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When the time of the death of Abu Talib approached, Allah's Apostle went to him and found Abu Jahl bin Hisham and 'Abdullah bin Abi Umaiya bin Al-Mughira by his side. Allah's Apostle said to Abu Talib, "O uncle! Say: None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, a sentence with which I shall be a witness (i.e. argue) for you before Allah. Abu Jahl and 'Abdullah bin Abi Umaiya said, "O Abu Talib! Are you going to denounce the religion of Abdul Muttalib?" Allah's Apostle kept on inviting Abu Talib to say it (i.e. 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah') while they (Abu Jahl and Abdullah) kept on repeating their statement till Abu Talib said as his last statement that he was on the religion of Abdul Muttalib and refused to say, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' (Then Allah's Apostle said, "I will keep on asking Allah's forgiveness for you unless I am forbidden (by Allah) to do so." So Allah revealed (the verse) concerning him (i.e. It is not fitting for the Prophet and those who believe that they should invoke (Allah) for forgiveness for pagans even though they be of kin, after it has become clear to them that they are companions of the fire (9.113).}} | When the time of the death of Abu Talib approached, Allah's Apostle went to him and found Abu Jahl bin Hisham and 'Abdullah bin Abi Umaiya bin Al-Mughira by his side. Allah's Apostle said to Abu Talib, "O uncle! Say: None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, a sentence with which I shall be a witness (i.e. argue) for you before Allah. Abu Jahl and 'Abdullah bin Abi Umaiya said, "O Abu Talib! Are you going to denounce the religion of Abdul Muttalib?" Allah's Apostle kept on inviting Abu Talib to say it (i.e. 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah') while they (Abu Jahl and Abdullah) kept on repeating their statement till Abu Talib said as his last statement that he was on the religion of Abdul Muttalib and refused to say, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' (Then Allah's Apostle said, "I will keep on asking Allah's forgiveness for you unless I am forbidden (by Allah) to do so." So Allah revealed (the verse) concerning him (i.e. It is not fitting for the Prophet and those who believe that they should invoke (Allah) for forgiveness for pagans even though they be of kin, after it has become clear to them that they are companions of the fire (9.113).}} | ||
== Origins == | ==Origins== | ||
== Doctrinal debates == | ==Doctrinal debates== | ||
==Criticisms== | ==Criticisms== | ||
=== Challenges to Allah's benevolence === | ===Challenges to Allah's benevolence=== | ||
==== Creation of beings predestined for hell ==== | ====Creation of beings predestined for hell==== | ||
The Qur'an states that Allah the "Omniscient" had the option of giving "every soul its true guidance" but preferred to "fill Hell with jinns and men all altogether".<ref>"''If We had so willed, We could certainly have brought every soul its true guidance: but the Word from Me will come true, "I will fill Hell with Jinns and men all together."''" - {{Quran|32|13}}</ref><ref>"'' Praise be to Allah, to Whom belong all things in the heavens and on earth: to Him be Praise in the Hereafter: and He is Full of Wisdom, acquainted with all things. He knows all that goes into the earth, and all that comes out thereof; all that comes down from the sky and all that ascends thereto and He is the Most Merciful, the Oft-Forgiving. The Unbelievers say, "Never to us will come the Hour": Say, "Nay! but most surely, by my Lord, it will come upon you;- by Him Who knows the unseen,- from Whom is not hidden the least little atom in the heavens or on earth: Nor is there anything less than that, or greater, but is in the Record Perspicuous:''" - {{Quran-range|34|1|3}}</ref> This means that Allah creates beings he knows will be tortured. | The Qur'an states that Allah the "Omniscient" had the option of giving "every soul its true guidance" but preferred to "fill Hell with jinns and men all altogether".<ref>"''If We had so willed, We could certainly have brought every soul its true guidance: but the Word from Me will come true, "I will fill Hell with Jinns and men all together."''" - {{Quran|32|13}}</ref><ref>"'' Praise be to Allah, to Whom belong all things in the heavens and on earth: to Him be Praise in the Hereafter: and He is Full of Wisdom, acquainted with all things. He knows all that goes into the earth, and all that comes out thereof; all that comes down from the sky and all that ascends thereto and He is the Most Merciful, the Oft-Forgiving. The Unbelievers say, "Never to us will come the Hour": Say, "Nay! but most surely, by my Lord, it will come upon you;- by Him Who knows the unseen,- from Whom is not hidden the least little atom in the heavens or on earth: Nor is there anything less than that, or greater, but is in the Record Perspicuous:''" - {{Quran-range|34|1|3}}</ref> This means that Allah creates beings he knows will be tortured. | ||
