Arabic letters and diacritics

The Arabic "alphabet" is not compatible with the English alphabet. There are letters (حروف, huroof) in English, which cannot be transliterated into the Arabic alphabet and vice versa. The word "alphabet" is derived from the words "alpha" and "beta", while Arabic doesn't have a simple letter like "a". So "alphabet" might not be the best way to describe the Arabic letters and abjad is used instead (الأَبْجَدِيَّة العَرَبِيَّة‎‎, al-abjadīyah al-ʻarabīyah, the Arabic abjad).

Although there are letters which represent vowels, they are used only to represent long vowels. The short vowels in words are either indicated by (optional) diacritics, or just not indicated at all and the reader just has to know how to pronounce it. There are two "levels" of diacritics. The first is I‘jām (إِعْجَام), small dots which are considered to be a part of the letter. They were not present in the earliest Qur'anic manuscripts. They are absolutely important as they determine the consonant. For example:

ب b
ت t
ث th

Then there is the next level of diacritics, the harakat (حَرَكَات), which is optional and often not present in the Arabic text. The Arabic word "harakat" حَرَكَات without the harakat, would look like this: حركات. The three little lines above the letter determine the three "a" in harakat.

This article, besides explaining the Arabic abjad, brings a comparison with the English alphabet.

Missing Arabic letters

There are English words, which cannot be pronounced using the Arabic abjad.

E like in America

Arabic abjad cannot express the word "America", since it doesn't have a letter corresponding to the "e" sound. So Arabs drop the "e" between "m" and "r" and pronounce this word as "Amreeka" (أمريكا).

O like in Europe

The letter o has no equivalent in the Arabic abjad. Arabs have to say "Awruba" (أوروبا).

P like in Europe

There is no letter P in the Arabic abjad. Arabs have to say "Awruba" (أوروبا).

The word Pakistan is Bakistan (باكستان) in Arabic.
The word Palestine is Filastin (فلسطين) in Arabic.
The word Egypt is actually Misr (مصر) in Arabic.

V like in video

The English letter "v" has no equivalent in Arabic and it often replaced by the letter "f". So the word "video" is "fidyu" (فيديو) in Arabic.

G like in Gabriel

There is no letter g (like in garden) in Arabic. So Gabriel is Jibreel (جبريل).

The Arabic letter ج (jim) is read as "g" in the Egyptian Arabic.

Arabic letters compatible with the English alphabet

The form of the letter is different when the letter is written alone, when it is at the beginning, middle or the end of a word, so besides the letter alone, this article also provides a sequence of 3 letters.

ب - ba
- ببب
ث - tha, like in "through"
- ثثث
ج - jim, like in "Jeep"
- ججج
ر - ra
- ررر
ز - zay
- ززز
ش - shin
- ششش
ف - fa
- ففف
ل - lam
- للل
م - mim
- ممم
ن - nun
- ننن
و - waw
- ووو
ي - yaa
- ييي

ِArabic letters ambiguously compatible with the English alphabet

There are Arabic pairs of letters which are pronounced a little differently, but they are transliterated into English as the same letter. For example the words سلام (salaam, peace) and صلاة (salah, prayer) start on a different kind of "s".

These letters (t, d, s) have two versions. The difference is like "je vais" and "je veux" in French. The best way to learn the difference would be to watch some videos on the Arabic alphabet and hear the difference.

t
- ت - ta
  - تتت
- ط - ta
  - ططط
d
- د - dal
  - ددد
- ض - daad
  - ضضض
s
- س - sin
  - سسس
- ص - saad
  - صصص

Then there are these two similar letters (k, q).

k, q
- ك - kaaf
  - ككك <-- very different forms
  - This is just a regular "k", like in the word "key".
- ق - qaaf
  - ققق
  - When pronouncing ق, the tongue goes up similarly like when pronouncing a regular "k", but deeper in the throat.

Then there are these two letters, both transliterated as "h". Sometimes ح is transliterated as "h" with a dot below it.

h
- ه - haa
  - ههه <-- very different forms
  - A regular "h" like in "honey".
- ح - haa
  - ححح
  - Very different kind of "h". It has the typical exhale sound.

And a special letter:

ا - alif
- ااا
- It can be either "a" (like in Arabic), "i" (like in Italy) or "w" (like in Washington). It depends on the diacritics.

ِArabic letters not compatible with the English alphabet

Probably the ugliest sound of all letters:

خ - khaa
- خخخ
- It's better to listen how it sounds.

These two are a pair similar to د/ض and others, but it doesn't have an equivalent letter in the English alphabet:

dh, z
- ذ - dhal
- ظ - dha

These two are very unique and definitely has to be heard to learn them:

ع - 'ayn
غ - ghayn

ة - ta marbuta