Seznam Mohamedových žen a konkubín: Difference between revisions

Podle Anase ibn Malika, prorok [[Mohamed]] navštěvoval všech svých 11 [[Mohamedovy manželky|manželek]] za jednu noc; ale on to zvládal, protože měl [[Sex|sexuální]] schopnosti jako třicet mužů.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|5|268}}. Viz. také {{Bukhari|7|62|142}}.</ref> Historik Al-[[Tabari]] spočítal, že Mohamed [[Manželství|si vzal]] celkem 15 [[Islám a ženy|žen]], přestože jich měl jen 11 ve stejnou dobu; a dvě z těchto manželství nebyly završeny.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 126-127}}.</ref> Počet patnáct nezahrnuje minimálně čtyři konkubíny. Podle Merriam-Webster, konkubína je  “žena která žije s mužem bez manželství”,  a má “sociální status v domácnosti menší, než manželka.”<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubine|2=2011-09-28}} Concubine] – Merriam-Webster, accessed September 28, 2011</ref> Všechny Mohamedovy konkubíny byly jeho [[Otroctví|otrokyně]]. Al-Tabari zároveň do těch patnácti nezahrnuje další ženy, se kterými měl Mohamed jakýsi druh sňatku, ale které díky legálním kompikacím nikdy nebyly plnoprávnými manželkami. Nicméně, je docela jasné, že žádné z těchto svazků završeny nebyly. Jsou kulturním ekvivalentem zrušených zásnub. Také tu bylo několik žen, které si Mohamed chtěl vzíít, nebo ony si ho chtěly vzít a on to z různých důvodů odmítl.

|[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]

|Sawda bint Zam'a

|Aiša bint Abi Bakr

|Zaynab bint Khuzayma

|Hind (Umm Salama) bint Abi Umayya

|Zaynab bint Jahsh

|Raná konvertitka do islámu, Zaynab byla manželkou Mohamedova adoptovaného syna Zayd ibn Harithaha. Byla také Mohamedovou sestřenicí. Když po ní Mohamed začal toužit, byla donucena k rozvodu. Aby ospravedlnil to, že si jí bere, zjevil, že (1) adoptovaný syn se nepočítá jako opravdový syn, aby Zaynab nebyla jeho snachou, a (2) jako prorok, má povoleno si vzít víc, než čtyři povolené ženy. Zaynab Zaynab byla šikovná ve zpracovávání kožešin.  

|Rayhana bint Zayd ibn Amr

|Jejím prvním mužem byl jeden z 600-900 členů kmene Qurayza, kterým Mohamed dal uřezat hlavy v dubnu 627. Zotročil všechny ženy a vybral si Rayhanu pro sebe, protože byla nejkrásnější. Když odmítla si ho vzít za muže, tak si jí vzal alespoň jako konkubínu. Zemřela krátce před Mohamedem roku 632.  

|Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith

|Dcera arabského velitele, stala se zajatkyní, když Mohamed zaútočil na její kmen. Mohamed neměl ve zvyku ženit se s jeho válečnými zajatkyněmi, ale Aiša řekla, že Juwayriyah je tak krásná, že se do ní muží zamilovávají na první pohled.  

|Ramlah (Umm Habiba) bint Abi Sufyan

|Byla dcerou Abu Sufyan, Mekkánského velitele, který vedl odpor proti Mohamedovi, ale náctiletá konvertovala k islámu. Tento sňatek vyvážil Mohamedovu politickou poníženost v Hudajbíjské smlouvě tím, že získal věrnost dcery svého nepřátele. Ramlah byla oddaná Mohamedovi a náchylná k hádání se s lidma, kteří nebyli.

|Byla krásnou dcerou Židovského velitele, Huyayy ibn Akhtaba. Mohamed si ji vzal v den, kdy porazil poslední židovský kmen v Arábii, jen několik hodin poté, co dohlížel na zabití Kinany - jejího druhého manžela. Jeho dřívější oběti zahrnují jejího otce, bratra, prvního manžela, tři strýce a několik bratranců. Toto manželství nijak nepomohlo jejímu kmenu, který byl vyhnán z Arábie o několik let později; jeho politická významnost spočívala v tom, že Safiyina přítomnost v Mohamedově domácnosti byla ukázkou toho, že porazil židy.

|Maymunah bint Al-Harith

|Byla vdovou, ze střední společenské třídy, z Mekky, která požádala Mohameda o sňatek. Klidná žena, která uklízela byt, Maymunah byla posedlá pravidly a rituály.

|[[Mariyah the Sex Slave of the Holy Prophet|Mariyah bint Shamoon al-Quptiya]]

|Byla jednou z mnoha otroků, které poslal She was one of several slaves whom the Governor of Egypt sent as a present to Muhammad. He kept her as a concubine despite the objections of his official wives, who feared her beauty. Mariyah bore Muhammad a son, Ibrahim.  

|Mulayka bint Kaab

|Divorced

|January 630.

|Her family resisted the Muslim invasion of Mecca. Needing to appease the conqueror, they gave him the beautiful Mulayka as a bride. When she realised that Muhammad's army had killed her father, she demanded a divorce, which he granted her. She died a few weeks later.

|Fatima ''al-Aliya'' bint Zabyan ''al-Dahhak''

|Divorced

|February or March 630.

|She was the daughter of a minor chief who had converted to Islam. Muhammad divorced her after only a few weeks "because she peeked at men in the mosque courtyard." Fatima had to work for the rest of her life as a dung-collector, and she outlived all Muhammad's widows.

