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→Abu Bakr and Umar
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Westernised Muslims like to play up Aisha’s public life. They describe her as “a political activist”<ref>[http://hibamagazine.com/tag/aisha-bint-abu-bakr/ Omar, K. “Ummul-Mumineen – Aisha (rta)” in ''Liba''].</ref> and refer to her “predominant role in government”<ref>[http://www.australianmuslimwomen.org.au/1/post/2012/03/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit.html/ “Legacy of Great Muslim Women Leaders”] in ''Australian Muslim Women’s Association''.</ref> However, there are few concrete examples of her political activities. She never bore an office of state. There is no evidence that she was ever consulted about policy. If she chose to speak out, she was not always heeded. A more accurate assessment of the situation might be that Aisha was a minor rather than a major political figure – a “working professional” who ''occasionally'' influenced politics. | Westernised Muslims like to play up Aisha’s public life. They describe her as “a political activist”<ref>[http://hibamagazine.com/tag/aisha-bint-abu-bakr/ Omar, K. “Ummul-Mumineen – Aisha (rta)” in ''Liba''].</ref> and refer to her “predominant role in government”<ref>[http://www.australianmuslimwomen.org.au/1/post/2012/03/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit.html/ “Legacy of Great Muslim Women Leaders”] in ''Australian Muslim Women’s Association''.</ref> However, there are few concrete examples of her political activities. She never bore an office of state. There is no evidence that she was ever consulted about policy. If she chose to speak out, she was not always heeded. A more accurate assessment of the situation might be that Aisha was a minor rather than a major political figure – a “working professional” who ''occasionally'' influenced politics. | ||
For the first two years after Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr was the Caliph (leader) of the Islamic state.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}.</ref> The Arab tribes who did not want to pay tax immediately apostated from Islam, <ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> and “the whole of Central Arabia [was] either in open apostasy or ready to break away on the first demand of tithe.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap3.htm/ Muir, W. (1924). ''The Caliphate: its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources'', 2nd Ed., p. 12]. Edinburgh: John Grant.</ref> Abu Bakr determined to fight them until they re-submitted and paid every ''dirham''.<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> Aisha played no visible role while her father “crushed Apostasy and laid secure the foundations of Islam.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 81]. Abu Bakr died of a fever in August 634<ref>{{Tabari|11|p.129}}.</ref> and was also buried in Aisha’s house.<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 78.]</ref> Her brother Abdullah had died of battle-wounds a few months earlier,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 591; Bewley/Saad 8:187.</ref> her grandmother, Umm al-Khayr, had died at about the same time;<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> and her grandfather, Abu Quhafa, died a few months later at the age of 94.<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> | For the first two years after Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr was the Caliph (leader) of the Islamic state.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}.</ref> The Arab tribes who did not want to pay tax immediately apostated from Islam, <ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> and “the whole of Central Arabia [was] either in open apostasy or ready to break away on the first demand of tithe.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap3.htm/ Muir, W. (1924). ''The Caliphate: its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources'', 2nd Ed., p. 12]. Edinburgh: John Grant.</ref> Abu Bakr determined to fight them until they re-submitted and paid every ''dirham''.<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> Aisha played no visible role while her father “crushed Apostasy and laid secure the foundations of Islam.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 81].</ref> Abu Bakr died of a fever in August 634<ref>{{Tabari|11|p.129}}.</ref> and was also buried in Aisha’s house.<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 78.]</ref> Her brother Abdullah had died of battle-wounds a few months earlier,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 591; Bewley/Saad 8:187.</ref> her grandmother, Umm al-Khayr, had died at about the same time;<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> and her grandfather, Abu Quhafa, died a few months later at the age of 94.<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> | ||
Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph in 634.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia and much of Byzantium, and subjected them all to Islam. “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph in 634.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia and much of Byzantium, and subjected them all to Islam. “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | ||