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This page contains summaries of articles discussing Islam and the understanding of its various scriptures and texts, crucially the [[Qur'an (definition)|Qur'an]] and the [[Hadith (definition)|Hadith]].
Islam acknowledges two primary varieties of '''scripture''', the [[Quran]] and the [[hadith]]. The Quran is believed to be directly spoken, eternal, and yet "uncreated" word of Allah, while the hadith comprise reports of varying authenticity from [[Sahabah|Muhammad's companions (the ''sahabah'')]], transmitted through various members of successive generations regarding specific actions, statements, or 'tacit approvals' of Muhammad. The 'tacit approvals' of Muhammad include any event where Muhammad was present or regarding which Muhammad was aware of or made aware of and against which he did not protest - his silence in these cases is held to count as his approval. [[Textual History of the Qur'an|The textual history of the Quran]] is complex and subject to interminable debate, but it is generally agreed that some final version of the Quran was compiled and authorized by the [[Rashidun Caliphs|''Rashidun'' ("rightly guided") Caliphs]] within a decade of [[Muhammad's Death|Muhammad's death]], with all competing versions being outlawed and destroyed. While a select few hadiths were written down in the first century after Muhammad's death, these were, as a rule, not recorded with their chains of transmission (pl. ''asaneed'', s. ''Isnad''). Vastly more hadiths were compiled in writing in the period 150-200 years following Muhammad's death. While Islamic scholars to this day place great faith in the historicity and preservation of the [[sahih]] ("reliable") hadith and especially the Quran, the traditional narrative regarding the preservation of either has been increasingly challenged by professional historians. The hadith in particular have been subjected to wide-ranging criticism and are said to bear the clear marks of early sectarian influence, hagiographic idealization, and the competing fancies of early scholars of [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)|Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'')]].
{{Core}}
 
The two most authoritative, sahih collections of hadith are [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]].
 
__TOC__
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{{Template:Random quran quotes}}
==The Quran==
==Qur'an==


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Qur'an (definition)|Qur'an]]''
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Qur'an (definition)|Qur'an]]''


The ''Qur'ān'' (القرآن) is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe the Qur'an to be the book of divine guidance and direction for mankind. They also consider the text in its original Arabic, to be the literal word of Allah<ref>[{{Quran-url-only|2|23}} Qur'ān, Chapter 2, Verses 23-24]</ref> revealed by the angel Jibreel (Gabriel) to Prophet Muhammad over a period of twenty-three years<ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,'' Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338,  I.B. Tauris Publishers, </ref><ref>[{{Quran-url-only|17|106}} Qur'an, Chapter 17, Verse 106]</ref>, and view the Qur'an as God's final revelation.<ref>[{{Quran-url-only|33|40}} Qur'an, Chapter 33, Verse 40]</ref><ref>Watton, Victor, (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref>
The ''Qur'ān'' (القرآن) is the central religious text of Islam and is held to be the final and perfect guidance for all of mankind.<ref>[{{Quran-url-only|33|40}} Qur'an, Chapter 33, Verse 40]</ref><ref>Watton, Victor, (1993), ''A student's approach to world religions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref> The text in its original Arabic is believed to be the literal word of Allah<ref>[{{Quran-url-only|2|23}} Qur'ān, Chapter 2, Verses 23-24]</ref> revealed by the angel [[Jibreel (Angel Gabriel)|Jibreel (Gabriel)]] to Prophet Muhammad over a period of twenty-three years.<ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,'' Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338,  I.B. Tauris Publishers, </ref><ref>[{{Quran-url-only|17|106}} Qur'an, Chapter 17, Verse 106]</ref>


===Origins===
=== Textual history of the Quran ===
{{Main|Textual History of the Qur'an}}


:''Main Article:'' ''[[The Origins of the Quran|The Origins of the Qur'an]], See also: [[Pagan Origins of Islam]]''
The textual integrity of scripture is an important topic in Muslim circles and will be brought up by both Islamic scholars and non-scholars alike. Many claim the text of the Qur'an today is identical to that received by Muhammad, and present this preservation as being of the foremost miracles and proofs of Islam. This article looks at the criticisms of and problems inherent in this position, especially as modern scholarship has revealed previously unknown or popularly ignored or sidelined facts of early Islamic history (particularly regarding the compilation and preservation of the Qur'an).


