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Arabic letters and diacritics: Difference between revisions
→The Arabic Diacritics
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==The Arabic Diacritics== | ==The Arabic Diacritics== | ||
The diacritics will be demonstrated with the letter د (d). The diacritics add additional "letters" (sounds in pronunciation) after the letter. | |||
===The basic diacritics=== | |||
* دَ - fathah (فَتْحَة) | |||
** Fathah (a line above the letter) means a short vowel "a" after the letter. So دَ is "da", بَ is "ba" and so on. | |||
* دِ - kasrah (كَسْرَة) | |||
** Kasrah (a line below the letter) means a short vowel "i" (ee) after the letter. | |||
* دُ - dammah (ضَمَّة) <-- don't confuse the name with "maddah" and don't confuse the diacritic sign with "alif waslah" (ٱ) | |||
** Dammah (و above the letter) means a short vowel "w" (eu) after the letter. | |||
* دْ Sukun (سُكُون) | |||
** Sukun (a circle above the letter) indicates that there is no vowel after the letter. | |||
* دّ - shaddah (شَدَّة) | |||
** Shaddah (looks like 3 written horizontally, or like w) doubles the time of pronunciation of the letter. | |||
ِAlif with a fatha is simply read as "aa", with a kasrah as "ii" (ee), with a dammah as "uu" (ww, oo). | |||
===Special alif diacritics=== | |||
* دٰ - dagger alif (أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة, ''alif khanjarīyah'') | |||
** Dagger alif (vertical line above a letter) means a long vowel "aa" after the letter. | |||
** It is used a lot in the Qu'ran in the Uthmani script, but in the modern Imla'ei script, the words are often written with regular alif placed after the letter instead. | |||
** This diacritic is missing on Arabic keyboard layout. The Unicode number is U+0670. | |||
* آ - alif maddah (أَلِف مَدَّة) <-- don't confuse with "dammah" | |||
** maddah (a tilde above the letter) indicates a glottal stop before the alif (alif is long "aa"). Fot example the word Qur'an: قُرْآن. You have to do a "glottal stop" (close the throat) between "qur" and "aan". In the Uthmani script there was a letter hamza before the alif: القرءان. The hamza represented the glottal stop before alif. | |||
* ٱ - alif waslah (أَلِف وَصْلَة) <-- don't confuse the sign with the dammah (اُ) | |||
** Waslah (similar to a the first part of the letter ص) above alif means that the alif is not pronounced, when it is preceded by a vowel (from the previous word). However if the alif waslah is at the beginning of the speech, it is read as a regular alif. | |||
** The ال (al-) prefix has an alif waslah. So the alif is usually not pronounced and you will hear only the ل (l). Or you won't hear the "l" either, if the first letter of the word is a ''sun letter''. | |||
===Nunation=== | |||
Nunation (تنوين, ''tanween'') is adding the sound of the letter ن (nun) to the end of a word (using diacritics). It is used on ء (hamza), ة (ta marbuta) and ا (alif). If the word ends on other letter, ا (alif) is added. Besides adding the "n", these diacritics add a vowel, similarly to fathah, kasrah and dammah. These word endings also determine whether the word is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case. This list uses the letter ا (alif): | |||
* اٌ "un" <-- don't confuse with the sign dammah (اُ) or waslah (ٱ) | |||
** The letter و with a break on the left side, above a letter, besides the "un" sound, symbolizes the nominative case of the word. | |||
* اٍ "in" | |||
** Two kasras below the last letter mean that the word is in the genitive case. | |||
* اً "an" | |||
** Two fathas above the last letter mean that the word is in the accusative case. | |||