Arabic pronouns and the Qur'an

To understand this section it would be good to know the Arabic alphabet, although transliterations will be provided. Only the Qur'anic Arabic will be discussed, but there are also other dialects of Arabic with slight differences in pronouns (like Egyptian Arabic). We won't go into too much detail.

Subject pronouns

There are 12 different subject pronouns in Arabic:

• They are more complicated than in English, because they differentiate between dual and plural forms and also sometimes differentiate between gender while English doesn't (for exampe "you" feminine plural and "you" masculine plural).
• Since Arabic has different verb forms for different pronouns, the pronouns are often not written. For example in English "he wrote" and "she wrote" couldn't be expressed by just "wrote", because the gender would be ambiguous. But in Arabic "he wrote" is "howwa kataba" and "she wrote" is "heyya katabat", so writing "kataba" is enough to express "he wrote", without the need for "howwa" (he).
• Dual pronouns might be considered redundant, when they can be expressed with plural forms. Also there is no gender neutral pronoun, like "it". So English is easier and has something that Arabic doesn't.

Object & posessive pronouns

Object pronouns, like "me" or "us" are expressed as a suffix added to the verb. For example, the violent verse 2:191, "Waqtuloohum haythu thaqiftumoohum" (واقتلوهم حيث ثقفتموهم), means "and-kill-them wherever you-find-them". Arabic uses only three words for the sentence, because the conjunction "and" (و, wa) is prefixed and the object pronouns "them" (هم, hum) are suffixed.

The verb is represented by "-" in the table:

• (*) Posessive pronouns like "his" or "our" are expressed almost identically, with the exception of "my" being ـي- (-i).
• Although possessive pronouns don't change the meaning of the noun in any way, apologists, when counting the word "day" (يوم, yawm), exclude words like "your day" (يومكم, yawmikum) in the 365 days miracle, because otherwise they wouldn't get to 365.

Although the "oneness of Allah" (tawheed) is one of the main teachings of Islam, Allah sometimes talks about himself in the plural form. For example:

It is worth noting that Muhammad preached his message to polytheists in Mecca. He once preached polytheism in the incident called Satanic Verses and the polytheists understood the message of Islam to be "all gods grouped into one":

So the polytheists might have understood verses like "we created the heavens" as multiple gods creating the heavens.

It seems that Muhammad wanted to make it easy for polytheists to convert to Islam by saying "we" meaning "we the gods together". Apologists of Islam say that Allah referring to himself in the plural form is just a style of speech ^[1], but it is strange that he uses this style of speech, when tawheed is such an important issue.

Sometimes it looks like Muhammad is talking about god, rather than god talking about himself:

The Qur'an in some places contains strange changes in pronouns. While Muslims apologists consider them to be a "linguistic miracle" ^[2], critics of Islam might see them as grammatical errors.

The other pronouns besides yusayyirukum are omitted and only signalized by the verb conjugation.

Apologists say that there are hundreds of such grammatical shifts in the Qur'an ^[3], therefore it must be intentional. But in their "other examples" it is often a reasonable shift. For example:

Their Lord spoke to them in the first person. That's not grammatically strange.

• Arabic letters and diacritics