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| Tedy toto slovo má několik významů. Mohli bychom spekulovat, že by to mohlo znamenat i "mateřeský" (odvozeno z ''umm'' - matka), protože Mohamedův otec zemřel předtím, než se Mohamed narodil a on pak žil pouze se svojí matkou. | | Tedy toto slovo má několik významů. Mohli bychom spekulovat, že by to mohlo znamenat i "mateřeský" (odvozeno z ''umm'' - matka), protože Mohamedův otec zemřel předtím, než se Mohamed narodil a on pak žil pouze se svojí matkou. |
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| ===Indications he was literate=== | | ===Známky, že byl gramotný=== |
| Muhammad was employed by his first wife Khadija to travel as a merchant. It's hard to do trade business without being able to write. Besides this implicit indication to his ability to write, we have explicit hadiths talking about Muhammad writing stuff.
| | Mohamed byl zaměstnán svojí první manželkou Chadídžou, aby cestoval jako obchodník. Je těžké dělat byznys mezi schopnosti psát. Kromě tohoto nepřímého náznaku, že uměl psát, máme hadísy, kde se explicitně říká, že Mohamed psal. |
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| ====Hadiths==== | | ====Hadísy==== |
| كتب (''kataba'') means "he wrote": | | كتب (''kataba'') znamená "napsal": |
| {{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|3|65}}| | | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|3|65}}| |
| Narrated Anas bin Malik:
| | Vyprávěl Anas bin Malik: |
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| '''Once the Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) a letter or had an idea of writing a letter'''. The Prophet (ﷺ) was told that they (rulers) would not read letters unless they were sealed. So the Prophet (ﷺ) got a silver ring made with "Muhammad Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)" engraved on it. As if I were just observing its white glitter in the hand of the Prophet. | | '''Jednou prorok (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) dopis nebo měl nápad, že by jej mohl napsat'''. Prorokovi (ﷺ) bylo řečeno, že oni (vládci) nečtou dopisy, pokud nejsou zapečetěné. A tak si prorok (ﷺ) udělal stříbrný prsten s vyrytým "Mohamed, posel boží"... |
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| {{Quote|{{Abudawud|42|5117}}| | | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|42|5117}}| |
| Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:
| | Vyprávěl Abdullah ibn Abbas: |
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| '''The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) a letter to Heraclius''': "From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Hiraql (Heraclius), Chief of the Byzantines. Peace be to those who follow the guidance." Ibn Yahya reported on the authority of Ibn Abbas that AbuSufyan said to him: We then came to see Hiraql (Heraclius) who seated us before him. He then called for the letter from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). Its contents were: "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful, from Muhammad the Messenger of Allah, to Hiraql, chief of Byzantines. Peace be to those who follow the guidance. To proceed." | | '''Prorok (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) dopis Heracliusovi''': "Od Mohameda, posla Aláhova... |
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| {{Quote|{{Abudawud|18|2921}} (sahih)| | | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|18|2921}} (sahih)| |
| Narrated Umar ibn al-Khattab:
| | ...Ad-Dahhak ibn Sufyan řekl: '''Posel Aláhův (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) mi''', že mám dát podíl ... |
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| Sa'id said: Umar ibn al-Khattab said: Blood-money is meant for the clan of the slain, and she will not inherit from the blood-money of her husband. Ad-Dahhak ibn Sufyan said: '''The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) to me''' that I should give a share to the wife of Ashyam ad-Dubabi from the blood-money of her husband. So Umar withdrew his opinion.
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| Ahmad ibn Salih said: AbdurRazzaq transmitted this tradition to us from Ma'mar, from az-Zuhri on the authority of Sa'id. In this version he said: The Prophet (ﷺ) made him governor over the bedouins.
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| {{Quote|{{Abudawud|19|2993}}| | | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|19|2993}}| |
| Narrated Yazid ibn Abdullah:
| | ...Poté jsme se zeptali: Kdo napsal (كَتَبَ) tento dokument pro vás? Odpověděl: Posel Aláhův(ﷺ). |
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| We were at Mirbad. A man with dishevelled hair and holding a piece of red skin in his hand came.