Taken from Ibn Warraq's book ''The Origins of the Koran, Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book'', this article discusses the following points:
====Diacritical Marks====
{{Main|Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an}}


#How did the Koran come to us.?—That is the compilation and the transmission of the Koran.
The Arabic writing system was still in development during the time of Muhammad, so the Qur'an was originally written without today's diacritical marks. These were added years after the final Qur'anic revelation and Muhammad's death. The problem with this is the addition or subtraction of diacritical marks radically alter the meaning of Arabic text, thereby potentially altering Allah’s book. In this article we examine the use of diacritical marks and the problems they posed when they were added to (and, today, removed from) the Qur'an.
#When was it written, and who wrote it?
#What are the sources of the Koran? Where were the stories, legends, and principles that abound in the Koran acquired?
#What is the Koran? Since there never was a ''textus receptus ne varietur'' of the Koran, one needs to determine its authenticity.


===Organization===
====Organization====
{{Main|Organization of the Quran|l1=Organization of the Qur'an}}
{{Main|Organization of the Quran|l1=Organization of the Qur'an}}


Except for the first surah, Al-Fatiha, the Qur'an is broadly describable as being organized by descending length of the sura. That is, the longest sura is Sura 2 and the (second) shortest is Sura 114. While standard prints of the Qur'an make no distinction between passages revealed to the prophet in Mecca or Medina, Islamic scholarship and scholars generally agree that a part of the Qur'an was revealed before and a part after the prophet's hijra, or flight, from Mecca to Medina.  
Except for the first surah, Al-Fatiha, the Qur'an is broadly describable as being organized by descending length of the sura. That is, the longest sura is Sura 2 and the (second) shortest is Sura 114. While standard prints of the Qur'an make no distinction between passages revealed to the prophet in Mecca or Medina, Islamic scholarship and scholars generally agree that a part of the Qur'an was revealed before and a part after the prophet's hijra, or flight, from Mecca to Medina.  


===Chronological Order===
====Chronological Order====


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Chronological Order of the Qur'an]], See also: [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Jihad#The_Chronological_Shift_from_Pacifism_to_Jihad|The Chronological Shift from Pacifism to Jihad]]''
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Chronological Order of the Qur'an]], See also: [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Jihad#The_Chronological_Shift_from_Pacifism_to_Jihad|The Chronological Shift from Pacifism to Jihad]]''
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This page lists the chronological (or revelational) order of the Qur'an. It is clear that whereas the earlier Meccan verses of the Qur'an focus on matters of belief and general behavior, the later, Medinan verses of the Qur'an, revealed during the prophets political and military reign in Arabia, focus a great deal more on matters of Islamic law and jihad. In this order, it is also clear that, over time, the revelations changed from a poetic and morally exhortative style in Mecca to a more straight-forward and often aggressive style in the later years in Medina.
This page lists the chronological (or revelational) order of the Qur'an. It is clear that whereas the earlier Meccan verses of the Qur'an focus on matters of belief and general behavior, the later, Medinan verses of the Qur'an, revealed during the prophets political and military reign in Arabia, focus a great deal more on matters of Islamic law and jihad. In this order, it is also clear that, over time, the revelations changed from a poetic and morally exhortative style in Mecca to a more straight-forward and often aggressive style in the later years in Medina.