==== Unfair punishment ==== | ====Unfair punishment==== | ||
Infinite punishment cannot be properly described as fair punishment for finite sins. This causes eternal torture to be unjust. | Infinite punishment cannot be properly described as fair punishment for finite sins. This causes eternal torture to be unjust. | ||
==== Futile punishment ==== | ====Futile punishment==== | ||
Many if not most of Hell's occupants will never be able to repent, reform, or escape.<ref>"''They will cry: "O Malik! would that thy Lord put an end to us!" He will say, "Nay, but ye shall abide!"''" - {{Quran|43|77}}</ref><ref>"''Therein will they cry aloud (for assistance): "Our Lord! Bring us out: we shall work righteousness, not the (deeds) we used to do!" - "Did We not give you long enough life so that he that would should receive admonition? and (moreover) the warner came to you. So taste ye (the fruits of your deeds): for the wrong-doers there is no helper."''" - {{Quran|35|36-37}}</ref><ref>"''They will say: "our Lord! Our misfortune overwhelmed us, and we became a people astray! "Our Lord! bring us out of this: if ever we return (to Evil), then shall we be wrong-doers indeed!" He will say: "Be ye driven into it (with ignominy)! And speak ye not to Me!''" - {{Quran-range|23|106|108}}</ref><ref>"''For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is the Penalty of Hell: and evil is (such), Destination. When they are cast therein, they will hear the (terrible) drawing in of its breath even as it blazes forth, Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask, "Did no Warner come to you?" They will say: "Yes indeed; a Warner did come to us, but we rejected him and said, 'Allah never sent down any (Message): ye are nothing but an egregious delusion!'" They will further say: "Had we but listened or used our intelligence, we should not (now) be among the Companions of the Blazing Fire!" They will then confess their sins: but far will be (Forgiveness) from the Companions of the Blazing Fire!''" - {{Quran-range|67|6|11}}</ref> Since eternal torture is not being used for any constructive purpose after justice has been attained through fair punishment, it is futile. | Many if not most of Hell's occupants will never be able to repent, reform, or escape.<ref>"''They will cry: "O Malik! would that thy Lord put an end to us!" He will say, "Nay, but ye shall abide!"''" - {{Quran|43|77}}</ref><ref>"''Therein will they cry aloud (for assistance): "Our Lord! Bring us out: we shall work righteousness, not the (deeds) we used to do!" - "Did We not give you long enough life so that he that would should receive admonition? and (moreover) the warner came to you. So taste ye (the fruits of your deeds): for the wrong-doers there is no helper."''" - {{Quran|35|36-37}}</ref><ref>"''They will say: "our Lord! Our misfortune overwhelmed us, and we became a people astray! "Our Lord! bring us out of this: if ever we return (to Evil), then shall we be wrong-doers indeed!" He will say: "Be ye driven into it (with ignominy)! And speak ye not to Me!''" - {{Quran-range|23|106|108}}</ref><ref>"''For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is the Penalty of Hell: and evil is (such), Destination. When they are cast therein, they will hear the (terrible) drawing in of its breath even as it blazes forth, Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask, "Did no Warner come to you?" They will say: "Yes indeed; a Warner did come to us, but we rejected him and said, 'Allah never sent down any (Message): ye are nothing but an egregious delusion!'" They will further say: "Had we but listened or used our intelligence, we should not (now) be among the Companions of the Blazing Fire!" They will then confess their sins: but far will be (Forgiveness) from the Companions of the Blazing Fire!''" - {{Quran-range|67|6|11}}</ref> Since eternal torture is not being used for any constructive purpose after justice has been attained through fair punishment, it is futile. | ||
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*[http://www.islamcan.com/hell-jahannam.shtml All about the Hell Fire - Jahannam] | *[http://www.islamcan.com/hell-jahannam.shtml All about the Hell Fire - Jahannam] | ||
*[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/denis_giron/islamhell.html Islamic Hell: Absurdity of Science and Logic] ''- Denis Giron'' | *[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/denis_giron/islamhell.html Islamic Hell: Absurdity of Science and Logic] ''- Denis Giron'' | ||
*[http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/Quran/cruelty/long.html Cruelty in the Quran] ''- | *[http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/Quran/cruelty/long.html Cruelty in the Quran] ''- Skeptic's Annotated Quran'' | ||
==References== | ==References== |