Polygamy in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions

From WikiIslam, the online resource on Islam
Jump to navigation Jump to search
[checked revision][checked revision]
mNo edit summary
No edit summary
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=1|Language=3|References=2}}
{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=1|Content=1|Language=4|References=2}}


==Muhammad and Polygamy==
==Muhammad and Polygamy==


According to traditional sources, [[Muhammad]] practiced polygamy. Besides the numerous concubines, he married fifteen women and consummated his marriages with thirteen.<ref>al-Tabari vol.9 p.126-127</ref>  According to Tabari he was also accused of being a "womanizer".<ref>"....''Layla’s people said, "’What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him.’ She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request]''...." - al Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref> He was also attributed the sexual prowess of many men:
According to traditional sources, [[Muhammad]] practiced polygamy. Besides his numerous concubines, he married fifteen women and consummated his marriages with thirteen.<ref>al-Tabari vol.9 p.126-127</ref>  According to Tabari, he was accused of being a "womanizer."<ref>"....''Layla’s people said, "’What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him.’ She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request]''...." - al Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref> He was also attributed the sexual prowess of many men:
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||268|darussalam}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}}


==Reasons for Muhammad's Marriages==
==Reasons for Muhammad's Marriages==


Islamic scholarship gives the care of widows and poor woman as a societal reason for polygynous marriages. Yet Many of Muhammad's wives were not poor or widows. In fact, one of his wives (Muhammad's cousin, Zainab bint Jash) was originally the wife of his step-son Zaid bin Haritha. As was the case with [[Safiyah|Safiyah bint Huyayy]], the traditional sources indicate that many of his marriages were the results of Muhammad's desire, not compassion for widows or poor women. This is nowhere more evident than in his numerous divorces, which numbered six in total. For example; he divorced ‘Amrah bint Yazid on their wedding night,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}.</ref> due to her suffering from [[leprosy]].<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref><ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref><ref> Women in Islam, By Anne Sofie Roald - Page 221 [Quoted: Najla Hamadeh, Page 335-6]</ref> He also divorced a women named Ghaziyyah bint Jabir when he realized that she was 'old'.<ref>al-Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref> Yet Muhammad refused to allow Ali bin Abu Talib (the husband of his daughter Fatima) to take even a second wife because "what hurts her, hurts me."<ref>{{Bukhari|7|62|157}}</ref><ref>''"An indication of their special relationship is found in the fact that Ali never married another woman as long as Fatima was alive. Sunni sources explain this curiosity in a tradition in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter in marriage, but the Prophet does not allow him to marry her because it would upset Fatimah."'' - "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," Denise L. Soufi, PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 51-52</ref> This seems to indicate that at least for his own daughter he thought that polygyny hurt women, but would not take this fact into account with regard to his own marriages.  
Islamic scholarship justifies polygamy as a means of caring for widows and poor women, although many of Muhammad's wives were neither. In fact, one of his wives (his cousin, Zainab bint Jash) was originally the wife of his step-son Zaid bin Haritha. As was the case with [[Safiyah|Safiyah bint Huyayy]], the traditional sources indicate that many of his marriages were the results of Muhammad's desire, not compassion for widows or poor women. This is evident in his six divorces. For example, he divorced ‘Amrah bint Yazid on their wedding night,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}.</ref> due to her suffering from [[leprosy]].<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref><ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref><ref> Women in Islam, By Anne Sofie Roald - Page 221 [Quoted: Najla Hamadeh, Page 335-6]</ref> He also divorced a women named Ghaziyyah bint Jabir when he realized that she was "old."<ref>al-Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref>
 
Muhammad nevertheless refused to allow Ali bin Abu Talib (the husband of his daughter Fatima) to take a second wife because "what hurts her, hurts me."<ref>{{Bukhari|||5230|darussalam}}</ref><ref>''"An indication of their special relationship is found in the fact that Ali never married another woman as long as Fatima was alive. Sunni sources explain this curiosity in a tradition in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter in marriage, but the Prophet does not allow him to marry her because it would upset Fatimah."'' - "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," Denise L. Soufi, PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 51-52</ref> This seems to indicate that at least in the case of his own daughter, he thought polygyny was hurtful to women.  


