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The Pact of Umar: Difference between revisions
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Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref> | Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref> | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Jarbel Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2015|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ|ISBN=978-1442600669}}|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}} | |||
==Text of Pact== | ==Text of Pact== | ||