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| We said: You appear to be a bedouin. He said: Yes. We said: Give us this piece of skin in your hand. He then gave it to us and we read it. It contained the text: "From Muhammad, Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), to Banu Zuhayr ibn Uqaysh. If you bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, offer prayer, pay zakat, pay the fifth from the booty, and the portion of the Prophet (ﷺ) and his special portion (safi), you will be under by the protection of Allah and His Apostle."
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| '''We then asked: Who wrote (كَتَبَ) this document for you? He replied: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).'''
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| وكتب (''wa-kataba'') means "and he wrote": | | وكتب (''wa-kataba'') znamená "a on napsal": |
| {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|387}}| | | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|387}}| |
| Narrated Abu Humaid As-Saidi:
| | ... '''a prorok napsal (وَكَتَبَ) mu''' mírovou smlouvu... |
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| We accompanied the Prophet (ﷺ) in the Ghazwa of Tabuk and the king of 'Aila presented a white mule and a cloak as a gift to the Prophet. '''And the Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (وَكَتَبَ) to him''' a peace treaty allowing him to keep authority over his country.
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| فكتب (''fa-kataba'') means "then he wrote": | | فكتب (''fa-kataba'') znamená "poté on napsal": |
| {{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|89|302}}| | | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|89|302}}| |
| Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The Jews should either pay the blood money of your (deceased) companion or be ready for war." '''After that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) wrote (فَكَتَبَ) a letter to the Jews''' in that respect, and they wrote that they had not killed him.
| | '''Poté Aláhův posel (ﷺ) napsal (فَكَتَبَ) dopis židům'''... |
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| {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|863}}| | | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|863}}| |
| Narrated Al-Bara:
| | Vyprávěl Al-Bara: |
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| When the Prophet (ﷺ) intended to perform `Umra in the month of Dhul-Qada, the people of Mecca did not let him enter Mecca till he settled the matter with them by promising to stay in it for three days only. When the document of treaty was written, the following was mentioned: 'These are the terms on which Muhammad, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) agreed (to make peace).' They said, "We will not agree to this, for if we believed that you are Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) we would not prevent you, but you are Muhammad bin `Abdullah." The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I am Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and also Muhammad bin `Abdullah." Then he said to `Ali, "Rub off (the words) 'Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)' ", but `Ali said, "No, by Allah, I will never rub off your name." So, '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) took the document and wrote (فَكَتَبَ)''', 'This is what Muhammad bin `Abdullah has agreed upon: No arms will be brought into Mecca except in their cases, and nobody from the people of Mecca will be allowed to go with him (i.e. the Prophet (ﷺ) ) even if he wished to follow him and he (the Prophet (ﷺ) ) will not prevent any of his companions from staying in Mecca if the latter wants to stay.'
| | Když chtěl prorok vykonat malou pouť v měsíci dhul-qada, lidé v Mekce mu neumožnili vstoupit do Mekky, dokud jim neslíbil, že se tam zdrží pouze tři dny. Když byl dokument sepsán, bylo zmíněno následující: 'Toto jsou podmínky za kterých Mohamed, Aláhův posel, souhlasil (s mírovou dohodou).' Oni řekli: "S tím nebudeme souhlasit, protože kdybychom věřili, že jsi Aláhův posel, nebránili bychom ti, ale ty jsi Muhammad bin `Abdullah." Prorok (ﷺ) řekl, "Já jsem Aláhův posel (ﷺ) a zároveň Muhammad bin `Abdullah." A pak řekl Alímu: "Vymaž (slova) 'Aláhův posel (ﷺ)' ", ale Alí řekl: "Ne, při Aláhovi, nikdy nesmažu tvé jméno." Tak, '''Aláhův posel (ﷺ) vzal dokument a napsal (فَكَتَبَ)''', 'Toto je to, na čem se Muhammad bin `Abdullah dohodnul: Žádné zbraně nebudou přineseny do Mekky... |
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| ====The first revelation==== | | ====První zjevení==== |
| The first sura was the sura 96, which begins as follows:
| | První súra byla súra 96, která začíná takto: |
| {{Quote|{{Quran|96|1-5}}| | | {{Quote|{{Quran|96|1-5}}| |
| '''Read''' (اقرا, ''iqra'') in the name of your Lord who created - | | '''Read''' (اقرا, ''iqra'') in the name of your Lord who created - |