==Polygamy Permitted in Islam==
==Polygamy Permitted in Islam==


Regardless of it not being acceptable for the husband of Muhammad's daughter, Islam traditionally allows a man to marry up to four wives at any one time:  
Islamic law traditionally allows a man to marry up to four wives at any one time:  


{{Quote|{{Quran|4|3}}|And if you fear that you cannot act equitably towards orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you, two and three and four; but if you fear that you will not do justice (between them), then (marry) only one or what your right hands possess; this is more proper, that you may not deviate from the right course.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|3}}|And if you fear that you cannot act equitably towards orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you, two and three and four; but if you fear that you will not do justice (between them), then (marry) only one or what your right hands possess; this is more proper, that you may not deviate from the right course.}}
Line 20: Line 22:
{{Quote|1=[http://www.fatwaislam.com/fis/index.cfm?scn=fd&ID=1052 The Acceptance of the first Wife is not a Condition for the one who wishes to marry another]<br>FatwaIslam, Permanent Committee for Research and Verdicts: Fatawa Islamiyah Darussalam Vol: 5 No. 353|2=It is not obligatory for the husband, when he wishes to marry another, to get his first wife's acceptance, but it is a noble trait of character and good relations for him to appease her by whatever decreases the pain which woman naturally feel in such situations. This may be achieved by smiling,greeting her warmly and speaking kindly to her, and by whatever money you can afford,if her acceptance requires it<br>}}
{{Quote|1=[http://www.fatwaislam.com/fis/index.cfm?scn=fd&ID=1052 The Acceptance of the first Wife is not a Condition for the one who wishes to marry another]<br>FatwaIslam, Permanent Committee for Research and Verdicts: Fatawa Islamiyah Darussalam Vol: 5 No. 353|2=It is not obligatory for the husband, when he wishes to marry another, to get his first wife's acceptance, but it is a noble trait of character and good relations for him to appease her by whatever decreases the pain which woman naturally feel in such situations. This may be achieved by smiling,greeting her warmly and speaking kindly to her, and by whatever money you can afford,if her acceptance requires it<br>}}


==Islamic Defense of Polygamy==
==The Consequences of Polygamy==
 
Muslim scholars often claim that the reason why Allah allowed men to marry four wives is that men are killed in battle, thus resulting in women being in more numbers more than men. They also claim that the practice of polygyny curbs adultery, thus leading to more and happier marriages and fewer divorces. Yet these claims are not supported by the facts:


===World Population shows a surplus of men===
===Female Genital Mutilation and & other Chastity Assurance practices===
Compared with monogamous arrangements, polygamous men must meet the needs of many more wives. Possibly in order to assure themselves of the chastity and fidelity of their many wives, polygamous men have developed a variety of chastity assurance practices, particularly in Islamic socieities:


Here's a breakdown of the world population according to CIA Statistics
*'''harems''', which keep wives locked away, guarded by eunuchs;
*'''footbinding''' (as once practiced by the Chinese), which keeps wives from being unfaithful by reducing their mobility and independence;
*'''chaperoning and gender segregation''', which hamper and eliminate interactions between the sexes;
*'''arranged marriages''', which obviate the dangers that romance and courting poses to a girl's chastity and reputation;
*'''veiling''', which makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males;
*'''<nowiki/>"honor" culture''', which exacts disproportionate punishments for (perceived or actual) 'un-chastity';
*'''female genital mutilation (FGM),''' which reduces a girl's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). If a girl has been infibulated, her chastity is further guaranteed, because her vaginal opening is sealed with a covering of skin, the penetration of which is extremely painful and which leads to severe hemorrhaging that is difficult to conceal.


:World Population age group 15-64 years: 65.2% (male 2,152,066,888/female 2,100,334,722)<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html#People Global Population Statistics] - CIA.gov</ref>
===Bride-Price (mahr)===
[[File:Polygamydowry2.jpg|alt=Maps comparing the global distributions of polygamy and of dowry systems|thumb|450x450px|Maps comparing the global distributions of polygamy and of dowry systems]]
A bride-price ([[Mahr (Marital Price)|mahr]]) is a payment made by the bride-groom (or his family) to the bride (or her family). Since polygamy creates a scarcity of marriageable women, marriages in polygamous kinship systems often require that some form of bride-price be paid. This can make marriage unaffordable to low-ranking young men, even if they manage to find a bride. The heroes of folk tales in polygamous societies (such as ''One Thousand and One Nights'') are often poor young men (such as Aladdin) struggling to find the wealth necessary to pay the bride-price of the girl he loves. The story is resolved when he becomes rich and powerful enough to marry her.  


