Textual History of the Qur'an: Difference between revisions

[[File:NaqadCanonizationSchema.jpg|thumb|Developmental canonization of the Quran (reconstruction)<Br>Naqad Islamic Studies Server<ref>The Naqad Islamic Studies server is described as an open resource server for print and online collections that support Late Antique, Near Eastern and Islamic Studies. They write, "This diagram aims to represent the most rigorous academic insights on the topic, and is a collaboration between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/1265265807686340608 Naqad Islamic Studies - Twitter.com]</ref>]]

This article examines the transmission history of the [[Quran]].  

While even today there are many memorizers (huffaz) of the complete Qur'an, the earliest Muslims did not have the benefit of choosing a standard qira'at (reading) and standard written Qur'an complete with diacritics in book form to help them or their teachers in the learning process.

Hadith also exist to the point that Muhammad himself forgot parts of the Qur'an and needed his followers to remind him:{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|61|556}}|  

Among the many examples of different readings attributed to Ibn 'Abbas are the following (further to those already mentioned above).

Ibn 'Abbas is widely reported in al Tabari's tafsir to have said that "ascertain welcome" (tasta'nisu) in {{Quran|24|27}} was a scribal error, and instead should say "ask permission" (tasta'dhinu), a subtly different meaning in Arabic. This narration was also reported elsewhere and classed sahih by al-Hakim, Dhahabi and ibn Hajar<ref>Hadith 3496 in the Al-Mustadrak collection of Hakim al-Nishapuri [http://islamport.com/d/1/mtn/1/22/473.html Islamport.com]</ref>. Ubayy and ibn Mas'ud (the latter with different word order) are also reported in al-Tabari's tafsir to have read tasta'nusu. The ibn Mas'ud wording (except singular instead of plural) is also found in the lower text of the Sana'a palmpsest.<ref>See p.92, line 1 of Folio 11 A in  

|+The ten canonical readers and their two canonical transmitters<ref>Death dates for the first seven readers and their rawis are from Shady Hekmat Nasser, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx7i2Y56WuYC&pg=PA57&dq=aasim+qira%27ah&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=aasim%20qira'ah&f=false ''The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the  Qur'an: The Problem of Tawaatur and the Emergence of Shawaadhdh''], p. 129. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012.</ref>

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! colspan="6" style="background:#efefef;" |''Rawi'' (transmitter)

|-

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|Qalun

|120 AH

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |197 AH (812 CE)

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|Al-Buzzi

|170 AH

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |291 AH (904 CE)

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|Al-Duri

|150 AH

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| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |Al-Susi

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |261 AH (874 CE)

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|Hisham

|245 AH (859 CE)

|-

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |Ibn Dhakwan

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |242 AH (856 CE)

|-

|-

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |Hafs

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |180 AH (796 CE)

|-

|-

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |Khallad

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |220 AH (835 CE)

|-

|-

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |Al-Duri

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |246 AH (860 CE)

|-

|'Isa Ibn Wardan

|?

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |170 AH

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|Ruways

|?

| style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" |234 AH

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|Ishaq

|?

|-

|{{Quran|17|102}}

|The others read 'alimta (You have known)

|Moses speaking to Pharoah

|-

|{{Quran|12|49}}

|The others read ya'siroona (they will press)

|Joseph speaking to the King

The [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]] are also referred to as ''dhikr'' in 21:48, 21:7, and 40:53-54. The Quran says that he will protect the last ''dhikr'', but on this basis did not protect these other ''dhikrs''.

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