L'allaitement de l'adulte en islam: Difference between revisions

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-'''Adult suckling''' (Arabic: '''رَضَاعَةُ الْكَبِيرِ'''), or the act of breastfeeding a male adult, is mentioned in several relied-upon collections of [[Hadith|hadiths]]. According to five hadiths in [[Sahih Muslim]], [[Muhammad]] once plainly instructed the daughter (or wife -- sources are unclear) of a [[Sahabah|companion]] named Suhail to suckle a "grown-up" freedman named Salim so that Salim would become the daughter's ''mahram'', or a relation whom the daughter could no longer marry, and thus render Salim's cohabitation with the family appropriate and [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|legal]].<ref>[https://quranx.com/Hadith/Muslim/Reference/Hadith-1453 Sahih Muslim, hadiths 3424-3428]</ref> Reports in the Muwatta of Imam Malik<ref>{{Muwatta|30|3|17}}</ref> and Sunan Abu Dawud<ref>{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1944}}</ref> add that this instruction was reified by a verse in the [[Qur'an]], Islam's holy scripture, which was still present in the Qur'an after [[Muhammad's Death|Muhammad's death]], indicating that it had not been [[Naskh (Abrogation)|abrogated]] by Muhammad while he was alive. The report in Sunan Abu Dawud continues with [[Aisha]], Muhammad's favorite wife, reporting that while she was "preoccupied with [Muhammad's] death", "a tame sheep came in and ate" the scrap of paper upon which the verse of "breastfeeding an adult" was written. The practice, sanctioned by a  number of traditional jurists, is popularly rejected by Islamic scholars today.
+L'allaitement des adultes (arabe : رَضَاعَةُ الْكَبِيرِ), ou l'acte d'allaiter un homme adulte , est mentionné dans plusieurs recueils de hadiths authentiques. Selon cinq hadiths de Sahih Muslim, Mahomet a un jour clairement ordonné à la fille (ou à la femme - les sources ne sont pas claires) d'un compagnon nommé Suhail d'allaiter un affranchi " adulte " nommé Salim afin que Salim devienne le mahram de la fille, ou un parent que la fille ne peut plus épouser, et rende ainsi la cohabitation de Salim avec la famille appropriée et légale.
-Translated literally, "mahram" means "that which is prohibited (haram)", which explains the phrasing used in the hadiths (e.g. "[he] would become unlawful for [her]"). The word mahram is used to refer to relations who one cannot marry. As a result of mahrams not being permitted to conceive of each other as marital/sexual prospects (e.g. a brother and sister), the female does not have to observe all the requirements of hijab and is permitted to be alone with a male.
+Les rapports du Muwatta de l'Imam Malik et du Sunan Abu Dawud ajoutent que cette instruction a été réifiée par un verset du Coran, l'écriture sainte de l'Islam, qui était toujours présent dans le Coran après la mort de Muhammad, indiquant qu'il n'avait pas été abrogé par Muhammad de son vivant. Le rapport de Sunan Abu Dawud se poursuit avec Aïcha, l'épouse préférée de Mahomet, qui rapporte qu'alors qu'elle était "préoccupée par la mort de [Mahomet]", "un mouton apprivoisé est entré et a mangé" le morceau de papier sur lequel était écrit le verset "allaiter un adulte". Cette pratique, sanctionnée par un certain nombre de juristes traditionnels, est aujourd'hui largement rejetée par les spécialistes de l'islam.
-Following the publication of a book in Egypt promoting adult suckling by Dr. Abd Al-Mahdi Abd Al-Qadir, a scholar at al-Azhar (the "Harvard of Islam"), another scholar at al-Azhar, Dr. Izzat Atiyya, published a [[fatwa]] promoting the practice in a widely-read weekly magazine in 2007, causing national and international controversy. The Egyptian government subsequently called for the removal of the relevant edition of the magazine from sellers' shelves and Dr. Atiyya was suspended from his post at al-Azhar.<ref name=":0" />
+Traduit littéralement, "mahram" signifie "ce qui est interdit (haram)", ce qui explique la formulation utilisée dans les hadiths (par exemple, "[il] deviendrait illégal pour [elle]"). Le mot mahram est utilisé pour désigner les relations que l'on ne peut pas épouser. Étant donné que les mahrams ne sont pas autorisés à se concevoir comme des partenaires maritaux/sexuels (par exemple, un frère et une sœur), la femme n'est pas tenue d'observer toutes les exigences du hijab et est autorisée à être seule avec un homme.
