The Ramadan Pole Paradox
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According to Islamic laws set out in the Qur'an and hadith, the keeping and breaking of a fast and the times of prayer, among other things, are related to times of sunrise and sunset. As one gets closer to the North or South Pole, the day or night can extend to up to several months each. At the North Pole itself, daylight and darkness lasts for more than 6 months at a time. Extending the five daily prayers of a period of several months appears to undermine the Islamic ritual, however, and fasting for such a period is evidently impossible.
Concessions and fatwas
Islamic scholars have thus issued fatwas instructing Muslims to follow the schedule of their original country or the schedule of the closest country with a distinguishable day and night. However, many Islamic scholars have declared that Muslims must fast for periods of up to and even beyond 20 hours.[1]
Extreme fasting windows
See the following list. Fasting begins at Dawn and ends at Sunset.
| COUNTRY | DATE | DAWN | SUNSET | LENGTH OF FAST |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oslo, Norway | Jun 28, 2014 | 2:27 AM | 10:43 PM | 20h 16m |
| Juneau, Alaska | Jun 28, 2014 | 2:25 AM | 10:07 PM | 19h 42m |
| Reykjavik, Iceland | Jun 30, 2014 | 1:34 AM | 12:02 AM | 22h 28m |
A Muslim was fasting in Iceland, according to some scholars, would have to fast for nearly the entire day.
Criticisms
Some have asked, if one is to follow the timings of their home city, what is to be the practice of a permanent Muslim resident or even community in near-polar regions. Additionally, when it comes to regions where the day extends to be weeks or even months, the time-window of fasting for the "closest country" where the fasting window is under a day, the time frame usually still ends up being near 24-hours.
Classical and conciliatory modern perspectives likewise appear unable to comfortably deal with the case of Astronauts, and eventually persons settling on extra-terrestrial bodies (moons, other planets, spacecraft, etc.). There is also the question of facing the Kaaba in Mecca, a city on earth, whilst not on earth. As there have been Muslim astronauts (e.g. Anousheh Ansari[2]) some scholars have created guidelines for these cases (one scholar wrote a handbook called Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites (Ibadah) at the International Space Station).
Considering Muhammad and his 7th century companions, living in the Arabian desert, likely did not know about the earth having poles and being spherical, the shortcomings of Islamic law in these regards are generally found to be unsurprising.
See Also
- Fasting - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Fasting
- Cosmology - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Cosmology
Translations
- A version of this page is also available in the following languages: Bengali. For additional languages, see the sidebar on the left.
External Links
- Arctic Muslims' unique dilemma in Ramadan: The Sun never sets here
- How to pray and fast in countries where the day or night is continuous - Fatwa response from the Islam Q&A team
References
- ↑ "Indeed, the fasts may be twenty hours long, but this is something one will have to adhere to." Fasting in extreme latitudes - Sunnipath.com Q&A
- ↑ Behrouz Saba - First Female Muslim Astronaut Could Help Bridge U.S.-Iran Gap - New America Media, September 20, 2006