Yassi Yer va Quron: Difference between revisions

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{{Incompletetranslations}}
{{Incompletetranslations|Flat Earth and the Quran|Uzbek}}
[[File:Flat Earth The Wonders of Creation.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Taken from Zekeriya Kazvinî's "Acaib-ül Mahlûkat" (The Wonders of Creation). Translated into Turkish from Arabic. Istanbul: ca. 1553. <BR>This map depicts "a traditional Islamic projection of the world as a flat disk surrounded by the sundering seas which are restrained by the encircling mountains of Qaf".<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]]
[[File:Flat Earth The Wonders of Creation.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Zekeriya Kazvinî'ning "Acaib-ül Mahlûkat" ("Yaratilish ajoyiblari") asaridan olingan. Turkcahdan Arabchaga ögirilgan. Istanbul: taxm. 1553. <BR>Bu xarita "dunyoni ananaviy Islomiy tarzda Qof toğlari bilan cheklangan dengizlar bilan öralgan tekis disk" qilib tasvirlaydi.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]]
This article takes a closer look at some of the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses that imply its author assumed the earth is flat.
Ushbu maqolada [[Quron]] muallifi Yerni yassi deb öylaganini körsatuvchi oyatlarga yoritiladi.
== Kirish ==
==Kirish==


The fact that the earth is not flat has been known for thousands of years. The Ancient [[Greece|Greeks]] Pythagoras (570 - 495 BC), Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Hipparchus (190 - 120 BC) all knew this. The [[India|Indian]] astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata (476 - 550 AD) knew this. And so did the early Christian scholars Anicius Boëthius (480 - 524 AD), Bishop Isidore of Seville (560 - 636 AD), Bishop Rabanus Maurus (780 - 856 AD), the monk Bede (672 - 735 AD), Bishop Vergilius of Salzburg (700 - 784 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 AD). In fact, contrary to what we are often told, the sphericity of the earth was common knowledge among early medieval [[Europe|Europeans]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_the_Flat_Earth&oldid=556807448|title= Myth of the Flat Earth|publisher= Wikipedia|author= |date= accessed June 12, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMyth_of_the_Flat_Earth&date=2013-06-12|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the Holy Roman Empire from as early as 395 AD used an orb to represent the spherical Earth.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globus_cruciger&oldid=312872920 Globus cruciger] - Wikipedia, accessed September 9, 2009</ref>
The fact that the earth is not flat has been known for thousands of years. The Ancient [[Greece|Greeks]] Pythagoras (570 - 495 BC), Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Hipparchus (190 - 120 BC) all knew this. The [[India|Indian]] astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata (476 - 550 AD) knew this. And so did the early Christian scholars Anicius Boëthius (480 - 524 AD), Bishop Isidore of Seville (560 - 636 AD), Bishop Rabanus Maurus (780 - 856 AD), the monk Bede (672 - 735 AD), Bishop Vergilius of Salzburg (700 - 784 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 AD). In fact, contrary to what we are often told, the sphericity of the earth was common knowledge among early medieval Europeans<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_the_Flat_Earth&oldid=556807448|title= Myth of the Flat Earth|publisher= Wikipedia|author= |date= accessed June 12, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMyth_of_the_Flat_Earth&date=2013-06-12|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the Holy Roman Empire from as early as 395 AD used an orb to represent the spherical Earth.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globus_cruciger&oldid=312872920 Globus cruciger] - Wikipedia, accessed September 9, 2009</ref>


If the [[Qur'an]] is a letter-by-letter dictation from [[Allah]], it should also concur with this fact that was known throughout the world ''before'' its [[revelation]], and it should contradict the flat earth model widely believed in by the 7<sup>th</sup> century Bedouins of Arabia.
If the [[Qur'an]] is a letter-by-letter dictation from [[Allah]], it should also concur with this fact that was known throughout the world ''before'' its [[revelation]], and it should contradict the flat earth model widely believed in by the 7<sup>th</sup> century Bedouins of Arabia.


== Quron oyatlarining tahlili ==
==Quron oyatlarining tahlili==
=== 15-sura 19-oyat ===
===15-sura 19-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|15|19}}|''' والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل شئ موزون'''
{{Quote|{{Quron|15|19}}|''' والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل شئ موزون'''


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مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq
مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq


=== 20-sura 53-oyat ===
===20-sura 53-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|20|53}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وسلك لكم فيها سبلا وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرجنا به ازواجا من نبات شتى
{{Quote|{{Quron|20|53}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وسلك لكم فيها سبلا وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرجنا به ازواجا من نبات شتى


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مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.
مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.


=== 43-sura 10-oyat ===
===43-sura 10-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|43|10}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وجعل لكم فيها سبلا لعلكم تهتدون
{{Quote|{{Quron|43|10}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وجعل لكم فيها سبلا لعلكم تهتدون


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مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.
مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.


=== 50-sura 7-oyat ===  
===50-sura 7-oyat===  
{{Quote|{{Quron|50|7}}| '''والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل زوج بهيج
{{Quote|{{Quron|50|7}}| '''والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل زوج بهيج


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مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq
مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq


=== 51-sura 48-oyat ===
===51-sura 48-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|51|48}}| والارض فرشناها فنعم الماهدون
{{Quote|{{Quron|51|48}}| والارض فرشناها فنعم الماهدون


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الْمَهِدُونَ  dan boshlab مَهِدُ = yoymoq, yumshatmoq, tekislamoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq
الْمَهِدُونَ  dan boshlab مَهِدُ = yoymoq, yumshatmoq, tekislamoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq


=== 71-sura 19-oyat ===
===71-sura 19-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|71|19}}| والله جعل لكم الارض بساطا
{{Quote|{{Quron|71|19}}| والله جعل لكم الارض بساطا


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ushbu fe'l orqali بسط = yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq
ushbu fe'l orqali بسط = yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq


=== 78-sura 6-oyat ===
===78-sura 6-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|78|6}}| الم نجعل الارض مهادا
{{Quote|{{Quron|78|6}}| الم نجعل الارض مهادا


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مهاد = tekis joy, tekis, tekislik, to'shalgan.
مهاد = tekis joy, tekis, tekislik, to'shalgan.


=== 79-sura 30-oyat ===
===79-sura 30-oyat===
Ko'pchilik musulmonlar [[Quron]]dagi {{Quron|79|30}} oyatini  qo'llagan holatda [[Quron]]da Yer yassi deya ta'kidlanmagan deb uni oqlaydilar. Ushbu oyatdagi "dahaha" iborasi bunga asosa qilib olinadi, bu ibora ko'p ma'noli bo'lib, "ajratmoq", "yoymoq" yoki "cho'zmoq" ma'nolarini bildiradi.  
Ko'pchilik musulmonlar [[Quron]]dagi {{Quron|79|30}} oyatini  qo'llagan holatda [[Quron]]da Yer yassi deya ta'kidlanmagan deb uni oqlaydilar. Ushbu oyatdagi "dahaha" iborasi bunga asosa qilib olinadi, bu ibora ko'p ma'noli bo'lib, "ajratmoq", "yoymoq" yoki "cho'zmoq" ma'nolarini bildiradi.  
{{Quote|{{Quron|79|30}}| '''En arabe:'''  والارض بعد ذلك دحاها
{{Quote|{{Quron|79|30}}| '''En arabe:'''  والارض بعد ذلك دحاها
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'''So'zma so'z tarjimasi:''' Va shundan keyin yerni yoyib-tekis qildi <ref>http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30</ref> }}
'''So'zma so'z tarjimasi:''' Va shundan keyin yerni yoyib-tekis qildi <ref>http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30</ref> }}


==== Tarjimalar hilma hilligi ====
====Tarjimalar hilma hilligi====


[[Quron]]ning arabchadan boshqa tillarga tarjimalari orasida juda katta tafovutlar mavjuddir. Aynan {{Quron|79|30}} oyatidagi "dahaha" iborasi ham bundan mustasno emasdir. Ko'pchilik islomshunos olimlar Quronning ingilizcha, fransuzcha yoki boshqa xalqaro tillaridagi tarjimalarida bu so'zni qaysi ma'noda ishlatish hususida haligacha bir to'htamga kelishmagan. O'zbek tilidagi Quron tarjimasida ham aynan shu oyat ikki hil tarzda tarjima qilingan, birinchi tarjimada yerni yoyiq-tekisligi haqida aytilsa<ref>http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30</ref>, uning yana bir tarjimasida yerni tuxum shalida ekanligi <ref>http://www.quran.uz/tarjima/quran/79</ref> ta'kidlanadi.
[[Quron]]ning arabchadan boshqa tillarga tarjimalari orasida juda katta tafovutlar mavjuddir. Aynan {{Quron|79|30}} oyatidagi "dahaha" iborasi ham bundan mustasno emasdir. Ko'pchilik islomshunos olimlar Quronning ingilizcha, fransuzcha yoki boshqa xalqaro tillaridagi tarjimalarida bu so'zni qaysi ma'noda ishlatish hususida haligacha bir to'htamga kelishmagan. O'zbek tilidagi Quron tarjimasida ham aynan shu oyat ikki hil tarzda tarjima qilingan, birinchi tarjimada yerni yoyiq-tekisligi haqida aytilsa<ref>http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30</ref>, uning yana bir tarjimasida yerni tuxum shalida ekanligi <ref>http://www.quran.uz/tarjima/quran/79</ref> ta'kidlanadi.


==== Musulmonlarning oqlovlari ====
====Musulmonlarning oqlovlari====


Musulmonlarning ko'pchiligi [[Quron]]da yerning - "dahaha" ya'ni "tuyaqush tuxumi"ga o'hshatilganligini ta'kidlashadi.  
Musulmonlarning ko'pchiligi [[Quron]]da yerning - "dahaha" ya'ni "tuyaqush tuxumi"ga o'hshatilganligini ta'kidlashadi.  
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Musulmonlarning "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralari "yumaloqlik" ma'nosini bildirishi haqidagi argumentlari asossizdir, "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralarning "yumaloqligi faqat ikki o'lchamli "yumaloqlik"ni anglatadi, ya'ni ko'proq o'zbekchadagi doiraga mos tushadi, huddi non yoki disk shakli kabi. Lekin "dahaha" so'zining yana bir ma'nosi "irg'itish", "otish" demakdir, aynan shundan "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" so'zlari unga bog'langandir.
Musulmonlarning "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralari "yumaloqlik" ma'nosini bildirishi haqidagi argumentlari asossizdir, "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralarning "yumaloqligi faqat ikki o'lchamli "yumaloqlik"ni anglatadi, ya'ni ko'proq o'zbekchadagi doiraga mos tushadi, huddi non yoki disk shakli kabi. Lekin "dahaha" so'zining yana bir ma'nosi "irg'itish", "otish" demakdir, aynan shundan "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" so'zlari unga bog'langandir.


==== Daha va Duhiya ====
====Daha va Duhiya====
Arab tilida har bir so'z o'zining boshlang'ich ildiziga ega. Ildiz so'zlar asosan uch harfdan tashkil topadi va talaffuzning o'zgarishi bilan so'zning ma'nosi ham o'zgarib boradi. Unga kelishik qo'shimchalarning qo'shilishi ham so'zni ma'nosini o'zgartirishi mumkin. Masalan: "ka-ta-ba" (yozmoq) ildiz so'zi hozigi ko'p so'zning asosi hisoblanadi - "kitab" (kitob), "maktaba" (kutubhona), "katib" (muallif, "maktub" (qo'lyozma, xat), "kitabat" (qo'lyozmalar, yozishmalar) va hakozolar.  
Arab tilida har bir so'z o'zining boshlang'ich ildiziga ega. Ildiz so'zlar asosan uch harfdan tashkil topadi va talaffuzning o'zgarishi bilan so'zning ma'nosi ham o'zgarib boradi. Unga kelishik qo'shimchalarning qo'shilishi ham so'zni ma'nosini o'zgartirishi mumkin. Masalan: "ka-ta-ba" (yozmoq) ildiz so'zi hozigi ko'p so'zning asosi hisoblanadi - "kitab" (kitob), "maktaba" (kutubhona), "katib" (muallif, "maktub" (qo'lyozma, xat), "kitabat" (qo'lyozmalar, yozishmalar) va hakozolar.  


Endi "Tuyaqush tuxumi" ma'nosini bildiruvchi "Duhiya" so'ziga e'tibor qaratsak. Dastavval bu so'z ildiz so'z emas. Bu oddiy so'z bo'lib uning asosi "da-ha-wa" ildiz so'zi bo'lib, u o'z navbatida "dahaha" so'zidan kelib chiqqan. Mana bu haqda arab lug'atlarining eng holislardan biri shunday deydi:
Endi "Tuyaqush tuxumi" ma'nosini bildiruvchi "Duhiya" so'ziga e'tibor qaratsak. Dastavval bu so'z ildiz so'z emas. Bu oddiy so'z bo'lib uning asosi "da-ha-wa" ildiz so'zi bo'lib, u o'z navbatida "dahaha" so'zidan kelib chiqqan. Mana bu haqda arab lug'atlarining eng holislardan biri shunday deydi:


===== Lison Al 'Arab =====
=====Lison Al 'Arab=====
{{quote || الأُدْحِيُّ و الإدْحِيُّ و الأُدْحِيَّة و الإدْحِيَّة و الأُدْحُوّة مَبِيض النعام في الرمل , وزنه أُفْعُول من ذلك , لأَن النعامة تَدْحُوه برِجْلها ثم تَبِيض فيه وليس للنعام عُشٌّ . و مَدْحَى النعام : موضع بيضها , و أُدْحِيُّها موضعها الذي تُفَرِّخ فيه .ِ}}
{{quote || الأُدْحِيُّ و الإدْحِيُّ و الأُدْحِيَّة و الإدْحِيَّة و الأُدْحُوّة مَبِيض النعام في الرمل , وزنه أُفْعُول من ذلك , لأَن النعامة تَدْحُوه برِجْلها ثم تَبِيض فيه وليس للنعام عُشٌّ . و مَدْحَى النعام : موضع بيضها , و أُدْحِيُّها موضعها الذي تُفَرِّخ فيه .ِ}}
Tarjima: Al-udhy, Al-idhy, Al-udhiyya, Al-idhiyya, Al-udhuvva: Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan qum usti. Tuxum qo'yishdan oldin Tuyaqush yerni yoki qumni kovlaydi, va o'sha joyga tuxumini qo'yadi: Tuyaqushni uyasi bo'lmaydi.
Tarjima: Al-udhy, Al-idhy, Al-udhiyya, Al-idhiyya, Al-udhuvva: Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan qum usti. Tuxum qo'yishdan oldin Tuyaqush yerni yoki qumni kovlaydi, va o'sha joyga tuxumini qo'yadi: Tuyaqushni uyasi bo'lmaydi.
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Keyingi qismda lug'at har xil arab ruboiylardan ushbu so'zni ma'nosini ko'rsatgan holda misollar keltiradi. Arab tilini tushunadigan har bir kishi uchun "Daha" so'zi "yoymoq", "kengaytirmoq" ma'nolarini bildirishini anglash qiyin emas.
Keyingi qismda lug'at har xil arab ruboiylardan ushbu so'zni ma'nosini ko'rsatgan holda misollar keltiradi. Arab tilini tushunadigan har bir kishi uchun "Daha" so'zi "yoymoq", "kengaytirmoq" ma'nolarini bildirishini anglash qiyin emas.


===== Al Qamus Al Muhit =====  
=====Al Qamus Al Muhit=====  
{{quote || (دَحَا): الله الأرضَ
{{quote || (دَحَا): الله الأرضَ
(يَدْحُوهَا وَيَدْحَاهَا دَحْواً) بَسَطَها}}
(يَدْحُوهَا وَيَدْحَاهَا دَحْواً) بَسَطَها}}
Tarjima: Alloh yerni daha qildi: Alloh yerni yoydi.
Tarjima: Alloh yerni daha qildi: Alloh yerni yoydi.


===== Al Wasiit =====
=====Al Wasiit=====
{{quote || دَحَا الشيءَ: بسطه ووسعه. يقال: دحا اللهُ الأَرض }}
{{quote || دَحَا الشيءَ: بسطه ووسعه. يقال: دحا اللهُ الأَرض }}
Tarjima: Dahani nimadir qilish: yoymoq, kengaytirmoq. Masalan: Alloh yerni yoydi.
Tarjima: Dahani nimadir qilish: yoymoq, kengaytirmoq. Masalan: Alloh yerni yoydi.


===== Lane leksikasi =====
=====Lane leksikasi=====
{{quote ||2= Dahaha - Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan joy, qum usti; Tuyaqush tuxumi emas<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000023.pdf Lane's Lexicon - daha (PDF)] </ref>}}
{{quote ||2= Dahaha - Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan joy, qum usti; Tuyaqush tuxumi emas<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000023.pdf Lane's Lexicon - daha (PDF)] </ref>}}


=== 88-sura 20-oyat ===
===88-sura 20-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|88|20}}| والى الارض كيف سطحت
{{Quote|{{Quron|88|20}}| والى الارض كيف سطحت


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سَطَّحَ = yoymoq, ochmoq, kengaytirmiq, yotqizmoq, bosib yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, tashqariga qarab yoymoq, qirtishlamoq.
سَطَّحَ = yoymoq, ochmoq, kengaytirmiq, yotqizmoq, bosib yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, tashqariga qarab yoymoq, qirtishlamoq.


=== 91-sura 6-oyat ===
===91-sura 6-oyat===
{{Quote|{{Quron|91|6}}| والارض وماطحاها
{{Quote|{{Quron|91|6}}| والارض وماطحاها


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Yerga va uni tekis qilib qo'ygan zotga qasam!}}
Yerga va uni tekis qilib qo'ygan zotga qasam!}}


== Qo'shimcha dalillar ==
==Qo'shimcha dalillar==


=== 2-sura 22-oyat ===
===2-sura 22-oyat===


{{Quote|{{Quron|2|22}}| الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون
{{Quote|{{Quron|2|22}}| الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون
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Ushbu so'z ( بِنَاء ) "binaa" yoki "binan" o'zbek tiliga "chodir" deb tarjima qilinadi ya'ni bino. Quronga ko'ra Yer Samo atalmish yetti qavatli ulkan binoning eng quyi '''tekis''' poydevoridir. Ushbu [[Olamning Qurondagi manzarasi|maqolaga]] qaralsin.
Ushbu so'z ( بِنَاء ) "binaa" yoki "binan" o'zbek tiliga "chodir" deb tarjima qilinadi ya'ni bino. Quronga ko'ra Yer Samo atalmish yetti qavatli ulkan binoning eng quyi '''tekis''' poydevoridir. Ushbu [[Olamning Qurondagi manzarasi|maqolaga]] qaralsin.


=== 18-sura 86-oyat ===
===18-sura 86-oyat===


{{Quote|{{Quron|18|86}}| حتى اذا بلغ مغرب الشمس وجدها تغرب في عين حمئة ووجد عندها قوما قلنا ياذا القرنين اما ان تعذب واما ان تتخذ فيهم حسنا  
{{Quote|{{Quron|18|86}}| حتى اذا بلغ مغرب الشمس وجدها تغرب في عين حمئة ووجد عندها قوما قلنا ياذا القرنين اما ان تعذب واما ان تتخذ فيهم حسنا  
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To kun botadigan joyga yetgach u quyoshning bir loyqa buloqqa botayotganini ko'rdi va u buloq oldida bir qavmni uchratdi. Biz dedik: "Ey Zul-Qarnayn, yo ularni azobga duchor qilursan, yoki ularga yahshi muomalada bo'lursan" }}
To kun botadigan joyga yetgach u quyoshning bir loyqa buloqqa botayotganini ko'rdi va u buloq oldida bir qavmni uchratdi. Biz dedik: "Ey Zul-Qarnayn, yo ularni azobga duchor qilursan, yoki ularga yahshi muomalada bo'lursan" }}


Ushbu [[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring|quyoshning botishi]] haqidagi oyat, yerning tekis ekanligini qo'llab quvvatlaydi.
Ushbu [[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One|quyoshning botishi]] haqidagi oyat, yerning tekis ekanligini qo'llab quvvatlaydi.


=== 18-sura 47-oyat ===
===18-sura 47-oyat===


{{Quote|{{Quron|18|47}}| ويوم نسير الجبال وترى الارض بارزة وحشرناهم فلم نغادر منهم احدا
{{Quote|{{Quron|18|47}}| ويوم نسير الجبال وترى الارض بارزة وحشرناهم فلم نغادر منهم احدا
Line 180: Line 180:
Ushbu oyatda bizga [[Quron]] yerni tekis shaklda ko'rishimizga tog'lar halaqit qilishiga ishora qiladi.
Ushbu oyatda bizga [[Quron]] yerni tekis shaklda ko'rishimizga tog'lar halaqit qilishiga ishora qiladi.


=== 2-sura 144-oyat ===
===Qur'an 2:144===


{{Quote|{{Quron|2|144}}|Oui, nous te voyions le visage tourné vers le ciel. Eh bien, Nous te tournerons certainement vers une orientation qui te complaira. Tourne ton visage, donc, vers la sainte Mosquée. Où que vous soyez, tournez-y vos visages. Oui, et ceux à qui le Livre a été donné savent que voilà bien la vérité de la part de leur Seigneur. Et Dieu n'est pas inattentif à ce qu'ils font.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|144}}|We have seen the turning of thy face to heaven (for guidance, O Muhammad). And now verily We shall make thee turn (in prayer) toward a qiblah which is dear to thee. So turn thy face toward the Inviolable Place of Worship, and ye (O Muslims), wheresoever ye may be, turn your faces (when ye pray) toward it. Lo! Those who have received the Scripture know that (this revelation) is the Truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do.}}


Ce verset demande à tous les musulmans de prier en direction de la [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] (la qibla étant la direction que l'on doit prendre pour faire ceci). Ceci n'est possible qu'avec un modèle de terre plate. À cause du caractère sphérique de la terre, une prière dans n'importe quelle direction serait en fait dirigée vers le ciel/l'espace, pas vers la Mecque.
This verse tells all Muslims to pray towards the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] (qiblah being the direction that one has to face in order to do this). This is only possible on a flat earth model. Due to the sphericity of the earth, a prayer in any direction will point towards the sky/outer-space, not Mecca.
[[File:Verse 2-144.gif|right]]
[[File:Verse 2-144.gif|right]]
Pour les gens qui prient à grande distance de la Mecque, leur qibla serait quelque part en direction du sol, et les gens vivant de l'autre 'côté' de la terre auraient à prier verticalement, en bas, vers le centre de la terre.  
For people who are praying a great distance from Mecca, their qiblah would be somewhere down towards the ground, and the people who are located on the opposite 'side' of the earth would have to pray vertically downward towards the center of the earth.  


Comme remarqué par AIM, les musulmans situés dans les Îles Salomon blasphèment contre Allah, car ils défèquent en direction de la Ka'aba quand ils répondent à l'appel de la nature.<ref>Abu Taleb - [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislammonitor.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1382%26Itemid%3D63&date=2011-03-26 <!-- http://islammonitor.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1382&Itemid=63 -->The Earth is Flat] - Australian Islamist Monitor, May 22, 2008</ref>
So, for example, Muslims in the Solomon Islands in fact blaspheme against Allah, because they defecate toward the direction of the Ka'aba when they answer the call of nature.


Même si nous utilisions la méthode traditionnelle musulmane pour étudier la qibla (c'est-à-dire un [[W:Grand cercle|grand cercle]]) cela serait quand même un blasphème car nous prierons en face de la Ka'aba et nous lui tournerions le dos à la fois.  
Even if we were to use the traditional Muslim method of determining qiblah (i.e. a [[W:Great circle|great circle]]) this would still be blasphemous because you would be simultaneously praying with your face and backside aimed towards the Ka'aba.  


En addition à toutes les preuves directes que nous avons donné, cela n'est qu'un des problèmes qui indiquent indirectement que le narrateur/écrivain du Coran croyait à un modèle de terre plate.
In addition to all of the direct evidence we have provided, this is just one of the problems which indirectly indicate that the narrator/writer of the Qur'an believed in a flat earth model.


=== 2-sura 187-oyat ===
===Qur'an 2:187===


{{Quote|{{Quron|2|187}}|On vous a permis, la nuit du jeûne, de vous approcher de vos femmes; elles sont un vêtement pour vous et vous êtes un vêtement pour elles. Dieu sait comme vous vous trahissiez vous-mêmes, vraiment! Aussi a-t-Il reçu votre repentir, et Il vous a donné rémission. Fréquentez-les donc, maintenant, et cherchez ce que Dieu a prescrit en votre faveur: mangez et buvez jusqu'à ce que se distingue, pour vous, du fait de l'aube, le fil blanc du fil noir. Puis, accomplissez le jeûne jusqu'à la nuit. Mais ne les fréquentez pas pendant que vous êtes en retraite rituelle dans les mosquées. Voilà les bornes de Dieu: n'en approchez donc pas! ainsi Dieu explique-t-Il aux gens Ses signes. Peut-être seraient-ils pieux!}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|187}}|It is made lawful for you to go in unto your wives on the night of the fast. They are raiment for you and ye are raiment for them. Allah is Aware that ye were deceiving yourselves in this respect and He hath turned in mercy toward you and relieved you. So hold intercourse with them and seek that which Allah hath ordained for you, and eat and drink until the white thread becometh distinct to you from the black thread of the dawn. Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall and touch them not, but be at your devotions in the mosques. These are the limits imposed by Allah, so approach them not. Thus Allah expoundeth His revelation to mankind that they may ward off (evil)}}


Ce verset dit aux musulmans que, pendant le ramadan, ils ne mangeront, ne boiront, ni n'auront de [[Reproduction|relations sexuelles]] durant les heures où brille le soleil. Cela peut causer un [[The Ramadan Pole Paradox|immense problème]] pour ceux vivant près des Pôles nord ou sud.
This verse tells Muslims, when fasting, to not eat, drink, or have [[Reproduction|sexual intercourse]] during sunlight hours. This can cause a [[The Ramadan Pole Paradox|huge problem]] for those who live close to the North or South poles.


Plus l'on s'approche des pôles, plus les jours ou les nuits s'allongent. Ils peuvent même durer plusieurs mois chacun, rendant ce verset, le quatrième [[Five Pillars of Islam|Pilier de l'islam]], impossible à pratiquer sans mourir de faim. Encore une fois, ce problème n'existerait pas sur une terre plate.
The closer we get to the poles, the longer our days or nights become. They can eventually extend for up to several months each, making this verse, the fourth [[Five Pillars of Islam|Pillar of Islam]], impossible to practice without starving yourself to death. Again, this problem would not exist on a flat earth model.


== Apologies générales ==
==General Apologetics==
===Qur'an 22:61, 31:29, & 39:5===
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|61}}| ذلك بان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وان الله سميع بصير
 
Thalika bi-anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli waanna Allaha sameeAAun baseerun
 
That is because Allah merges night into day, and He merges day into night, and verily it is Allah Who hears and sees (all things).}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}| الم تر ان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري الى اجل مسمى وان الله بما تعملون خبير
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}| الم تر ان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري الى اجل مسمى وان الله بما تعملون خبير


Al[a]m t[a]ra ann[a] Allah[a] yuliju al-leyla fi an-n[a]hari wayuliju an-n[a]hara fi al-leyli wa s[a]khkh[a]r[a] ach-chamsa wa al-qamara kullun yajri ila ajalin musamman wa anna Allaha bima taﻋmaloona kh[a]beerun
Alam tara anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree ila ajalin musamman waanna Allaha bima taAAmaloona khabeerun


N'as-tu pas vu que Dieu fait que la nuit pénètre dans le jour, et que le jour pénètre dans la nuit? et qu'Il a assujetti le soleil et la lune à couler chacun jusqu'à un terme dénommé? et que Dieu est bien informé vraiment de ce que vous faites?}}
Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night; that He has subjected the sun, and the moon (to his Law), each running its course for a term appointed; and that Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do?}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|5}}| خلق السماوات والارض بالحق يكور الليل على النهار ويكور النهار على الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري لاجل مسمى الا هو العزيز الغفار
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|5}}| خلق السماوات والارض بالحق يكور الليل على النهار ويكور النهار على الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري لاجل مسمى الا هو العزيز الغفار