-==Adult suckling in scripture==
+Après la publication en Égypte d'un livre promouvant l'allaitement des adultes par le Dr Abd Al-Mahdi Abd Al-Qadir, un érudit d'al-Azhar (le "Harvard de l'Islam"), un autre érudit d'al-Azhar, le Dr Izzat Atiyya, a publié une fatwa promouvant cette pratique dans un hebdomadaire très lu en 2007, provoquant une controverse nationale et internationale. Le gouvernement égyptien a ensuite demandé que l'édition concernée du magazine soit retirée des rayons des vendeurs et le Dr Atiyya a été suspendu de son poste à al-Azhar.
-===In the hadiths===
+<br />
+==L'allaitement des adultes dans les écritures==
+===Dans les hadiths===
 An entire chapter in Sahih Muslim, containing six hadiths, is dedicated to the topic of "Breastfeeding an adult" (باب رَضَاعَةِ الْكَبِيرِ).<ref>{{Citation|title=Sahih Muslim|chapter=(7) Chapter: Breastfeeding an adult|trans_chapter=باب رَضَاعَةِ الْكَبِيرِ‏|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213071552/https://sunnah.com/muslim/17}}</ref> The hadiths describes how, via suckling, an adult male can become a female's mahram and thus be allowed to accompany her in private. {{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3425}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hadhaifa, lived with him and his family in their house. She (i. e. the daughter of Suhail came to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) and said: Salim has attained (puberty) as men attain, and he understands what they understand, and he enters our house freely, I, however, perceive that something (rankles) in the heart of Abu Hudhaifa, whereupon '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said to her: Suckle him and you would become unlawful for him''', and (the rankling) which Abu Hudhaifa feels in his heart will disappear. '''She returned and said: So I suckled him, and what (was there) in the heart of Abu Hudhaifa disappeared'''.|}}
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 ===Dr. Izzat Atiyya===
-In 2007, Dr. Izzat Atiyya, the head of the hadith department at al-Azhar university (one of if the highest authorities in [[Sunni]] Islam today and the world's most renowned Islamic university - often described as the "Harvard of Islam"), issued a [[fatwa]] empowering Muslims to implement the practice of adult suckling to avoid the social and professional inconveniences generated by the requirements of female [[hijab]]. He encouraged that one should be breastfed by a woman's sisters or mother in order to attain mahram status if it was not possible for whatever reason to suckle the woman directly. He also encouraged that women who adopt children, since there is no legal recognition for adoption in Islamic law, ought to breastfeed their adopted sons, no matter their age, so that they can establish a legal mother-son relationship. The fatwa was published in ''al-Watani al-Yawm'', a weekly newspaper published by Egypt's ruling National Democratic Front party, and explained by Dr. Atiyya in person during an interview with the publication. Dr. Atiyya repeatedly declared that the sources he quoted belonged to the Islamic holy texts with the highest possible authority. According to him no less than 90,000 contemporary scholars confirmed that the hadith referred to is authentic. Dr. Abd Al-Mahdi Abd Al-Qadir, another scholar at al-Azhar, wrote and published a book rendering similar ideas based on the same Islamic sources prior to Dr. Atiyya's fatwa.<ref name=":0">{{citation|publisher=MEMRI|date=June 3rd, 2007|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113417/https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|author=L. Lavi|chapter=Al-Azhar Lecturer Suspended after Issuing Controversial Fatwa Recommending Breastfeeding of Men by Women in the Workplace|title=Inquiry & Analysis Series|volume=355}}; see also {{citation|title=Al-Watani Al-Yawm|date=May 15th, 2007|location=Egypt|publisher=National Democratic Front Party}}</ref>
-{{Quote|Quote from Dr. Atiyya; {{citation|publisher=MEMRI|date=June 3rd, 2007|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113417/https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|author=L. Lavi|chapter=Al-Azhar Lecturer Suspended after Issuing Controversial Fatwa Recommending Breastfeeding of Men by Women in the Workplace|title=Inquiry & Analysis Series|volume=355}}; see also {{citation|title=Al-Watani Al-Yawm|date=May 15th, 2007|location=Egypt|publisher=National Democratic Front Party}}|"The religious ruling that appears in the Prophet's conduct [Sunna] confirms that '''breastfeeding allows a man and a woman to be together in private, even if they are not family and if the woman did not nurse the man in his infancy''', before he was weaned – providing that their being together serves some purpose, religious or secular...