===Abrogations===
====Abrogations====


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Abrogation (Naskh)]] and [[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an]]''
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Abrogation (Naskh)]] and [[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an]]''
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The messages of later Medinan Qur'anic revelations changed and contradicted earlier Meccan ones. So the Qur'an, read superficially, in its non-chronological organization, can support any number of views on several subjects. However, in Islam there is a method in sorting through the various verses; this is known as the doctrine of ''abrogation'' (Naskh). Some apologists will say that this doctrine does not exist or is not a part of mainstream Islam. However, when you view the chronological order of the revelations, it is difficult and perhaps impossible to avoid (for instance, some verses in the Qur'an describe wine-vineyards in a noble light, whereas others describe [[alcohol]] as among the works of the devil - this, and numerous other examples, are only comprehensible in light of the doctrine of abrogation).
The messages of later Medinan Qur'anic revelations changed and contradicted earlier Meccan ones. So the Qur'an, read superficially, in its non-chronological organization, can support any number of views on several subjects. However, in Islam there is a method in sorting through the various verses; this is known as the doctrine of ''abrogation'' (Naskh). Some apologists will say that this doctrine does not exist or is not a part of mainstream Islam. However, when you view the chronological order of the revelations, it is difficult and perhaps impossible to avoid (for instance, some verses in the Qur'an describe wine-vineyards in a noble light, whereas others describe [[alcohol]] as among the works of the devil - this, and numerous other examples, are only comprehensible in light of the doctrine of abrogation).


===Revelational Circumstances===
====Revelational Circumstances====
{{Main|Revelational Circumstances of the Quran|l1=Revelational Circumstances of the Qur'an}}
{{Main|Revelational Circumstances of the Quran|l1=Revelational Circumstances of the Qur'an}}


When discussing the applicability of the commands of the Qur'an in modern times, some argue that less agreeable verses apply only to its original revalational circumstance. However, such ideas regarding the evolution and changing of Islamic law are considered heresy in orthodox Islam. This article reviews those verses which are most frequently dismissed or historicized as only being applicable in the time & place of revelation, and considers the plausibility of these claims in relation to how Islamic law was understood for more than a thousand years (and how it remains understood, in this way, by the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars today).
When discussing the applicability of the commands of the Qur'an in modern times, some argue that less agreeable verses apply only to its original revalational circumstance. However, such ideas regarding the evolution and changing of Islamic law are considered heresy in orthodox Islam. This article reviews those verses which are most frequently dismissed or historicized as only being applicable in the time & place of revelation, and considers the plausibility of these claims in relation to how Islamic law was understood for more than a thousand years (and how it remains understood, in this way, by the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars today).


==="God's Closing Statement"===
====Parallelism====
{{Main|The Ultimate Message of the Qur'an}}
 
Chapter 9 of the Qur'an- ''Al Taubah'' (Repentance) is considered to be the closing remarks of Allah. The only Surah (chapter‎) said to have been revealed after this is ''Al Nasr'' (Victory), which consists of only a few verses. That this chapter is openly militant, containing some of the most controversial verses regarding Jihad, while also being something to the effect of "God's closing statement", would seem to make militant and expansionist interpretations of Islam understandable. The chapter encourages the narrative of dividing the world into the domain of believers (Dar al-Islam) and unbelievers (dar al-kufr) or war (dar al-harb), with the apparent aim of preserving endless enmity between the two. Given its historical context and contemporary importance, this chapter of the Qur'an proves to be essential reading for those interested in understanding Islam, its doctrine's, and it's ultimate world view.
 
==Qur'an (Criticism)==
 
===Textual history===
{{Main|Textual History of the Qur'an}}
 
The textual integrity of scripture is an important topic in Muslim circles and will be brought up by both Islamic scholars and non-scholars alike. Many claim the text of the Qur'an today is identical to that received by Muhammad, and present this preservation as being of the foremost miracles and proofs of Islam. This article looks at the criticisms of and problems inherent in this position, especially as modern scholarship has revealed previously unknown or popularly ignored or sidelined facts of early Islamic history (particularly regarding the compilation and preservation of the Qur'an).
 
===Parallelism===
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}
{{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}}


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This series of articles looks at the following parallelisms between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures:
This series of articles looks at the following parallelisms between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures:
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*and Abraham & the idols.  
*and Abraham & the idols.  
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Furthermore, the claim that the Quran describes the Judeo-Christians scriptures as "corrupted" [[Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)|has been substantially critiqued, and is most probably untrue]].
Furthermore, the claim that the Quran describes the Judeo-Christians scriptures as "corrupted" [[Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)|has been substantially critiqued, and is most probably untrue]].


