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This article discusses the [[Arabic]] verb Qatala (قتل) in the [[Qur'an]]. | This article discusses the [[Arabic]] verb Qatala (قتل) in the [[Qur'an]]. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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This article discusses the Arabic verb Qatala (قتل) in the Qur'an.
Introduction
In our daily use of English, "fight" rarely connotes "murder" or "death". Only if "fight" is used in reference to fighting in a war does the word ever connote the loss of lives.
Even then, it is the war itself that causes death and not just the fight. "Fighting" can often be a positive action. Every day, people "fight" against cancer, people "fight" to be heard.
In Arabic however, the verb for "fight" is not as benign as the English version can be. In Arabic, the verb translated fight is "Qātala" (قَاتَلَ with an alif between the first two letters), which is the form III verb from the root Q-T-L (قتل). From this root are also derived other verb forms that mean "kill", "massacre", or "slaughter". The form III verb can most accurately be described as to "try to kill", which is the most extreme form of what is called "fighting" in English.
Wickens explains in his book on Arabic Grammar:
Definitions
Qatal
Here are the meanings of the word "Qatal" (قتل) and their occurances in different arabic verb forms in the Qur'an: Form I (to kill), II (to slaugther/massacre), III and VIII (fight to kill)
qatala vb. (I) perf. act. 2:72, 2:251, 3:183, 4:92, 4:157, 4:157, 4:157, 5:30, 5:32, 5:32, 5:95, 5:95, 6:140, 8:17, 18:74, 18:74, 20:40, 28:19, 28:33 impf. act. 21, 2:85, 2:87, 2:91, 3:21, 3:21, 3:112, 4:29, 4:92, 4:93, 5:27, 5:28, 5:28, 5:70, 5:95, 6:151, 6:151, 7:150, 8:17, 8:30, 9:111, 12:10, 17:31, 17:33, 25:68, 26:14, 28:9, 28:19, 28:20, 28:33, 33:26, 40:26, 40:28, 60:12 impv. 2:54, 2:191, 2:191, 46, 4:89, 4:91, 9:5, 12:9, 29:24, 40:25 perf. pass. 3:144, 3:154, 3:156, 3:157, 3:158, 3:168, 3:169, 3:195, 17:33, 22:58, 47:4, 51:10, 74:1Italic text9, 74:20, 80:17, 81:9, 85:4 impf. pass. 2:154, 4:74, 9:111 n. vb. 2:191, 2:217, 3:154, 3:181, 4:155, 5:30, 6:137, 17:31, 17:33, 33:16
qatala n.m. (pl. of qatil) - 2:178,
qattala vb. (II) impf. act. 7:127, 7:141 perf. pass. 33:61 impf. pass. 5:33, n. vb. 33:61
qatala vb. (III) perf. act. 2:191, 3:146, 3:195, 4:90, 9:30, 33:20, 48:22, 57:10, 57:10, 60:9, 63:4 impf. act. 2:190, 2:191, 2:191, 2:217, 2:246, 2:246, 2:246, 3:13, 3:111, 4:74, 4:74, 4:75, 4:76, 4:76, 4:90, 4:90, 4:90, 9:13, 9:36, 9:83, 9:111, 48:16, 59:14, 60:8, 61:4, 73:20 impv. 2:190, 2:193, 2:244, 3:167, 4:76, 4:84, 5:24, 8:39, 9:12, 9:14, 9:29, 9:36, 9:123, 49:9 perf. pass. 59:11, 59:12 impf. pass. 22:39 n. vb. 2:216, 2:217, 2:217, 2:246, 2:246, 3:121, 3:167, 4:77, 4:77, 8:16, 85, 33:25, 47:20
iqtatala vb. (VIII) perf. act. 2:253, 2:253, 49:9, impf. act. 28:15
LL, V8, p: 238Project Root List - studyquran.co.uk
Fight
Here is the meaning of the English word "Fight":
v.intr.
- 1.
- a. To attempt to harm or gain power over an adversary by blows or with weapons.
- b. Sports To engage in boxing or wrestling.
- 2. To engage in a quarrel; argue: They are always fighting about money.
- 3. To strive vigorously and resolutely: fought against graft; fighting for her rights.
v.tr.
- 1.
- a. To contend with physically or in battle.
- b. To wage or carry on (a battle).
- c. To contend for, by or as if by combat: "I now resolved that Calais should be fought to the death" (Winston S. Churchill).
- 2.
- a. Sports To box or wrestle against in a ring.
- b. To participate in (a boxing match, for example).
- 3. To set (a boxer, for example) in combat with another. See Synonyms at oppose.
- 4. To contend with or struggle against: fight cancer; fight temptation.
- 5. To try to prevent the development or success of.
- 6. To make (one's way) by struggle or striving: fought my way to the top.
n.
- 1. A confrontation between opposing groups in which each attempts to harm or gain power over the other, as with bodily force or weapons.
- 2. A quarrel or conflict.
- 3.
- a. A physical conflict between two or more individuals.
- b. Sports A boxing or wrestling match.
- 4. A struggle to achieve an objective. See Synonyms at conflict.
- 5. The power or inclination to fight; pugnacity: I just didn't have any fight left in me.
Definition of Fight
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Examples
Qatal Translated as "Kill" (Arabic Verb Form I)
In this verse Allah denies Jesus was crucified or killed, with the words 'WA MAA QATALOOHU WA MAA SALABOOHU' which means "and they killed him not and they crucified him not."
In verse 18:74 the wiseman, to whom Moses is sent to learn wisdom, kills a boy.
Also verse 2:154 tells us that those who are killed for the cause of Allah etc.
Qatal Translated as "Kill / Slaughter" (Arabic Verb Form II)
As detailed above, form II of this verb means to slaugter or massacre.
Qatal Translated as "Fight" (Arabic Verb Form III)
The context of the verse is very clear, i.e. break the strength of the infidels by way of mass killings, so that there is no more opposition. It is telling you to fight until you overcome the opposition, something which is not possible without the mass slaughter of opponents, i.e. without reducing their number. So a more accurate translation would be something like "fight to kill them until there is no more fitnah".
The same applies to verse 9:29.
Related Languages
In Hebrew, a Semitic language like Arabic, and in Urdu, a language which has borrowed extensively from Arabic, we find similar meanings.
Qatal in Hebrew
qatal: to slay
Original Word: קָטַל
Transliteration: qatal
Phonetic Spelling: (kaw-tal')
Short Definition: slay
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
kill, slay
A primitive root; properly, to cut off, i.e. (figuratively) put to death -- kill, slay.Online Bible Concordances
Qatal in Urdu
1. Homicide
2. Massacre
3. MurderOnePakistan Dictionary
Conclusion
In Arabic, the word "Qatal" = kill. "Maqtool" = the killed. Maqtal = the place where the killing takes place. Qaatal = the killer.
The secondary meaning of the word is more of an interpretation rather than a direct translation of the word, e.g. battle. The idea seems to be based upon collective killings.
In any case, the word "Qatal" is only used when Muslims are meant to fight to kill, i.e. killing is the primary objective or the desired or required outcome.
See Also
- Islamic Terms - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Islamic Terms
- Mistranslated Verses - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Mistranslated Verses
External Links
- On the Difficulty of Reading the Quran, Part B: Fighting and Killing - Dr. Mark Durie
- Islam’s text is sugar coated in translation - Australian Islamist Monitor
- ↑ G. M. Wickens, Arabic grammar: a first workbook, Cambridge University Press, p.64, 1980