This means there are 51,732,100 extra males in the world at marriageable age. Even the worst war in history did not kill off enough males to make polygamy justified. In WW2, 24 million "military" died, leaving still another 26 million spare men.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW2_casualties WW2 Casualties] - Wikipedia.org</ref>  
Nobel prize-winning economist Gary Becker argues in his book ''A Treatise on the Family''<ref>[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674906990 A Treatise on the Family] Gary S. Becker, Harvard University Press</ref> that families of young women become the biggest supporters of polygamy because they possess an inherently scarce resource. Love matches and courtship are frowned upon because they risk reducing the bride-price (the couple may be tempted to elope, or the bride request a merely symbolic bride-price). Thus, in order to preserve their market value, the chastity and reputation of unmarried women must protected by such measures as FGM, ''purdah'', child marriage, and arranged marriage. 


:GENERAL POPULATION: women and men casualties: 1,986,370,000 (probably mostly women)
===Child Marriage===
:Military casualties: 24,456,700
[[File:Polygamychildmarriage.jpg|alt=Maps comparing the global distributions of polygamy and of child marriage|thumb|450x450px|Maps comparing the global distribution of polygamy and of child marriage]]
Child marriage is common in polygynous societies. One way of alleviating the 'bride famine' that polygyny creates among men in the lower strata of society is to allow prepubescent girls to be married. Dowry further incentivizes parents to sell off their daughters before adolescence, when there is a greater risk of her reputation being spoiled. If the bride is still a child, the dowry usually goes to her father, not to the bride. The bride-price for a child is also generally less than for an adolescent or adult woman. This makes children a more affordable option for poor and low status men. 


===Allah creates more males than females===
===The polygamous family===


The ratio of births is 105 males to 100 females, so this does not seem to be the case.
According to Somayya Jabarti of Arab News, Saudi Arabia has the second-highest divorce-rate in the world. Abdullah Al-Fawzan, a professor and sociologist at King Saud University in Riyadh, states that polygamy is responsible for up to 55 percent of divorces. He added that the loss of trust, sincerity, compassion and cooperation were also factors in the failure of marriages.<ref>Somayya Jabarti - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.arabnews.com/node/239330|2=2013-01-01}} Alarming Divorce Rate ‘Must Be Addressed Urgently’] - Arab News, October 24, 2003</ref> The Maldives, an Islamic country with a 100% Muslim population,<ref>The Maldives is the only country after Saudi Arabia that claims to have a 100 percent Muslim population. As per its constitution, only a Muslim can be a citizen of the country. Propagating any faith other than Islam, importing/publicly carrying literature that contradicts Islam or translation into the Dhivehi language of such books and writings, displaying in public any symbols or slogans belonging to any religion other than Islam, or creating interest in such articles are all against the law and are punishable with imprisonment, fines or banishment.</ref> also has the highest divorce rate in the world, with 10.97 divorces per 1,000 inhabitants per year.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/highest-divorce-rate/|2=2013-01-05}} Highest divorce rate] - Guinness World Records, accessed January 5, 2013</ref> Polygamy is legal in both countries, though in the Maldives, it is today relatively uncommon and subject to legal restrictions.


===Polygamy often leads to divorce===
==Islamic Defense of Polygamy==
 
Muslim scholars often claim that the reason why Allah allowed men to marry four wives is that men are killed in battle, resulting in women outnumbering men. They also claim that the practice of polygyny curbs adultery, leading to happier marriages and fewer divorces. Nevertheless, world population and birth statistics today indicate a global male surplus.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html#People Global Population Statistics] - CIA.gov</ref>
According to Somayya Jabarti of Arab News, Saudi Arabia has the second-highest divorce-rate in the world. Abdullah Al-Fawzan, a professor and sociologist at King Saud University in Riyadh, states that polygamy is responsible for up to 55 percent of divorces. He added that the loss of trust, sincerity, compassion and cooperation were also factors in the failure of marriages.<ref>Somayya Jabarti - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.arabnews.com/node/239330|2=2013-01-01}} Alarming Divorce Rate ‘Must Be Addressed Urgently’] - Arab News, October 24, 2003</ref> The Maldives, an Islamic country with a 100% Muslim population,<ref>The Maldives is the only country after Saudi Arabia that claims to have a 100 percent Muslim population. As per its constitution, only a Muslim can be a citizen of the country. Propagating any faith other than Islam, importing/publicly carrying literature that contradicts Islam or translation into the Dhivehi language of such books and writings, displaying in public any symbols or slogans belonging to any religion other than Islam, or creating interest in such articles are all against the law and are punishable with imprisonment, fines or banishment.</ref> also has the highest divorce rate in the world, with 10.97 divorces per 1,000 inhabitants per year.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/highest-divorce-rate/|2=2013-01-05}} Highest divorce rate] - Guinness World Records, accessed January 5, 2013</ref>
 
