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*low genetic inter-relatedness within the household, | *low genetic inter-relatedness within the household, | ||
*reduced confidence as to the husband's paternity of the children (which increases his sexual jealousy and anxiety), | *reduced confidence as to the husband's paternity of the children (which increases his sexual jealousy and anxiety), | ||
*ease of divorce for the husband (but not for wives) | *reduced paternal involvement with children (e.g. Osama bin laden’s father had 54 children by 22 wives and is reputed to have not known many of his children's names), | ||
*more step-parents. | *ease of divorce for the husband (but not for wives), which creates insecurity for wives, encouraging submissiveness and acceptance of spousal and child abuse, | ||
*more step-parents | |||
*increased levels of violence towards wives and children. | |||
All these factors correlate with increased neglect of, and violence towards, children, either from the father or from step-mothers. Data from 22 sub-Saharan African countries finding that children of (rich) polygynous families were 24.4% more likely to die compared with children of (poor) monogamous families. Fathers have less involvement with their many wives, and even less involvement with their even more numerous children | All these factors correlate with increased neglect of, and violence towards, children, either from the father or from step-mothers. Data from 22 sub-Saharan African countries finding that children of (rich) polygynous families were 24.4% more likely to die compared with children of (poor) monogamous families. Fathers have less involvement with their many wives, and even less involvement with their even more numerous children . Islam encourages parents, relatives and teachers to treat and discipline children in ways that are considered unnecessarily harsh in the non-Muslim world. All this and the physical violence and wife-beating that is common in polygynous/Islamic families normalises the cruelty of FGM. | ||
All this and the physical violence and wife-beating that is common in polygynous/Islamic families normalises the cruelty of FGM. | |||
==FGM as an Initiation Rite== | ==FGM as an Initiation Rite== |