===Contradictions===
=== Contents of the Quran ===


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Contradictions in the Quran]]''
====Al-Fatiha====
{{Main|Al-Fatiha}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|4|82}}|"Why don't they contemplate upon the Qur'an? Had it been originated from anyone besides God, then it would have been abundant with inconsistencies and contradictions"}}
The best-known chapter of the Qur'an is al-Fatiha ‘The Opening’. This surah is recited as part of all the mandatory daily prayers and repeated within each prayer. A faithful Muslim who said all their prayers would recite this surah at least seventeen times a day, and over five thousand times a year. The hadith literature make negative references to the Jews and Christians in connection with this surah. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali incorporate this within their translation. Ayah 6-7 thus reads; ''"Guide us to the Straight Way. The Way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger (such as the Jews), nor of those who went astray (such as the Christians)."'' It is remarkable that the daily prayers of every Muslim, part of the core of Islam, include a rejection of Christians and Jews as misguided and objects of Allah’s wrath.


This section deals with contradictions in the Qur'an. It is no secret that the Qur'an contains contradictions, as Islamic scholars are familiar with the Abrogation laws within Islam. Below, you will find a large amount of discrepancies. Even when compared with the alleged discrepancies within the Bible, the list is huge. This is especially apparent when you consider the Qur'an is less than a third of the size, and is supposed to have been narrated by a single individual, rather than be a collection of several books authored by various individuals, and compiled over the course of many years.
====Child marriage====
 
===Pedophilia===
{{Main|Pedophilia in the Qur'an}}
{{Main|Pedophilia in the Qur'an}}
The Qur'an permits pedophilia. The following Qur'anic verse allows sex with pre-pubescent girls who have not yet menstruated.
The Qur'an permits pedophilia. The following Qur'anic verse allows sex with pre-pubescent girls who have not yet menstruated.
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What is being discussed is the Iddat (العدة‎), which is a waiting period a female must observe before she can remarry. According to this verse, the stipulated waiting period for a divorced girl who has not yet menstruated is three months.
What is being discussed is the Iddat (العدة‎), which is a waiting period a female must observe before she can remarry. According to this verse, the stipulated waiting period for a divorced girl who has not yet menstruated is three months.


===Diacritical Marks===
====The final message of the Quran====
{{Main|Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an}}
Chapter 9 of the Qur'an- ''Al Taubah'' (Repentance) is considered to be the closing remarks of Allah. The only Surah (chapter‎) said to have been revealed after this is ''Al Nasr'' (Victory), which consists of only a few verses. That this chapter is openly militant, containing some of the most controversial verses regarding Jihad, while also being something to the effect of "God's closing statement", would seem to make militant and expansionist interpretations of Islam understandable. The chapter encourages the narrative of dividing the world into the domain of believers (Dar al-Islam) and unbelievers (dar al-kufr) or war (dar al-harb), with the apparent aim of preserving endless enmity between the two. Given its historical context and contemporary importance, this chapter of the Qur'an proves to be essential reading for those interested in understanding Islam, its doctrine's, and it's ultimate world view.
 
====Muqatta'at====
{{Main|Muqatta'at}}
 
''Muqatta`āt'' (Arabic): مقطعات, are unique letter combinations that begin certain chapters of the Quran. Muqatta`āt, literally, means abbreviated or shortened. They are also known as ''Fawātih'' (فواتح) or openers as they form the opening verse of the respective chapters. In Arabic language, these letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately. None of these combinations actually form a meaningful Arabic word. These letters appear joined together. Muqatta'at have been and continue to be a topic of intense research and academic discussions in Islamic literature and Quranic studies.
==Criticism of the Quran==
 
===Contradictions===
 
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Contradictions in the Quran]]''
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|82}}|"Why don't they contemplate upon the Qur'an? Had it been originated from anyone besides God, then it would have been abundant with inconsistencies and contradictions"}}This section deals with contradictions in the Qur'an. It is no secret that the Qur'an contains contradictions, as Islamic scholars are familiar with the Abrogation laws within Islam. Below, you will find a large amount of discrepancies. Even when compared with the alleged discrepancies within the Bible, the list is huge. This is especially apparent when you consider the Qur'an is less than a third of the size, and is supposed to have been narrated by a single individual, rather than be a collection of several books authored by various individuals, and compiled over the course of many years.
 