{{Core Women}}
==See Also==
 
{{Hub4|Polygamy|Polygamy}}


==External Links==
==External Links==
Line 52: Line 56:
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.geohive.com/earth/pop_gender.aspx|2=2011-10-30}} Total Population by Gender and Gender ratio, by Country] ''- UN Statistics Division population 2009 (est.)''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.geohive.com/earth/pop_gender.aspx|2=2011-10-30}} Total Population by Gender and Gender ratio, by Country] ''- UN Statistics Division population 2009 (est.)''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120124093142.htm|2=2012-03-12}} Monogamy Reduces Major Social Problems of Polygamist Cultures] ''- University of British Columbia, ScienceDaily, January 24, 2012''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120124093142.htm|2=2012-03-12}} Monogamy Reduces Major Social Problems of Polygamist Cultures] ''- University of British Columbia, ScienceDaily, January 24, 2012''
*[http://webarchiv.ethz.ch/soms/teaching/OppFall09/MackieFootbinding.pdf Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account]  Gerry Mackie, American Sociological Review
*[https://henrich.fas.harvard.edu/files/henrich/files/henrich_boyd_richerson_2012.pdf The puzzle of monogamous marriage] Joseph Henrich et al, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
[[Category:Articles needing to be rewritten]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Sex]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Society and human nature]]

Latest revision as of 22:44, 22 November 2025

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

This article or section is being renovated.

Lead = 1 / 4
Structure = 1 / 4
Content = 1 / 4
Language = 4 / 4
References = 2 / 4
Lead
1 / 4
 Structure
1 / 4
 Content
1 / 4
 Language
4 / 4
 References
2 / 4


Muhammad and Polygamy

According to traditional sources, Muhammad practiced polygamy. Besides his numerous concubines, he married fifteen women and consummated his marriages with thirteen.[1] According to Tabari, he was accused of being a "womanizer."[2] He was also attributed the sexual prowess of many men:

Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night and they were eleven in number." I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).
Sahih Bukhari 268

Reasons for Muhammad's Marriages

Islamic scholarship justifies polygamy as a means of caring for widows and poor women, although many of Muhammad's wives were neither. In fact, one of his wives (his cousin, Zainab bint Jash) was originally the wife of his step-son Zaid bin Haritha. As was the case with Safiyah bint Huyayy, the traditional sources indicate that many of his marriages were the results of Muhammad's desire, not compassion for widows or poor women. This is evident in his six divorces. For example, he divorced ‘Amrah bint Yazid on their wedding night,[3] due to her suffering from leprosy.[4][5][6][7] He also divorced a women named Ghaziyyah bint Jabir when he realized that she was "old."[8]

Muhammad nevertheless refused to allow Ali bin Abu Talib (the husband of his daughter Fatima) to take a second wife because "what hurts her, hurts me."[9][10] This seems to indicate that at least in the case of his own daughter, he thought polygyny was hurtful to women.

Polygamy Permitted in Islam

Islamic law traditionally allows a man to marry up to four wives at any one time:

And if you fear that you cannot act equitably towards orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you, two and three and four; but if you fear that you will not do justice (between them), then (marry) only one or what your right hands possess; this is more proper, that you may not deviate from the right course.
Quran 4:3

Islam also does not traditionally require that the man have the permission of his first wife before marrying a second:

It is not obligatory for the husband, when he wishes to marry another, to get his first wife's acceptance, but it is a noble trait of character and good relations for him to appease her by whatever decreases the pain which woman naturally feel in such situations. This may be achieved by smiling,greeting her warmly and speaking kindly to her, and by whatever money you can afford,if her acceptance requires it

The Acceptance of the first Wife is not a Condition for the one who wishes to marry another
FatwaIslam, Permanent Committee for Research and Verdicts: Fatawa Islamiyah Darussalam Vol: 5 No. 353

The Consequences of Polygamy

Female Genital Mutilation and & other Chastity Assurance practices

Compared with monogamous arrangements, polygamous men must meet the needs of many more wives. Possibly in order to assure themselves of the chastity and fidelity of their many wives, polygamous men have developed a variety of chastity assurance practices, particularly in Islamic socieities:

  • harems, which keep wives locked away, guarded by eunuchs;
  • footbinding (as once practiced by the Chinese), which keeps wives from being unfaithful by reducing their mobility and independence;
  • chaperoning and gender segregation, which hamper and eliminate interactions between the sexes;
  • arranged marriages, which obviate the dangers that romance and courting poses to a girl's chastity and reputation;
  • veiling, which makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males;
  • "honor" culture, which exacts disproportionate punishments for (perceived or actual) 'un-chastity';
  • female genital mutilation (FGM), which reduces a girl's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). If a girl has been infibulated, her chastity is further guaranteed, because her vaginal opening is sealed with a covering of skin, the penetration of which is extremely painful and which leads to severe hemorrhaging that is difficult to conceal.