Khalaqa as-samawati wa al-ardha bialhaqqi yukawiru al-leyla ﻋala an-nahari wa yukawiru an-nahara ﻋala al-leyli wa s[a]khkh[a]r[a] ach-chamsa wa alqamara kullun yajri li-ajalin musamman ala huwa alﻋazizu al-ghaffaru
Khalaqa alssamawati waal-arda bialhaqqi yukawwiru allayla AAala alnnahari wayukawwiru alnnahara AAala allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree li-ajalin musamman ala huwa alAAazeezu alghaffaru
 
Avec vérité Il a créé les cieux et la terre. Il enroule la nuit au jour, et enroule le jour à la nuit, tandis qu'Il a assujetti le soleil et la lune à couler chacun vers un terme dénommé. N'est-ce pas Lui le puissant, le grand pardonneur?}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|61}}| ذلك بان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وان الله سميع بصير


Dhalika bi-ann[a] Allah[a] yuliju al-leyla fi an-n[a]hari wa-yuliju an-n[a]hara fi al-leyli wa ann[a] Allaha samiﻋain basirun
He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again?}}
C'est qu'en Vérité Dieu fait que la nuit pénètre dans le jour, et que le jour pénètre dans la nuit. Dieu, cependant, entend, Il observe, vraiment!}}


Les musulmans clament parfois que "Enrouler signifie ici que la nuit se transforme graduellement en jour et vice-versa. Ce phénomène ne peut avoir lieu que si la terre est sphérique. Si la terre était plate, il y aurait un changement soudain de la nuit au jour et du jour à la nuit."  
Muslims sometimes claim "Merging here means that the night slowly and gradually changes to day and vice versa. This phenomenon can only take place if the earth is spherical. If the earth was flat, there would have been a sudden change from night to day and from day to night."  


Cet argument est faux. Le mouvement graduel du jour à la nuit et vice-versa arriverait quand même dans le modèle d'une terre plate. La seule différence serait que la terre plate serait éclairée partout, il n'y aurait pas de zones que le soleil n'éclairerait pas, seulement la même nuit et le même jour pour tous.
This claim is false. The gradual shift from day to night and vice versa would still happen on a flat earth model. The only difference is that the flat earth model would be lit up at the same time, there would be no timezones just the same night and day for everyone.


Vous pouvez faire l'expérience vous-mêmes. Tout ce dont vous avez besoin est une chambre sombre, une table et une lampe torche. Laissez la lumière de la lampe torche naître doucement au dessus d'un côté de la table, comme un lever de soleil, (puis continuez) et vous verrez ensuite un passage progressif de la nuit au jour. Les versets 31:29, 39:5 et 22:61 ne nous disent rien sur la forme de la terre. Ce sont de simples observations que n'importe qui pourrait faire.
You can do the experiment yourself. All you need is a dark room, table and flashlight. Simply let the flashlight rise slowly above the edge of the table, just like a sunrise, and you will see a gradual shift from darkness to light. So verses 31:29, 39:5 and 22:61, tell us nothing of the earth's shape. They are merely observations that anyone can make.


De plus ces versets se réfèrent de manière erronée à la lumière et à l'obscurité comme étant deux choses différents. Elles sont en fait la même chose. La nuit ne "chevauche" pas le jour, ne s'y "enroule" pas autour parce qu'il n'y a que de la lumière, et l'obscurité n'est que l'absence de lumière.
In addition, these verses erroneously refer to lightness and darkness as two different things. They are in fact the same thing. The Night does not "overlap" the Day because there is only light, and darkness is nothing but the absence of light.


== Conclusion ==  
==Conclusion==  




Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, the supreme religious authority of [[Saudi Arabia]], believes the earth is flat,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/12/world/muslim-edicts-take-on-new-force.html|2=2011-11-30}} Muslim Edicts Take on New Force] - New York Times, February 12, 1995.</ref><ref>Sheikh Abdul Aziz Ben Baz (1395 AH [1974 AD]), ''"Evidence that the Earth is Standing Still"'', Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia. First edition, p. 23.</ref> and so does Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel Al-Sa'd, who declared in a televised debate aired on [[Iraq|Iraqi]] Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007) that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it.<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1684.htm Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)] - MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684</ref>  
Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, the supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia, believes the earth is flat,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/12/world/muslim-edicts-take-on-new-force.html|2=2011-11-30}} Muslim Edicts Take on New Force] - New York Times, February 12, 1995.</ref><ref>Sheikh Abdul Aziz Ben Baz (1395 AH [1974 AD]), ''"Evidence that the Earth is Standing Still"'', Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia. First edition, p. 23.</ref> and so does Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel Al-Sa'd, who declared in a televised debate aired on [[Iraq|Iraqi]] Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007) that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it.<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1684.htm Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)] - MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684</ref>  


As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this and not a single verse in the Qur'an hint to a spherical earth.  
As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this and not a single verse in the Qur'an hint to a spherical earth.  
{{Core Science}}
==See Also==
 
== Voir aussi ==
 
* [[Les articles en francais - Articles in French|Les articles en français (Articles in French)]]
 
'''En anglais'''


* [[Islamic Prophecies]]
{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}}
{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}}


{{Translation-links-francais|[[Flat Earth and the Qur'an|anglaise]]}}
{{Translation-links-english|[[Le Coran et la Terre plate|French]]}}


==Liens externes (en anglais)==
==External Links==


*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Science/earth_egg.html Is the Earth Egg-Shaped?] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''
*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Science/earth_egg.html Is the Earth Egg-Shaped?] ''- Answering Islam''
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislammonitor.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1382%26Itemid%3D63&date=2011-03-26 <!-- http://islammonitor.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1382&Itemid=63 -->The Earth is Flat] - ''Islam Monitor''
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislammonitor.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1382%26Itemid%3D63&date=2011-03-26 <!-- http://islammonitor.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1382&Itemid=63 -->The Earth is Flat] - ''Islam Monitor''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-watch.org/SujitDas/MuslimGenius.htm|2=2011-03-26}} A Tribute to a Muslim Genius (Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz)] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-watch.org/SujitDas/MuslimGenius.htm|2=2011-03-26}} A Tribute to a Muslim Genius (Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz)] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''


== Références ==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Özbekcha (Uzbek)]]
[[Category:O'zbekcha (Uzbek)]]

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Zekeriya Kazvinî'ning "Acaib-ül Mahlûkat" ("Yaratilish ajoyiblari") asaridan olingan. Turkcahdan Arabchaga ögirilgan. Istanbul: taxm. 1553.
Bu xarita "dunyoni ananaviy Islomiy tarzda Qof toğlari bilan cheklangan dengizlar bilan öralgan tekis disk" qilib tasvirlaydi.[1]

Ushbu maqolada Quron muallifi Yerni yassi deb öylaganini körsatuvchi oyatlarga yoritiladi.