===Scientific Errors===
{{Main|Scientific Errors in the Quran}}


The Arabic writing system was still in development during the time of Muhammad, so the Qur'an was originally written without today's diacritical marks. These were added years after the final Qur'anic revelation and Muhammad's death. The problem with this is the addition or subtraction of diacritical marks radically alter the meaning of Arabic text, thereby potentially altering Allah’s book. In this article we examine the use of diacritical marks and the problems they posed when they were added to (and, today, removed from) the Qur'an.
This page lists various types of scientific errors found in the Qur'an. The subjects of these errors include; Evolution, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which are often confirmed by the hadith.


===Misinterpreted Verses===
===Misinterpretation of the Quran in English===
{{Main|Misinterpreted Qur'anic Verses}}
{{Main|Misrepresentations of Islamic Scripture (English)}}


Many use paraphrased or outright distorted misinterpretations of Qur'anic verses to propagate Islam in the West. Below is one example.
Many use paraphrased or outright distorted misinterpretations of Qur'anic verses to propagate Islam in the West. Below is one example.
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*[[Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)]]
*[[Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)]]
*[[Dealing Justly with Wives and Orphans (Qur'an 4:3)|Dealing Justly with Wives & Orphans (Qur'an 4:3)]]
*[[Dealing Justly with Wives and Orphans (Qur'an 4:3)|Dealing Justly with Wives & Orphans (Qur'an 4:3)]]
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*[[Christians Jews and Muslims in Heaven|People of the Book in Heaven (Qur'an 2:62)]]
*[[Christians Jews and Muslims in Heaven|People of the Book in Heaven (Qur'an 2:62)]]
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*[[To You Your Religion and To Me Mine|To You Your Religion (Qur'an 109:1-6)]]
*[[To You Your Religion and To Me Mine|To You Your Religion (Qur'an 109:1-6)]]
*[[Allah Forbids You Not (Qur'an 60:8)]]
*[[Unjust Treatment of Wives (Qur'an 4:129)]]
*[[Unjust Treatment of Wives (Qur'an 4:129)]]
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===Mistranslated Verses===
===Mistranslations of the Quran in English===
{{Main|Mistranslated Qur'anic Verses}}
{{Main|Mistranslations of Islamic Scripture (English)}}


Some of the most prominent and officially recognized english translators of the Qur'an (like Yusuf Ali, Dr. Rashad Khalifa and Muhammad Asad) have often mistranslated the most controversial and problematic verses in Qur'an. That these inaccurate translations are most common with verses that would be considered barbaric, unscientific, or crude in the West suggests that these mistranslations were not unintentional or due to some unique difficulty of the Arabic words used in these verses.
Some of the most prominent and officially recognized English translators of the Qur'an (like Yusuf Ali, Dr. Rashad Khalifa and Muhammad Asad) have often mistranslated the most controversial and problematic verses in Qur'an. That these inaccurate translations are most common with verses that would be considered barbaric, unscientific, or crude in the West suggests that these mistranslations were not unintentional or due to some unique difficulty of the Arabic words used in these verses.


These pages discuss a few of the more popular ones in detail, and provides you with the correct translations.
These pages discuss a few of the more popular ones in detail, and provides you with the correct translations.
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*[[The Meaning of Qatal|When Fight Means Murder (Qur'an various)]]  
*[[The Meaning of Qatal|When Fight Means Murder (Qur'an various)]]  
*[[Allah the Best Deceiver|Allah the Best Deceiver (Qur'an various)]]
*[[Allah the Best Deceiver|Allah the Best Deceiver (Qur'an various)]]
*[[Allah and Marys Vagina|Allah and Mary's Vagina (Qur'an 21:91 & 66:12)]]
*[[Virgin Conception of Jesus in the Qur'an|Virgin Conception of Jesus in the Qur'an (Qur'an 21:91 & 66:12)]]
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==The hadith==
===Scientific Errors===
{{Main|Scientific Errors in the Quran}}
 
This page lists various types of scientific errors found in the Qur'an. The subjects of these errors include; Evolution, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which are often confirmed by the hadith.
 