*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 186-188}}. Despite the confusion over the name, she is probably also the woman referred to in {{Tabari|9|pp. 136-137}} and the “Fatima bint Shurayh” of {{Tabari|9|p. 139}}</ref>

|Divorced

|She was a princess from Yemen whose family hoped the marriage alliance would ward off a military invasion from Medina. But Muhammad divorced her before consummation after Aisha tricked her into reciting the divorce formula. Asma later married a brother of Umm Salama.   

*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Amra bint Yazid).</ref>

*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 188-191}}. She is mentioned in {{Tabari|9|pp. 128-130}} but has apparently been partly confused with Amra bint Yazid.</ref>

|''Al-Jariya''

|Sexual slavery

|After 627.

|She was a domestic slave belonging to Zaynab bint Jahsh, who made Muhammad a present of her. She seems to have been an "unofficial" concubine who did not have a regular turn on his roster.   

|Amra bint Yazid

|Divorced

|c. 631.

|She was a Bedouin of no political importance. Muhammad divorced her before consummation when he saw she had symptoms of leprosy.  

|Tukana al-Quraziya

|Sexual slavery

|Unknown, but probably in the last months of Muhammad's life.

|She was a member of the defeated Qurayza tribe whom Muhammad selected as one of his personal slaves. She appears to have been another "unofficial" concubine without a regular turn on the roster. After Muhammad's death, she married Abbas.  

===Engagements and Broken Contracts===

! width ="10" | No.

! width ="280" | Name

! width ="130" | Date

! width ="330" | Details

! width ="130" | Notable early sources

|Ghaziya (Umm Sharik) bint Jabir

|Early 627.

|She was a poor widow with dependent children. She sent Muhammad a proposal of marriage, and he agreed to the contract. However, when he met her in person, he saw that, although attractive, she was "old", and he divorced her immediately. She never remarried.

|Khawla bint Hudhayl

|Probably mid- or late-627.

|She was a princess from the powerful Christian Taghlib tribe in northern Arabia. Her uncle arranged the marriage, which was expected to be politically advantageous on both sides. Muhammad signed the contract, but Khawla died on her journey to Medina, before they met in person.

|Sharaf bint Khalifa

|Probably mid- or late-627.

|She was an aunt of Khawla bint Hudhayl (above). After Khawla's death, the family tried to substitute Sharaf. In one tradition, Sharaf also died before consummation. In another tradition, Muhammad changed his mind and broke off the contract.

|Layla bint al-Khutaym

|After 627.

|One of the first converts in Medina, Layla asked Muhammad to marry her so that her clan, the Zafar, would be the most closely allied to the Prophet. He agreed. However, Layla's family warned her that she was too "jealous and whip-tongued" to adapt well to polygamy, which would cause political problems for the whole community. Under this pressure, Layla broke off the engagement.

|After March 630.

|She was Muhammad's cousin. He saw her as a baby crawling around and remarked, "If I am alive when she grows up, I will marry her." He changed his mind when he found out that her father had been his foster-brother and died soon afterwards.

|c. April 630.

|She was the daughter of a Muslim warrior who hoped to advance his career by becoming Muhammad's father-in-law. Muhammad signed the contract, but Sana died before the marriage could be consummated.  

|c. May 630.

|She was the sister of Sana (above). After Sana died, their father tried to interest Muhammad in Umra. At first he agreed, but he later changed his mind, ostensibly because Rifaa boasted that Umra "has never known a day's illness in her life."

|Bint Jundub ibn Damra of Janda’a

|Unknown.

|Nothing is known about this woman except that Muhammad contracted marriage with her but divorced her before consummation.  

|Jamra bint Al-Harith

|c. 631  

|She proposed marriage to Muhammad, and he accepted. Her father informed him that she suffered from a serious disease, whereupon Muhammad broke off the engagement. According to the Muslim chroniclers, her father arrived home only to find that she really had been afflicted with leprosy.

|Al-Shanba’ bint Amr

|January 632.

|She was from a Bedouin tribe who appeared friendly to Muhammad but who had also been friends of the [[Qurayza]] tribe. Al-Shanba’ insulted Muhammad on the first day by implying that he was not a true prophet, and he divorced her immediately.

|Qutayla (Habla) bint Qays

|May 632.