Bride-Price (mahr)

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Maps comparing the global distributions of polygamy and of dowry systems

A bride-price (mahr) is a payment made by the bride-groom (or his family) to the bride (or her family). Since polygamy creates a scarcity of marriageable women, marriages in polygamous kinship systems often require that some form of bride-price be paid. This can make marriage unaffordable to low-ranking young men, even if they manage to find a bride. The heroes of folk tales in polygamous societies (such as One Thousand and One Nights) are often poor young men (such as Aladdin) struggling to find the wealth necessary to pay the bride-price of the girl he loves. The story is resolved when he becomes rich and powerful enough to marry her.

Nobel prize-winning economist Gary Becker argues in his book A Treatise on the Family[11] that families of young women become the biggest supporters of polygamy because they possess an inherently scarce resource. Love matches and courtship are frowned upon because they risk reducing the bride-price (the couple may be tempted to elope, or the bride request a merely symbolic bride-price). Thus, in order to preserve their market value, the chastity and reputation of unmarried women must protected by such measures as FGM, purdah, child marriage, and arranged marriage.

Child Marriage

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Maps comparing the global distribution of polygamy and of child marriage

Child marriage is common in polygynous societies. One way of alleviating the 'bride famine' that polygyny creates among men in the lower strata of society is to allow prepubescent girls to be married. Dowry further incentivizes parents to sell off their daughters before adolescence, when there is a greater risk of her reputation being spoiled. If the bride is still a child, the dowry usually goes to her father, not to the bride. The bride-price for a child is also generally less than for an adolescent or adult woman. This makes children a more affordable option for poor and low status men.

The polygamous family

According to Somayya Jabarti of Arab News, Saudi Arabia has the second-highest divorce-rate in the world. Abdullah Al-Fawzan, a professor and sociologist at King Saud University in Riyadh, states that polygamy is responsible for up to 55 percent of divorces. He added that the loss of trust, sincerity, compassion and cooperation were also factors in the failure of marriages.[12] The Maldives, an Islamic country with a 100% Muslim population,[13] also has the highest divorce rate in the world, with 10.97 divorces per 1,000 inhabitants per year.[14] Polygamy is legal in both countries, though in the Maldives, it is today relatively uncommon and subject to legal restrictions.

Islamic Defense of Polygamy

Muslim scholars often claim that the reason why Allah allowed men to marry four wives is that men are killed in battle, resulting in women outnumbering men. They also claim that the practice of polygyny curbs adultery, leading to happier marriages and fewer divorces. Nevertheless, world population and birth statistics today indicate a global male surplus.[15]

External Links

References

  1. ↑ al-Tabari vol.9 p.126-127
  2. ↑ "....Layla’s people said, "’What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him.’ She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request]...." - al Tabari vol.9 p.139
  3. ↑ Al-Tabari, Vol. 9, p. 139; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 187-188.
  4. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). New Light on the Life of Muhammad, p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press
  5. ↑ Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).
  6. ↑ Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.
  7. ↑ Women in Islam, By Anne Sofie Roald - Page 221 [Quoted: Najla Hamadeh, Page 335-6]
  8. ↑ al-Tabari vol.9 p.139
  9. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 5230
  10. ↑ "An indication of their special relationship is found in the fact that Ali never married another woman as long as Fatima was alive. Sunni sources explain this curiosity in a tradition in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter in marriage, but the Prophet does not allow him to marry her because it would upset Fatimah." - "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," Denise L. Soufi, PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 51-52
  11. ↑ A Treatise on the Family Gary S. Becker, Harvard University Press
  12. ↑ Somayya Jabarti - Alarming Divorce Rate ‘Must Be Addressed Urgently’ - Arab News, October 24, 2003
  13. ↑ The Maldives is the only country after Saudi Arabia that claims to have a 100 percent Muslim population. As per its constitution, only a Muslim can be a citizen of the country. Propagating any faith other than Islam, importing/publicly carrying literature that contradicts Islam or translation into the Dhivehi language of such books and writings, displaying in public any symbols or slogans belonging to any religion other than Islam, or creating interest in such articles are all against the law and are punishable with imprisonment, fines or banishment.
  14. ↑ Highest divorce rate - Guinness World Records, accessed January 5, 2013
  15. ↑ Global Population Statistics - CIA.gov
Retrieved from "http://wikiislamica.net/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Islamic_Law&oldid=140216"