Zina: Difference between revisions

Zina (view source)

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 '''Zina''' (Arabic: الزنا‎ ) is the Arabic word for "unlawful sexual relations." Zina, according to [[Fiqh|traditional Islamic jurisprudence]], can include [[adultery]]<ref name="ill"/><ref name="shahnaz">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahnaz |title=Zina, Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=9780774841184 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IfJl4J7MAgC&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA8 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Habeeb">{{cite book |last1=Akande |first1=Habeeb |title=A Taste of Honey: Sexuality and Erotology in Islam |date=2015 |publisher=Rabaah Publishers |isbn=9780957484511 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyPCgAAQBAJ&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref> (of married parties), [[fornication]]<ref name="ill"/><ref name="shahnaz"/><ref name="Habeeb"/> (of unmarried parties),
-[[prostitution]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415966924 |page=646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=prostitution+zina&pg=PA646 |language=en}}</ref> [[rape]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref> [[sodomy]],<ref name="ill"/><ref name="sam"/> [[homosexuality]],<ref name="hmy">{{cite web |author1=Mohd Izwan bin Md Yusof |author2=Muhd. Najib bin Abdul Kadir |author3=Mazlan bin Ibrahim |author4=Khader bin Ahmad |author5=Murshidi bin Mohd Noor |author6=Saiful Azhar bin Saadon |title=Hadith Sahih on Behaviour of LGBT |url=http://www.islam.gov.my/images/ePenerbitan/Hadis-hadis_Sahih_Berkaitan_Perlakuan_LGBT_BI.pdf |website=islam.gov.my |publisher=[[Government of Malaysia]] |accessdate=26 July 2019 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="sam">{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Samar |title=Islam and Homosexuality |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379031 |page=211 |edition= 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&q=homosexuality+zina&pg=PA211 |accessdate=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[incest]],<ref name="clarke">{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hashim">{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and [[bestiality]].<ref name="ill">{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Legal Decisions |page=3,71,142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&q=bestiality+zina |language=en}}</ref> Four witnesses are required to prove the offense.<ref>{{Cite book|first=R. |last= Peters | year= 2012 | title=Zinā or Zināʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8168 }}</ref>
+[[prostitution]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415966924 |page=646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=prostitution+zina&pg=PA646 |language=en}}</ref> [[rape]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref> [[sodomy]],<ref name="ill"/><ref name="sam"/> [[homosexuality]],<ref name="hmy">{{cite web |author1=Mohd Izwan bin Md Yusof |author2=Muhd. Najib bin Abdul Kadir |author3=Mazlan bin Ibrahim |author4=Khader bin Ahmad |author5=Murshidi bin Mohd Noor |author6=Saiful Azhar bin Saadon |title=Hadith Sahih on Behaviour of LGBT |url=http://www.islam.gov.my/images/ePenerbitan/Hadis-hadis_Sahih_Berkaitan_Perlakuan_LGBT_BI.pdf |website=islam.gov.my |publisher=[[Government of Malaysia]] |accessdate=26 July 2019 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="sam">{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Samar |title=Islam and Homosexuality |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379031 |page=211 |edition= 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&q=homosexuality+zina&pg=PA211 |accessdate=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[incest]],<ref name="clarke">{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hashim">{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and [[bestiality]].<ref name="ill">{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Legal Decisions |page=3,71,142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&q=bestiality+zina |language=en}}</ref> Four witnesses are required to prove the offense.<ref>{{Cite book|first=R. |last= Peters | year= 2012 | title=Zinā or Zināʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8168}}</ref>
 The Islamic definition of Zina differs from the commonly used definition of "adultery" in English. The meaning also differs in relation to gender under traditional Islamic jurisprudence.