhammad. While not a mandatory part of the Hajj pilgrimage that all able Muslims are required to make at least once in their lifetimes, most Muslims who visit Mecca also end up visiting Medina as well.
As with Mecca (the holiest city in Islam), entrance to Medina is restricted to Muslims only; non-Muslims are neither permitted to enter nor travel through the city.
The name Medina simply means "city" and was the name the city took when Muhammad came to rule it, as a shortened version of Madinah al-Nabi (lit. "the prophet's city"). Prior to Muhammad's rule, the city was known as Yathrib, and this is the name by which the city is referred to in the Qur'an.
According to Islamic sources
From Yathrib to Medina
Islamic sources describe the city of Medina as having been host to two competing Arab tribes (the 'Aws and the Khazraj) as well as three Jewish tribes (the Banu Qaynuqa, the Banu Qurayza, and the Banu Nadir). It is further said that at the when Muhammad fled Mecca for Medinah, in what became known as the Hijra, in 622, he had in fact been invited by the ever-at-arms Aws and Khazraj tribes to serve as a neutral third party and ruler over them. The Muslims who would follow Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in making this Hijra would come to be known as the Muhajirun, or "migrants". This migrants would be distinguished from the 'Aws and Khazraj who, having converted to Islam, would be subsumed under the title and role of the Ansar, or "helpers", who would serve as hosts to the Muhajirun.
Whereas the portion of the Qur'an produced during Muhammad's years in Mecca (so-called Makki verses) focused almost entirely on personal matters of faith and worship, the verses of the Qur'an produced during Muhammad's years in Medina would center on legalistic and military doctrine, transforming Islam, in large part, into the religion that it is today.
Battles
During his years in Medina, the hadiths record that Muhammad and his followers would engage in several assaults on Qurayshi Meccan caravans and trigger battles between the two cities, which the Muslims would win with varying levels of success (the Battle of Badr in 624, the Battle of Uhud in 625, and the Battle of the Trenches, or al-khandaq, in 627).
Fate of the Medinan Jews
By the time Muhammad is said to have built up sufficient military forces to conquer Mecca, all the Jewish tribes in Medina were removed, being compelled to leave or eliminated entirely through battle, siege, or massacre.
Relevant Quotations
Qur'an
These verses refer to the dichotomy of the Ansar (helpers) and the Muhajirun (Migrants)