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===Circumcision is not Mutilation=== | ===Circumcision is not Mutilation=== | ||
{{Quote|[https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]|The World Health Organisation’s biased classification of female circumcision as FGM from a perspective of harm is not supported by any scientific study. | {{Quote|[http://archive.today/2018.05.13-002032/https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]|The World Health Organisation’s biased classification of female circumcision as FGM from a perspective of harm is not supported by any scientific study. | ||
The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}} | The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}} | ||
The term Female Circumcision is sometimes used by those who consider certain practices | The term ''<nowiki/>'Female Circumcision''' is sometimes used by those who consider certain practices as insufficiently harmful or intrusive to merit the epithet 'mutilation' (as in Female Genital ''Mutilation).'' | ||
One such practice involves the ''"removal of the clitoral hood or a ritual nick on the external female genitalia"''<ref>[https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]</ref>. This is sometimes referred to as 'Sunnah Circumcision' (though this term is also used to denote all forms of FGM other than infibulation<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233100651_Somali_Women_in_Western_Exile_Reassessing_Female_Circumcision_in_the_Light_of_Islamic_Teachings Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings] Sara Johnsdotter</ref>). The removal of the clitoral prepuce is justified by [[Daleel|Qiyas]] as being analogous to male circumcision. The practice is also justified by a disputed definition of the word بظر (''bazr'') as found in traditional Arabic texts. 'Bazr' is generally translated as 'clitoris', but the Arabic Lexicographer Edward William Lane (1801 – 1876) in his Arabic-English Lexicon discusses the possibility that it may mean ''‘prepuce of the clitoris’'' rather than just ''‘clitoris’'' (although this would leave Arabic without a word for 'clitoris').<ref>[https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h92,ll=259,ls=5,la=h306,sg=h149,ha=h56,br=h124,pr=h26,aan=h73,mgf=h108,vi=h76,kz=h149,mr=h80,mn=h93,uqw=h174,umr=h122,ums=h91,umj=h75,ulq=h387,uqa=h55,uqq=h31,bdw=h102,amr=h66,asb=h65,auh=h200,dhq=h57,mht=h49,msb=h28,tla=h30,amj=h63,ens=h1,mis=h1 p.222 Arabic-English Lexicon] by Edward William Lane</ref> | |||
Removal of the clitoral hood is mostly practiced by South Asian Muslims, who belong to the Shafi'i school, which makes FGM obligatory and is also associated with infibulation, the most severe form of FGM. Sunnah circumcision may have been a way of fulfilling this obligation whilst sparing girls the extremities of infibulation. Moreover, infibulation was probably a practice alien to South Asian Muslims, since it is associated with the Islamic slave trade, whose main trade routes centered around Africa and Europe.<ref>[https://www.librairie-de-flore.fr/produit/esclavage-lhistoire-a-lendroit/ l'Esclavage: l'Histoire à l'Endroit' by Bernard Lugan (2020)]</ref><ref>[https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Forgotten-Slave-Trade-Hardback/p/18473 The Forgotten Slave Trade - the White European Slaves of Islam] by Simon Webb</ref> | |||
The proponents of this argument dispute the World Health Organisation's inclusion of removal of the clitoral hood in its classification of Female Genital Mutilation. | |||
{{Quote|[http://archive.today/2021.04.20-132921/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation Female genital mutilation (WHO 2020)]|Types of FGM | |||
Female genital mutilation is classified into 4 major types. | |||
Type 1: this is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans (the external and visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive part of the female genitals), and/'''or the prepuce/ clitoral hood (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoral glans)''' [...]}} | |||
' | No FGM-practicing Muslim will refer to what they do as 'mutilation', not even those who infibulate. This is because the Qur'an contains verses that appear to forbid mutilation ({{Quran|30|30}}, {{Quran|2|195}}). The line which separates ''<nowiki/>'necessary intervention'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'mutilation''' is therefore always set somewhere beyond the practice being defended. | ||
Granted that 'Sunnah Circumcision' is a ''lesser'' mutilation than full clitoridectomy (or excision or infibulation) it nevertheless remains a mutilation because it: | |||
* it is practiced on children who can not give informed consent to such a procedure | |||
* whilst a child can not consent to this procedure, she can ''refuse'' consent or ''withdraw'' it (a child struggling to escape the procedure or begging for it to stop is effectively signalling the withdrawal of her consent) | |||
* it serves no medical or prophylactic purpose | |||
* it damages the functioning of a vital organ (amongst other harms, it reduces the sensitivity of the exposed clitoris) | |||
* it unnecessarily exposes the child to secondary complications (such as infection or psychological disturbances) | |||
* it is generally done in a manner that is deliberately traumatic - anaesthetics are generally eschewed<!-- link to FGM as initiation rite -->. | |||
Proponents of this position point out that bodies such as the World Health Organisation do not condemn the analagous practice of Male Circumcision. However, the failure of such bodies to classify male circumcision as a mutilation is a political and pragmatic decision, not one based on ethics or an objective evaluation of the practice. Ritual Male Circumcision is a form of mutilation and answers to the same criteria as those listed above. The argument that 'Sunnah Circumcision' should be allowed because Male Circumcision is allowed is in essence 'evil X is tolerated therefore evil Y should also be tolerated'. | |||
Given that all Muslim men and boys It might be too late to shut the door on MGM - that does mean that we should also let FGM slip through, even in its relatively milder forms.? | |||
be careful talking to moslems about 'mutiklation' - you will often read moslems condemning Female Gential ''mutilation'', who on further discussion, reveal themselves to support Female ''circumcision''. | be careful talking to moslems about 'mutiklation' - you will often read moslems condemning Female Gential ''mutilation'', who on further discussion, reveal themselves to support Female ''circumcision''. | ||