===Al-Fatiha===
{{Main|Al-Fatiha}}
 
The best-known chapter of the Qur'an is al-Fatiha ‘The Opening’. This surah is recited as part of all the mandatory daily prayers and repeated within each prayer. A faithful Muslim who said all their prayers would recite this surah at least seventeen times a day, and over five thousand times a year. The hadith literature make negative references to the Jews and Christians in connection with this surah. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali incorporate this within their translation. Ayah 6-7 thus reads; ''"Guide us to the Straight Way. The Way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger (such as the Jews), nor of those who went astray (such as the Christians)."'' It is remarkable that the daily prayers of every Muslim, part of the core of Islam, include a rejection of Christians and Jews as misguided and objects of Allah’s wrath.
 
===Muqatta'at===
{{Main|Muqatta'at}}
 
''Muqatta`āt'' (Arabic): مقطعات, are unique letter combinations that begin certain chapters of the Quran. Muqatta`āt, literally, means abbreviated or shortened. They are also known as ''Fawātih'' (فواتح) or openers as they form the opening verse of the respective chapters. In Arabic language, these letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately. None of these combinations actually form a meaningful Arabic word. These letters appear joined together. Muqatta'at have been and continue to be a topic of intense research and academic discussions in Islamic literature and Quranic studies.
{{Template:Random hadith quotes}}
==Hadith==


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Hadith (definition)|Hadith]]''
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Hadith (definition)|Hadith]]''


The ''Hadith'' (الحديث ahadith, plural) are traditions of Muhammad, giving us important information about him and his life. They are usually narrations about a certain incident in which he said, did, or tacitly approved of something. Unlike the Qur'an, they typically follow a chronological order, and most of them are compiled by category (i.e. Jihad, Nikah, etc.). The Hadith is where Muslims derive the majority of Islamic law from and determine the ''Sunnah'' (or way‎) of the prophet, which is all based on Muhammad's words, actions, and practices. This is key to [[Islam]] since Muslims are commanded to obey and [[Uswa Hasana|emulate him]], so even the most insignificant of actions on his part have an effect upon the doctrines and [[Islamic Law|laws]] of Islam.
The ''Hadith'' (الحديث ahadith, plural) are traditions of Muhammad, giving us important information about him and his life. They are usually narrations about a certain incident in which he said, did, or tacitly approved of something. Unlike the Qur'an, they typically follow a chronological order, and most of them are compiled by category (i.e. Jihad, Nikah, etc.). The Hadith is where Muslims derive the majority of Islamic law from and determine the ''Sunnah'' (or way‎) of the prophet, which is all based on Muhammad's words, actions, and practices. This is key to [[Islam]] since Muslims are commanded to obey and [[Uswa Hasana|emulate him]], so even the most insignificant of actions on his part have an effect upon the doctrines and [[Islamic Law|laws]] of Islam.
===Daleel===
{{Main|Daleel}}
''Daleel'' (دليل) is an Arabic word meaning ''evidence''. In regards to Islamic hadith, Daleel can either be Maudu (fabricated), Da`if (weak), Hasan (good), or Sahih (authentic). Generally in Islam, only the authentic (sahih) and good (hasan) hadiths are used in deriving the rules. The weak (da`if) hadiths are of much lesser value for the purpose of formulating sharia, and the fabricated (Maudu) narrations are not even considered to be hadith at all (but can sometimes be useful as representatives of common perspectives circulating at the time of the fabricated hadith's origination).
===Sahih===
{{Main|Sahih}}
''Sahih'' (صَحِيْح) is an Arabic word that means genuine/authentic/sound. It is used in classification of ahadith and is the highest level of authenticity given to a narration that pass the highest level of authentication. When dealing with ahadith, a sahih narration is the closest you can get to: "yes this incident definitely happened." Therefore, in orthodox Islam, when refusing to accept the content of a narration, one must generally prove that a sahih hadith is in fact inauthentic in order to reject it, since rejection based on a dislike for the attested actions/statements of the prophet is not considered a rigorous, consistent, or reliable basis for rejection.


===The Importance of Hadith===
===The Importance of Hadith===
{{Main|Qur'an Only Islam - Why it is Not Possible}}
{{Main|Quranism}}


The Qur'an, often presented as the exclusive domain of God's commands, also contains numerous injunctions from Muhammad himself, and indeed commands obedience of Muhammad.  
The Qur'an, often presented as the exclusive domain of God's commands, also contains numerous injunctions from Muhammad himself, and indeed commands obedience of Muhammad.  
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===Uswa Hasana===
===Uswa Hasana===


:''Main Article:'' ''[[Uswa Hasana]], See also [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad|Muhammad's Sunnah]] and [[Muhammad: The Example of Ethical Behavior]]''
:''Main Article:'' ''[[Uswa Hasana]], See also [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad|Muhammad's Sunnah]]''


In Islam, Muhammad is known as ''uswa hasana, al-Insān al-Kāmil''. It is an Arabic phrase loosely translated, meaning, the "''perfect human''. We find in the Hadith, Muhammad repeatedly told his followers to follow his Sunnah (example) and in the Qur'an we see that Allah even asserts his morality as being “sublime” (68:4). This particular Islamic doctrine encourages Muslims to emulate Muhammad and his (7th century) actions as closely as they can, as a form of devotion to Allah.
In Islam, Muhammad is known as ''uswa hasana, al-Insān al-Kāmil''. It is an Arabic phrase loosely translated, meaning, the "''perfect human''. We find in the Hadith, Muhammad repeatedly told his followers to follow his Sunnah (example) and in the Qur'an we see that Allah even asserts his morality as being “sublime” (68:4). This particular Islamic doctrine encourages Muslims to emulate Muhammad and his (7th century) actions as closely as they can, as a form of devotion to Allah.


==Hadith (Criticism)==
===Sahih===
{{Main|Sahih}}


===Weak and Fabricated Hadith===
''Sahih'' (صَحِيْح) is an Arabic word that means genuine/authentic/sound. It is used in classification of ahadith and is the highest level of authenticity given to a narration that pass the highest level of authentication. When dealing with ahadith, a sahih narration is the closest you can get to: "yes this incident definitely happened." Therefore, in orthodox Islam, when refusing to accept the content of a narration, one must generally prove that a sahih hadith is in fact inauthentic in order to reject it, since rejection based on a dislike for the attested actions/statements of the prophet is not considered a rigorous, consistent, or reliable basis for rejection.
{{Main|List of Fabricated Hadith}}


Some have started to reject sahih (authentic) hadith, in favour of maudu (fabricated) or da`if (weak) ones. Some of these hadith are accepted as fabrications without any scriptural sources.
===Daleel===
{{Main|Daleel}}


===Absurdities===
''Daleel'' (دليل) is an Arabic word meaning ''evidence''. In regards to Islamic hadith, Daleel can either be Maudu (fabricated), Da`if (weak), Hasan (good), or Sahih (authentic). Generally in Islam, only the authentic (sahih) and good (hasan) hadiths are used in deriving the rules. The weak (da`if) hadiths are of much lesser value for the purpose of formulating sharia, and the fabricated (Maudu) narrations are not even considered to be hadith at all (but can sometimes be useful as representatives of common perspectives circulating at the time of the fabricated hadith's origination).
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Islamic Silliness}}


This page lists some of the most humorous narrations that are found in Hadith collections.
==Criticism of the hadith==


{{Quote|{{Muslim|30|5654}}|Jabir b. Samura reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying : I recognise the stone in Mecca which used to pay me salutations before my advent as a Prophet and I recognise that even now.}}
===Weak and Fabricated Hadith===
{{Main|Mawdu' (Fabricated Hadith)}}


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|188}}|Narrated 'Amr bin Maimun: During the pre-lslamic period of ignorance I saw a she-monkey surrounded by a number of monkeys. They were all stoning it, because it had committed illegal sexual intercourse. I too, stoned it along with them.}}
Some have started to reject sahih (authentic) hadith, in favour of maudu (fabricated) or da`if (weak) ones. Some of these hadith are accepted as fabrications without any scriptural sources.


===Contradictions===
===Contradictions===
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This page lists various types of scientific errors found within the Hadith. The subjects of these errors include; Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which often themselves disagree with the scientific claims made in the Qur'an. Some of the narrations further explain vague Qur'anic verses in ways that are scientifically problematic.
This page lists various types of scientific errors found within the Hadith. The subjects of these errors include; Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which often themselves disagree with the scientific claims made in the Qur'an. Some of the narrations further explain vague Qur'anic verses in ways that are scientifically problematic.
{{Template:Random scholar quotes}}
===Absurdities===
==Other Important Texts==
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars: Remarkable and Strange Islamic Traditions}}
 
This page lists some of the most humorous narrations that are found in Hadith collections.
 
{{Quote|{{Muslim|30|5654}}|Jabir b. Samura reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying : I recognise the stone in Mecca which used to pay me salutations before my advent as a Prophet and I recognise that even now.}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|188}}|Narrated 'Amr bin Maimun: During the pre-lslamic period of ignorance I saw a she-monkey surrounded by a number of monkeys. They were all stoning it, because it had committed illegal sexual intercourse. I too, stoned it along with them.}}
==Other important texts==


===Tafsirs===
===Tafsirs===
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Books of Islamic jurisprudence (فقه‎ Fiqh) are complimentary expansions of the Shari'ah (Qur'an and Sunnah), written by Islamic jurists (experts on Islam). ''Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik'' is just one example of many (however, these books are often distorted in their English translations to appear less brutal or absurd to Western audiences; an example of this can be found [http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html here]).  
Books of Islamic jurisprudence (فقه‎ Fiqh) are complimentary expansions of the Shari'ah (Qur'an and Sunnah), written by Islamic jurists (experts on Islam). ''Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik'' is just one example of many (however, these books are often distorted in their English translations to appear less brutal or absurd to Western audiences; an example of this can be found [http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html here]).  


==Miscellaneous==
==Muhammad in Other Scriptures==
 
===Statistical Analysis===
{{Main|Muslim Statistics - Scripture|l1=Muslim Statistics (Scripture)}}
 
This page quotes statistical analyses of Muslim scriptures from various sources. A few examples of the statistics include:
 
#There are 164 Jihad verses in the Qur'an and nearly 500 verses (roughly 1 out of every 12) that speak of Hell.
#Some early scholars suggested that as many as 122 peaceful Qur'anic verses had been abrogated by the Sword verse (9:5) and Fighting verse (9:29).
 
===Muhammad in Other Scriptures===
{{Main|Muhammad in Other Scriptures}}
{{Main|Muhammad in Other Scriptures}}


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==See Also==
==See Also==
'''Articles'''


*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars]] - ''This section of WikiIslam lists quotations from the Qur'an, Hadith and Islamic Scholars''
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars]] - ''This section of WikiIslam lists quotations from the Qur'an, Hadith and Islamic Scholars''
*[[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]
*[[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]
*[[The History of al-Tabari]]
*[[The History of al-Tabari]]
'''Other Core Articles'''
''Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue:''
*[[Islam and Apostasy]]
*[[Islam and Homosexuality]]
*[[Islam and Miracles]]
*[[Child Marriage in Islamic Law]]
*[[Islam and Science]]
*[[Islam and the People of the Book]]
*[[Islam and Violence]]
*[[Islam and Women]]


==References==
==References==
IbnPinker
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