|She was a cousin of Asma bint Al-Numan, and the Yemenites sent her to Muhammad as a substitute bride. He signed the marriage contract but he died before Qutayla arrived in Medina. As soon as she heard that he was dead, she apostated from Islam. Soon afterwards she married an Arab chief who was a leader in the Apostasy Wars.

|Mary, mother of Jesus

|The Afterlife.

|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to the Virgin Mary, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an refers several times to Mary, praising her chastity and affirming the virgin birth of Jesus. Muhammad said she lived in a beautiful jewelled palace in Paradise next to Khadijah's.

|Queen Asiya of Egypt

|The Afterlife.

|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to Queen Asiya, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an tells how Asiya rescued the infant Moses from the evil Pharaoh, and how Pharaoh later tortured his wife to death for her monotheism. Muhammad said that Asiya's palace in Heaven was on the other side of Khadijah's.

|The Afterlife.

|Muhammad originally believed that Maryam the sister of Moses and Maryam the mother of Jesus were one and the same. When he realised his mistake, he apparently over-corrected by deciding that Moses' sister was not even named Maryam. He renamed her Kulthum ("Chubby Cheeks") and said that Allah had wedded her to him in Heaven. He did not say that she was a perfect woman or that she lived next to Khadijah.

===Refused Proposals===

|Fakhita (Umm Hani) bint Abi Talib

|before 595;

January 630;

c. 631

|Muhammad proposed to his cousin Fakhita, but her father married her off to a wealthy Makhzumite poet.

Nearly forty years later, after Muhammad conquered Mecca, Fakhita's husband fled rather than convert to Islam, causing an automatic divorce. Muhammad proposed to Fakhita again, but she refused, saying she could not be equally fair to a new husband and her young children.

Later still, Fakhita came to Muhammad, saying her children had grown up and she was finally ready to marry him; but he said she was too late.

|“As Many Wives as You Want”

|c.618-619.

|The chiefs of Mecca offered Muhammad "as many wives as you want in marriage," together with wealth, political power and the services of a competent exorcist, if only he would stop insulting their gods. Muhammad refused this offer, which was made while Khadijah was still alive.

|c. 623.

|Habiba was a prominent member of the Najjar clan in Medina. When the chief died with no obvious heir, Muhammad proposed to Habiba. His companions warned him that the women of Medina were not used to polygamy and that the men were very jealous for the happiness of their daughters; if this marriage turned out badly, key citizens might withdraw their support from Islam. Muhammad retracted his proposal, but the Najjar clan made him their chief anyway.

|''Al-Ansariya''

|After 625.

|This unnamed woman proposed to Muhammad in Hafsa's presence. Hafsa decried the shame of a woman who would throw herself at a man, but Muhammad retorted, "She is better than you because she wanted me while you only find fault." He refused the proposal, but promised the woman a reward in Paradise for asking.

In fact several ''ansar'' women are said to have proposed to Muhammad; while this example is anonymous, it clearly refers to a woman who is distinct from Layla bint Khutaym.

|Khawla bint Hakim

|After 627.

|This is the same Khawla bint Hakim who arranged Muhammad's marriages to Aisha and Sawda. Her first husband was Hafsa's uncle, and their elder son fought at Badr. After being widowed, Khawla asked Muhammad to marry her, but he refused without giving a reason. However, he found her a new husband the same day.

|Dubaa bint Amir

|After 627.

|Dubaa was a wealthy noblewoman to whom Muhammad sent a marriage proposal when he heard about her beautiful long hair that filled a whole room when she sat down. But by the time she accepted him, he had been advised that she was “elderly” (her grown-up son had been born from her third marriage) so he retracted his proposal before he had even met her.

|Izza bint Abi Sufyan

|After July 628.

|She was the sister of Muhammad’s wife Ramlah. Ramlah proposed Izza as a bride, "since, as I cannot be your only wife, I would like to share my good fortune with my sister." But Muhammad said he could not marry two sisters concurrently.

|After July 628.

|She was the daughter of Muhammad's wife Hind. Another wife, Ramlah, noticed that Muhammad admired Durrah and asked  if he intended to marry her. He replied that he could not marry his stepdaughter; and besides, her father had been his foster-brother. On the day Muhammad died, Durrah was only six years old.

|After March 630.

|She was Muhammad's cousin and said to be the prettiest girl in the family. Ali proposed her as a bride while she was still a child, but Muhammad said that he could not marry her because her father had been his foster-brother. She later married his stepson, Salama ibn Abi Salama.

|Safiyah bint Bashshama

|September 630.

|She was a war-captive from Mesopotamia. Muhammad asked her to marry him, but when she said she wanted to return to her husband, he allowed her family to ransom her. It is said that her family cursed her for placing her personal happiness above the political needs of the tribe.

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Lists|Lists}}

{{Hub4|Muhammad's Wives|Muhammad's wives and concubines}}

==References==

[[Category:Muhammad]]  

[[Category:Islam and Women]]