Kirish

The fact that the earth is not flat has been known for thousands of years. The Ancient Greeks Pythagoras (570 - 495 BC), Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Hipparchus (190 - 120 BC) all knew this. The Indian astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata (476 - 550 AD) knew this. And so did the early Christian scholars Anicius Boëthius (480 - 524 AD), Bishop Isidore of Seville (560 - 636 AD), Bishop Rabanus Maurus (780 - 856 AD), the monk Bede (672 - 735 AD), Bishop Vergilius of Salzburg (700 - 784 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 AD). In fact, contrary to what we are often told, the sphericity of the earth was common knowledge among early medieval Europeans[2] and the Holy Roman Empire from as early as 395 AD used an orb to represent the spherical Earth.[3]

If the Qur'an is a letter-by-letter dictation from Allah, it should also concur with this fact that was known throughout the world before its revelation, and it should contradict the flat earth model widely believed in by the 7th century Bedouins of Arabia.

Quron oyatlarining tahlili

15-sura 19-oyat

والارض مددناها والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل شئ موزون


Yerni esa gilamkabi yoyib qo'ydik va unda tog'larni o'rnatib qo'ydik, hamda unda turli-tuman narsalarni undirib o'sdirdik
Quron 15:19

مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq

20-sura 53-oyat

الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا وسلك لكم فيها سبلا وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرجنا به ازواجا من نبات شتى


U zot yerni sizlar uchun beshik qilib qo'ydi, va unda yo'llar paydo qildi hamda osmondan suv yog'dirdi» Bas, biz u yordamida turli nabobat navlarini undirib chiqardik.
Quron 20:53

مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.

43-sura 10-oyat

الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا وجعل لكم فيها سبلا لعلكم تهتدون


Ul zot sizlar uchun yerni yoyib beshik qilib qo'ydi, va yo'l topishingiz uchun unda yo'llarni paydo qildi
Quron 43:10

مَهْدًا = (Ot) beshik yoki to'shak, (fe'l) yoymoq, tekislamoq, bosib yoymoq, kirgizmoq, dumalatmoq.

50-sura 7-oyat

والارض مددناها والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل زوج بهيج


Yerni esa, yoyiq qildik! va unda tog'larni o'rnatib qo'ydik hamda unda har turli go'zal juftlarni undirib o'stirdik.
Quron 50:7

مَدَدْ = yoymoq, cho'zmoq, kengaytirmoq, tortirmoq, taranglamoq

51-sura 48-oyat

والارض فرشناها فنعم الماهدون


Yerni esa yoyiq qilib qo'ydik. Bas naqadar yahshi yoyguvchidirmiz.
Quron 51:48

فَرَشَْ = yoymoq, ezg'ilamoq, cho'zmoq, dumalatmoq, tahlamoq, r.

الْمَهِدُونَ dan boshlab مَهِدُ = yoymoq, yumshatmoq, tekislamoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq

71-sura 19-oyat

والله جعل لكم الارض بساطا


Alloh yerni sizlar uchun gilam kabi tekis qilib qo'ydi
Quron 71:19

بِسَاطًا = jundan qilingan mato, gilam, kigiz

ushbu fe'l orqali بسط = yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, ezg'ilamoq, dumalatmoq

78-sura 6-oyat

الم نجعل الارض مهادا


Biz yerni bir to'shak qilib qo'ymadikmi?
Quron 78:6

مهاد = tekis joy, tekis, tekislik, to'shalgan.

79-sura 30-oyat

Ko'pchilik musulmonlar Qurondagi Quron 79:30 oyatini qo'llagan holatda Quronda Yer yassi deya ta'kidlanmagan deb uni oqlaydilar. Ushbu oyatdagi "dahaha" iborasi bunga asosa qilib olinadi, bu ibora ko'p ma'noli bo'lib, "ajratmoq", "yoymoq" yoki "cho'zmoq" ma'nolarini bildiradi.

En arabe: والارض بعد ذلك دحاها

Talaffuzi: Va al-ardh[a] baﻋd[a] dhalika dahaha

So'zma so'z tarjimasi: Va shundan keyin yerni yoyib-tekis qildi [4]
Quron 79:30

Tarjimalar hilma hilligi

Quronning arabchadan boshqa tillarga tarjimalari orasida juda katta tafovutlar mavjuddir. Aynan Quron 79:30 oyatidagi "dahaha" iborasi ham bundan mustasno emasdir. Ko'pchilik islomshunos olimlar Quronning ingilizcha, fransuzcha yoki boshqa xalqaro tillaridagi tarjimalarida bu so'zni qaysi ma'noda ishlatish hususida haligacha bir to'htamga kelishmagan. O'zbek tilidagi Quron tarjimasida ham aynan shu oyat ikki hil tarzda tarjima qilingan, birinchi tarjimada yerni yoyiq-tekisligi haqida aytilsa[5], uning yana bir tarjimasida yerni tuxum shalida ekanligi [6] ta'kidlanadi.

Musulmonlarning oqlovlari

Musulmonlarning ko'pchiligi Quronda yerning - "dahaha" ya'ni "tuyaqush tuxumi"ga o'hshatilganligini ta'kidlashadi.

4. Yer o'zini tuzilishiga ko'ra geo-sferikdir.

Quron ushbu oyatda yerning haqiqiy shaklini bayon qiladi:

“Va undan so'ng yerni tuxum shaklida qildi”. [Quron 79:30]

Arab tilidagi "dahaha" so'zi tuxumsimon degan ma'noni bildiradi. undan tashqari u "kenglik" degan ma'noni ham anglatadi. "Dahaha" so'zi "Duhaya" so'zining buzib ishlatilishi bo'lib, asl ma'nosi Tuyaqushning sharsimon tuxumini anglatadi, ya'ni huddi Yer sharini shakli bilan bir hil.


Demak Quron va ilm-fan bir birini rad qilmaydilar, balki ular bir biri bilan mukammal ravishda mosdirlar.[7]

Shunga qaramasdan, ko'pchilik musulmonlar "dahaha" iborasini "tuyaqush tuxumi" ma'nosini bildiradi degan variantiga ko'proq e'tibor qaratadilar. Aslida esa ilm-fan tomonidan yerning yotiq shar shaklida ekanligi isbotlangan, tuyaqush tuxumining shakli esa cho'zinchoq shar shaklidadir. Shunday qilib yer shari va tuyaqush tuxumlari uch tomonlama olib qaralganda ham bir biriga mos kelmaydigan shakllardir.

Musulmonlarning yana boshqa bir fikricha, "dahaha" so'zi Makkaliklar tomonidan "yumaloqlik" sifatiga yo'g'rilgan so'z o'yinidir.

Quronning 79:30 oyatida, Alloh aytadi,

[Talaffuz] Va al-ardha baﻋda thalika dahaha [79:30]

Ushbu oyatdagi kalit so'z bu "dahaha"dir. Arab tilida shunday ibora mavjud - "iza dahaha" ya'ni "yerdagi teshikka toshlarni otish". Bu ibora aslida "Almadahi" o'yinidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, o'yin asosan yerda qazilgan teshikchaga uzoqdan turib shu teshikchaga moslab yo'nilgan toshlarni otib tushirishdan iborat bo'lgan. Teshik esa "Udhiyatun" deb atalgan. "Almadhi" o'yinda qatnashuvchilarning teshikcha bo'ylab aylana bo'lib joylashganliklari tufayli, aylana, yumaloq degan ma'nolarni ham bergan. Shunday ekan "dahaha" iborasining asl ildizi bu yumaloqlikdir. Ko'pchilik tilshunoslarni aytishicha arab tilidagi "tuyaqush tuxumi" bilan "dahaha" so'zlarining ildizi birdir. Bundan kelib chiqadiki yerning yumaloqligi ushbu oyatda aniq ta'kidlab o'tilgan.

