Additions proposed and listed by articles.

Unclear errors/issues

Position of the Moon

Link [3]

The following verse is a compounded error since it mentions the position of the moon in the erroneous seven heavens. Verse 37:6 about stars in the first heaven must also be taken into consideration. The word "therein" does not reveal the exact position of the moon but any position above the first heaven would mean the moon is further away from the earth than stars which is not true. The moon is only 384,000 kilometres from earth whereas stars are light years away. Some translations say the moon is in the "midst" of all heavens which is a clear error.

"Therein" does not generally mean at the bottom or in an edge/corner. Even if the author meant that the moon is in the lowermost heaven, moonlight (reflected light from the sun) is noticeable only from the earth and it is insignificant compared to the much brighter stars which are sources of light. An all-knowing deity should not have termed the moon a light from a "heaven's" point of view.

Ignore it for now. It may require a lot more explanation which is in the link, possibly an article.

Constellations are Made by Allah

Constellations are essentially human observations of stars which are themselves many light years away from each other and from the earth. Light from a star takes as many years to reach us as its distance from earth in light years. So when we see a star of a constellation, or rather any star, it may not be in that location or it may have even ceased to exist. Thus, this verse reflects an observation by a naive author who simply credits Allah for the pattern of stars. Other translations say towers or mansions of stars instead of constellations but no such towers or mansions exist in the universe.

Contradictions in the Qur'an and Hadith

Misc Issues

Logical nonsense: Clear?

Changes in calendar

Pending review

Scientific Errors in the Hadith

Sins of Mankind Darkened the Black Stone

Milky Way

Races and physical diversity in men are because of different materials from earth used to create Adam

[4] Narrated Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari: that the Messenger of Allah said: "Indeed Allah Most High created Adam from a handful that He took from all of the earth. So the children of Adam come in according with the earth, some of them come red, and white and black, and between that, and the thin, the thick, the filthy, and the clean."

Temp

Forgive scholars

[5] It was narrated that Abu Dharr said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah say: 'Everyone in the universe, in the heavens and on earth, prays for forgiveness for the scholar, even the fish in the sea."

Scientific Errors in the Qur'an

Prophets of Islam were Sent to Every Nation

There is no evidence that prophets preaching Islam or similar beliefs were ever sent to China, Japan, Polynesia, Australia, South-East Asia, Central Asia, Scandinavia, the polar regions, most of Africa and the pre-Columbian Americas. Yet the Quran claims that every nation (or community) had a messenger.

Inanimate Objects Were Offered to Obey Allah but Feared Punishments

exp. yet to do, check tafsir [6]

Gender of the Baby is Decided After it Becomes a Clot

The Qur'an says that the embryo which is transforms from a sperm to a clot, then it is shaped and then the male or female sex is made. Modern genetics has shown that the sex of a human is decided at the moment of conception.^{[1] [2]}

Mountains were Created in Four Days

Mountain formation has never happened in four days (or four long time periods). Ranges and lone mountains have each taken different timespans to form. For example, the Ural mountains were formed 250 to 300 million years ago over a period of nearly 90 million years.^[3][4][5][6] The uplift of the Alps began 160 million years ago and it is ongoing.^[7] The current volcano of Mount Fuji was formed 10000 years ago on top of another 100,000 years old volcano.^[8]

Fruits are in pairs

Most translations and commentaries of this verse claim that all fruits are found in pairs of male and female. But fruits are formed when pollen fertilizes ovules and they do not have any gender.

Some translations imply that all fruits give rise to male and female plants or gametes. There is, however, considerable diversity in the reproductive morphology of plants which involves combinations of male, female or both organs, in same or separate flowers, which can be found on the same or separate plants depending upon the species. A definite "pair" cannot be construed for all fruit-bearing plants.

Shadows prostrate to Allah

Functions of Heart

In several verses, the Qur'an ascribes understanding and thinking to the heart instead of the brain.

Existing errors

Non_existent Mosque in Jerusalem

Muslims claim that Al-Aqsa mosque is mentioned in the Qur'an as the furthest mosque, even though there was obviously no mosque in Jerusalem during Muhammad's time. See also: [7]

Sun is a Flat Disk

Scientific Errors in the Qur'an#Sun is a Flat Disk section needs a reference to tafsirs that back up the claim.[8][9]. Elaborate this topic at Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Cosmology.

Science and the Seven Earths

Seven Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

Secondly, this claim contradicts the Qur'an. The following verse says that stars are located in the lowermost heaven.

Stars are not located in the lowest layer of the atmosphere i.e. troposphere but are light years away from the earth.

Seven Universes

Another common apologetic claim is that these seven heavens are actually seven universes which we are yet to discover.

The following verse contradicts such a claim since it says rain was made to fall from heaven. Certainly, rain does not come from outer space. The word used for heaven here is sama, the same as that for the seven heavens.

Quran and Semen Production

Tahir Ul-Qadri

There is no evidence that tara'ib can be translated as pubic symphisis. Even if Qadri's claim of a single word having a large number of meanings were true, tara'ib would have meant many organs other than the pubic symphisis. Those organs would have no relationship with the place where semen flows. It is a typical Texas sharpshooter fallacy to focus only on similarities between two sets of information and draw a conclusion while ignoring the differences. Qadri also ignores the testicles which produce the essential sperms. They are not situated in the zone he mentioned but below the symphisis.^[9]

The Quran and Mountains

Mountains Stabilize the Earth's Rotation About its Axis

The mass of the Earth is 5.97*10²⁴ kilograms. The mass of mountains is of much lower order, hence they have an infinitesimally small effect on the earth's moment of inertia. The earth's rotational speed and axial tilt are affected more by the distance of the moon from earth and w:Post-glacial rebound since the ice ages.

Mountains Absorb Some Waves During Earthquakes

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Such studies are sometimes quoted by apologists to prove their point. It is clear however, that earthquakes are not prevented. Only the waves are somewhat affected by the presence of mountains as proven in the above simulation. If there were an earthquake larger than 7.5 or if a settlement were situated between its epicenter and a mountain range, there would be widespread destruction anyway.

Scientific Errors in the Hadith

Allah made Mecca Sacred when He Created Heavens and Earth

No human settlements existed when the Universe and Earth were forming.

A Year was Equal to Twelve Lunar Months during the Creation of Heavens and Earth

Arabs measured months according to the orbit of the moon. But the moon was formed after the Earth and much after the Universe. It was much closer to the earth than it is today, and it orbited the Earth once in every five hours.^[10] The length of its orbit and the time taken have been steadily increasing since then.^[11] But the Earth's orbit around the Sun has not changed. Hence, a year had more than 12 lunar months in the past, had humans existed to count them.

Graves of true Muslims get widened to 70 cubits and bodies of hypocrites are squeezed

Sociology: Ethiopian Translation of Killing

Ethiopia has several languages. In Oromo, the word for kill is fita-fitta or ijeesa-fta.^[12] In Amharic it is megedele.^[13] In Somali, the verb kill is dilid and killing is dilka. In Tigrinya Al does not mean "the" (there is no word for "the"). But Muhammad claims that Al-Harj is an Ethiopian word for killing.

Gate of repentance

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Cosmology

The Story of Umm Qirfa

Responses to apologetics

Some apologists make this claim by citing the books of Ibn Sa'd and Ibn Hisham. On the other hand, Ibn Ishaq says that the first event in the chronology was Zaid's raid on a place called Wadi-al-Qurra and then came a skirmish with Banu Fazara. Mubarakpuri (a 20th century author) claims that Zaid was on a reconnaissance mission. Moreover, the Sahih sources do not even hint at any trading journey. So, seemingly, the historians have contradicted each other.

Let's give some benefit of doubt to these narrations and focus only on the fate of the people involved. As the story goes, Zaid is hurt and some Muslims are killed by a pagan tribe. So he comes back with a vengeance, kills 30 horsemen, kills Umm Qirfa brutally and captures her beautiful daughter who is eventually given away as ransom. This is a typical case of small-scale battles, skirmishes and taking of POWs, all of which have been happening in the world since time immemorial—since the dawn of humanity. What special did Muhammad do about it? Muslims consider him a messenger of God, the best of all mankind, the best of creation and an example to follow (imitate). But here, the minimal conclusion we can make is that a much-glorified Muhammad didn't even condemn the bloodshed, the deaths of several humans, and the suffering that their families had to go through.

The fact that Salama says "I had not yet disrobed her" twice in Sahih Muslim 19:4345 is ironically an indicator that disrobing a captive woman was common or at least acceptable at that time. Otherwise, we must wonder why he made such a statement in the first place.

The same Sahih hadith mentions that Abu Bakr first gave the girl to Salama as a prize. It is now more than obvious how the early Muslims used to treat their female captives.

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