The Rushdie Affair

The Satanic Verses controversy refers to the heated and frequently violent reaction of Muslims to the publication of Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie's fourth novel The Satanic Verses, which was first published in 1988. Muslims were offended even by its title, thinking it implied that the Qur'an was "the work of the Devil."^[1]

It was subsequently banned in India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, Singapore, and Venezuela following the angry and violent reaction from Muslims.^[2]

In the United States, numerous bookstores received threats, and two bookstores were bombed for stocking the novel. In addition, the Riverdale Press newspaper office was bombed in retaliation for criticizing the many stores which decided to pull the novel from their shelves.^[3]

In the United Kingdom, there were six separate bombings at various bookstores in London and York, and an additional three stores around the UK discovered unexploded devices on their premises. This unexpected level of violence resulted in almost no-one daring to sell the novel openly in the UK.^[4]

In 1989 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie, and Ayatollah Hassan Saneii in 2003 offered a bounty of $3 million^[5] to whomever accomplishes the task. In 2003, the Revolutionary Guards of Iran renewed the fatwa.^[6]

The famous convert to Islam, Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens), voiced his support for the fatwa,^[7] as did many Western Islamic bodies, such as the European Union of Islamic Students` Associations which issued a statement offering its services to Khomeini, and the Muslim Parliament of Great Britain.^[8][9]

The Japanese translator of his novel was stabbed to death, the Italian translator seriously wounded, the Norwegian publisher seriously injured in a shooting, and thirty-seven people were also burnt to death by a mob of 2,000 Muslims in a Turkish hotel for their refusal to hand over the Turkish translator of the novel.^[10]

Fresh protests were sparked around the world following Salman Rushdie's knighthood in 2007. The Pakistani Ulema Council, a body claiming to be the biggest of its kind in Pakistan with 2000 scholars, announced that they had awarded Osama bin Laden with the title Saifullah (Sword of Allah),^[11] their highest honour, in response to the knighthood, calling Bin Laden a "Muslim warrior".^[12]

Effigies of the writer were publicly burnt in Pakistan and Malaysia,^[13] and further bounties were offered from Iran and Pakistan.^[14][15] Some have linked the knighthood to the 2007 attempted car bombings in London.^[16][17]