Arab tilidagi "yassi" yoki "yoyiq" hamda "tekis" so'zlari “sawi” va “al-mustawi” so'zlari orqali ifoda etiladi. Quronning hech qaysi joyida yerni "yassi", yoki "tekis" deya aytilmagan. 2:22, 51:48 oyatlaridagi “farash” so'zi, 4:97, 29:56, 30:10 oyatlaridagi “vasia”, 20:53, 43:10, 78:6 oyatlaridagi “mahd”, 71:19 oyatidagi “basaat”, 88:20 oyatidagi “suttihat” va 91:6 oyatidagi “tahaha”: bu so'larning hammasi albatta o'sha oyatlarning ishlatilishiga qarab "yoyilgan", "cho'zilgan" yoki "tekislangan" degan ma'nolarni bergan bo'lishi mumkin, lekin hech qayerda yerni tekis yoki yassi shaklda demagan.[8]

Musulmonlarning "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralari "yumaloqlik" ma'nosini bildirishi haqidagi argumentlari asossizdir, "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" iboralarning "yumaloqligi faqat ikki o'lchamli "yumaloqlik"ni anglatadi, ya'ni ko'proq o'zbekchadagi doiraga mos tushadi, huddi non yoki disk shakli kabi. Lekin "dahaha" so'zining yana bir ma'nosi "irg'itish", "otish" demakdir, aynan shundan "almadahi" va "udhiyatun" so'zlari unga bog'langandir.

Daha va Duhiya

Arab tilida har bir so'z o'zining boshlang'ich ildiziga ega. Ildiz so'zlar asosan uch harfdan tashkil topadi va talaffuzning o'zgarishi bilan so'zning ma'nosi ham o'zgarib boradi. Unga kelishik qo'shimchalarning qo'shilishi ham so'zni ma'nosini o'zgartirishi mumkin. Masalan: "ka-ta-ba" (yozmoq) ildiz so'zi hozigi ko'p so'zning asosi hisoblanadi - "kitab" (kitob), "maktaba" (kutubhona), "katib" (muallif, "maktub" (qo'lyozma, xat), "kitabat" (qo'lyozmalar, yozishmalar) va hakozolar.

Endi "Tuyaqush tuxumi" ma'nosini bildiruvchi "Duhiya" so'ziga e'tibor qaratsak. Dastavval bu so'z ildiz so'z emas. Bu oddiy so'z bo'lib uning asosi "da-ha-wa" ildiz so'zi bo'lib, u o'z navbatida "dahaha" so'zidan kelib chiqqan. Mana bu haqda arab lug'atlarining eng holislardan biri shunday deydi:

Lison Al 'Arab
الأُدْحِيُّ و الإدْحِيُّ و الأُدْحِيَّة و الإدْحِيَّة و الأُدْحُوّة مَبِيض النعام في الرمل , وزنه أُفْعُول من ذلك , لأَن النعامة تَدْحُوه برِجْلها ثم تَبِيض فيه وليس للنعام عُشٌّ . و مَدْحَى النعام : موضع بيضها , و أُدْحِيُّها موضعها الذي تُفَرِّخ فيه .ِ

Tarjima: Al-udhy, Al-idhy, Al-udhiyya, Al-idhiyya, Al-udhuvva: Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan qum usti. Tuxum qo'yishdan oldin Tuyaqush yerni yoki qumni kovlaydi, va o'sha joyga tuxumini qo'yadi: Tuyaqushni uyasi bo'lmaydi.

الدَّحْوُ البَسْطُ . دَحَا الأَرضَ يَدْحُوها دَحْواً بَسَطَها . وقال الفراء في قوله والأَرض بعد ذلك دَحاها قال : بَسَطَها ; قال شمر : وأَنشدتني أَعرابية : الحمدُ لله الذي أَطاقَا

بَنَى السماءَ فَوْقَنا طِباقَا

ثم دَحا الأَرضَ فما أَضاقا

قال شمر : وفسرته فقالت دَحَا الأَرضَ أَوْسَعَها ; وأَنشد ابن بري لزيد بن عمرو بن نُفَيْل : دَحَاها , فلما رآها اسْتَوَتْ

على الماء , أَرْسَى عليها الجِبالا

و دَحَيْتُ الشيءَ أَدْحاهُ دَحْياً بَسَطْته , لغة في دَحَوْتُه ; حكاها اللحياني . وفي حديث عليّ وصلاتهِ , اللهم دَاحِيَ المَدْحُوَّاتِ يعني باسِطَ الأَرَضِينَ ومُوَسِّعَها , ويروى ; دَاحِيَ المَدْحِيَّاتِ . و الدَّحْوُ البَسْطُ . يقال : دَحَا يَدْحُو و يَدْحَى أَي بَسَطَ ووسع

Tarjima: Yerni daha qilish: tarqatib yubormoq, yoymoq. Keyingi qismda lug'at har xil arab ruboiylardan ushbu so'zni ma'nosini ko'rsatgan holda misollar keltiradi. Arab tilini tushunadigan har bir kishi uchun "Daha" so'zi "yoymoq", "kengaytirmoq" ma'nolarini bildirishini anglash qiyin emas.

Al Qamus Al Muhit
(دَحَا): الله الأرضَ (يَدْحُوهَا وَيَدْحَاهَا دَحْواً) بَسَطَها

Tarjima: Alloh yerni daha qildi: Alloh yerni yoydi.

Al Wasiit
دَحَا الشيءَ: بسطه ووسعه. يقال: دحا اللهُ الأَرض

Tarjima: Dahani nimadir qilish: yoymoq, kengaytirmoq. Masalan: Alloh yerni yoydi.

Lane leksikasi
Dahaha - Tuyaqush tuxumini qo'yadigan joy, qum usti; Tuyaqush tuxumi emas[9]

88-sura 20-oyat

والى الارض كيف سطحت yerning qanday tekislab qo'yilganiga boqmaydilarmi?!
Quron 88:20

Ushbu so'zga e'tibor qiling: سَطَّحَ ? Agar siz ushbu so'zni Quronda yozilgan arab tilidan qidirib ko'rsangiz mana bu so'zni topasiz سطحت ya'ni bu so'zni سَطَّحَ jenskiy rodi.

سَطَّحَ = yoymoq, ochmoq, kengaytirmiq, yotqizmoq, bosib yoymoq, tekislamoq, tenglashtirmoq, tashqariga qarab yoymoq, qirtishlamoq.

91-sura 6-oyat

والارض وماطحاها


Yerga va uni tekis qilib qo'ygan zotga qasam!
Quron 91:6

Qo'shimcha dalillar

2-sura 22-oyat

الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون U zot sizlar uchun Yerni to'shak, osmonni tom qilib qo'ydi va osmondan suv tushurib, uning yordamida sizlarga rizq bo'lsin deb mevalar chiqardi. Bas, bilib turib o'zgalarni Allohga tenglashtirmang.
Quron 2:22

Ushbu so'z ( بِنَاء ) "binaa" yoki "binan" o'zbek tiliga "chodir" deb tarjima qilinadi ya'ni bino. Quronga ko'ra Yer Samo atalmish yetti qavatli ulkan binoning eng quyi tekis poydevoridir. Ushbu maqolaga qaralsin.

18-sura 86-oyat

حتى اذا بلغ مغرب الشمس وجدها تغرب في عين حمئة ووجد عندها قوما قلنا ياذا القرنين اما ان تعذب واما ان تتخذ فيهم حسنا


To kun botadigan joyga yetgach u quyoshning bir loyqa buloqqa botayotganini ko'rdi va u buloq oldida bir qavmni uchratdi. Biz dedik: "Ey Zul-Qarnayn, yo ularni azobga duchor qilursan, yoki ularga yahshi muomalada bo'lursan"
Quron 18:86

Ushbu quyoshning botishi haqidagi oyat, yerning tekis ekanligini qo'llab quvvatlaydi.

18-sura 47-oyat

ويوم نسير الجبال وترى الارض بارزة وحشرناهم فلم نغادر منهم احدا


Va biz tog'larni yurgizadigan va sir yerni tekis ko'radigan kun. Biz ulardan birontasini qo'ymay yig'dik.
Quron 18:47

Ushbu oyatda bizga Quron yerni tekis shaklda ko'rishimizga tog'lar halaqit qilishiga ishora qiladi.

Qur'an 2:144

We have seen the turning of thy face to heaven (for guidance, O Muhammad). And now verily We shall make thee turn (in prayer) toward a qiblah which is dear to thee. So turn thy face toward the Inviolable Place of Worship, and ye (O Muslims), wheresoever ye may be, turn your faces (when ye pray) toward it. Lo! Those who have received the Scripture know that (this revelation) is the Truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do.
Quran 2:144

This verse tells all Muslims to pray towards the Ka'aba (qiblah being the direction that one has to face in order to do this). This is only possible on a flat earth model. Due to the sphericity of the earth, a prayer in any direction will point towards the sky/outer-space, not Mecca.

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For people who are praying a great distance from Mecca, their qiblah would be somewhere down towards the ground, and the people who are located on the opposite 'side' of the earth would have to pray vertically downward towards the center of the earth.

So, for example, Muslims in the Solomon Islands in fact blaspheme against Allah, because they defecate toward the direction of the Ka'aba when they answer the call of nature.

Even if we were to use the traditional Muslim method of determining qiblah (i.e. a great circle) this would still be blasphemous because you would be simultaneously praying with your face and backside aimed towards the Ka'aba.

In addition to all of the direct evidence we have provided, this is just one of the problems which indirectly indicate that the narrator/writer of the Qur'an believed in a flat earth model.

Qur'an 2:187

It is made lawful for you to go in unto your wives on the night of the fast. They are raiment for you and ye are raiment for them. Allah is Aware that ye were deceiving yourselves in this respect and He hath turned in mercy toward you and relieved you. So hold intercourse with them and seek that which Allah hath ordained for you, and eat and drink until the white thread becometh distinct to you from the black thread of the dawn. Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall and touch them not, but be at your devotions in the mosques. These are the limits imposed by Allah, so approach them not. Thus Allah expoundeth His revelation to mankind that they may ward off (evil)
Quran 2:187

This verse tells Muslims, when fasting, to not eat, drink, or have sexual intercourse during sunlight hours. This can cause a huge problem for those who live close to the North or South poles.

The closer we get to the poles, the longer our days or nights become. They can eventually extend for up to several months each, making this verse, the fourth Pillar of Islam, impossible to practice without starving yourself to death. Again, this problem would not exist on a flat earth model.

General Apologetics

Qur'an 22:61, 31:29, & 39:5

ذلك بان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وان الله سميع بصير

Thalika bi-anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli waanna Allaha sameeAAun baseerun

That is because Allah merges night into day, and He merges day into night, and verily it is Allah Who hears and sees (all things).
Quran 22:61
الم تر ان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري الى اجل مسمى وان الله بما تعملون خبير

Alam tara anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree ila ajalin musamman waanna Allaha bima taAAmaloona khabeerun

Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night; that He has subjected the sun, and the moon (to his Law), each running its course for a term appointed; and that Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do?
Quran 31:29
خلق السماوات والارض بالحق يكور الليل على النهار ويكور النهار على الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري لاجل مسمى الا هو العزيز الغفار

Khalaqa alssamawati waal-arda bialhaqqi yukawwiru allayla AAala alnnahari wayukawwiru alnnahara AAala allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree li-ajalin musamman ala huwa alAAazeezu alghaffaru

He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again?
Quran 39:5

Muslims sometimes claim "Merging here means that the night slowly and gradually changes to day and vice versa. This phenomenon can only take place if the earth is spherical. If the earth was flat, there would have been a sudden change from night to day and from day to night."

This claim is false. The gradual shift from day to night and vice versa would still happen on a flat earth model. The only difference is that the flat earth model would be lit up at the same time, there would be no timezones just the same night and day for everyone.

You can do the experiment yourself. All you need is a dark room, table and flashlight. Simply let the flashlight rise slowly above the edge of the table, just like a sunrise, and you will see a gradual shift from darkness to light. So verses 31:29, 39:5 and 22:61, tell us nothing of the earth's shape. They are merely observations that anyone can make.

In addition, these verses erroneously refer to lightness and darkness as two different things. They are in fact the same thing. The Night does not "overlap" the Day because there is only light, and darkness is nothing but the absence of light.

Conclusion

Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, the supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia, believes the earth is flat,[10][11] and so does Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel Al-Sa'd, who declared in a televised debate aired on Iraqi Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007) that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it.[12]

As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this and not a single verse in the Qur'an hint to a spherical earth.

See Also

  • Cosmology - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Cosmology

Translations

  • A version of this page is also available in the following languages: French. For additional languages, see the sidebar on the left.

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Views of the Earth - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010
  2. ↑ "Myth of the Flat Earth", Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2013 (archived), http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_the_Flat_Earth&oldid=556807448. 
  3. ↑ Globus cruciger - Wikipedia, accessed September 9, 2009
  4. ↑ http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30
  5. ↑ http://www.uzislam.com/quran/79?page=2#verse30
  6. ↑ http://www.quran.uz/tarjima/quran/79
  7. ↑ Q & A (Questions et réponses) - Zakir Naik - dahaha
  8. ↑ QuranTeachings.co.uk - 79:30
  9. ↑ Lane's Lexicon - daha (PDF)
  10. ↑ Muslim Edicts Take on New Force - New York Times, February 12, 1995.
  11. ↑ Sheikh Abdul Aziz Ben Baz (1395 AH [1974 AD]), "Evidence that the Earth is Standing Still", Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia. First edition, p. 23.
  12. ↑ Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat) - MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684
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