+====== En 2007, le Dr Izzat Atiyya, chef du département de hadith de l'université al-Azhar (l'une des plus hautes autorités de l'islam sunnite actuel et l'université islamique la plus renommée au monde - souvent décrite comme le "Harvard de l'islam"), a émis une fatwa autorisant les musulmans à mettre en œuvre la pratique de l'allaitement à l'âge adulte pour éviter les inconvénients sociaux et professionnels générés par les exigences du hijab féminin. Il a encouragé l'allaitement par les sœurs ou la mère d'une femme afin d'obtenir le statut de mahram s'il n'était pas possible, pour une raison quelconque, d'allaiter la femme directement. Il a également encouragé les femmes qui adoptent des enfants, puisque l'adoption n'est pas reconnue légalement par la loi islamique, à allaiter leurs fils adoptifs, quel que soit leur âge, afin d'établir une relation mère-fils légale. La fatwa a été publiée dans al-Watani al-Yawm, un hebdomadaire publié par le parti au pouvoir en Égypte, le Front démocratique national, et expliquée par le Dr Atiyya en personne lors d'une interview accordée à la publication. Le Dr. Atiyya a déclaré à plusieurs reprises que les sources qu'il citait appartenaient aux textes sacrés de l'Islam avec la plus haute autorité possible. Selon lui, pas moins de 90 000 érudits contemporains ont confirmé que le hadith cité est authentique. Le Dr Abd Al-Mahdi Abd Al-Qadir, un autre érudit d'Al-Azhar, a écrit et publié un livre présentant des idées similaires basées sur les mêmes sources islamiques avant la fatwa du Dr Atiyya. ======
+<br />
+{{Quote|Quote from Dr. Atiyya; {{citation|publisher=MEMRI|date=June 3rd, 2007|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113417/https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|author=L. Lavi|chapter=Al-Azhar Lecturer Suspended after Issuing Controversial Fatwa Recommending Breastfeeding of Men by Women in the Workplace|title=Inquiry & Analysis Series|volume=355}}; see also {{citation|title=Al-Watani Al-Yawm|date=May 15th, 2007|location=Egypt|publisher=National Democratic Front Party}}|"La règle religieuse qui apparaît dans la conduite du Prophète [Sunna] confirme que '' l'allaitement permet à un homme et à une femme d'être ensemble en privé, même s'ils ne sont pas de la même famille et si la femme n'a pas allaité l'homme dans son enfance'', avant qu'il ne soit sevré - à condition que leur présence ensemble serve un but quelconque, religieux ou laïc....
-"Being together in private means being in a room with the door closed, so that nobody can see them... A man and a woman who are not family members are not permitted [to do this], because it raises suspicions and doubts. A man and a woman who are alone together are not [necessarily] having sex, but this possibility exists, and breastfeeding provides a solution to this problem... I also insist that the breastfeeding relationship be officially documented in writing... The contract will state that this woman has suckled this man... After this, the woman may remove her hijab and expose her hair in the man's [presence]...
+"Être ensemble en privé" signifie être dans une pièce dont la porte est fermée, de sorte que personne ne puisse les voir... Un homme et une femme qui ne sont pas membres de la famille ne sont pas autorisés [à le faire], car cela suscite des soupçons et des doutes. Un homme et une femme qui sont seuls ensemble n'ont pas [nécessairement] de relations sexuelles, mais cette possibilité existe, et l'allaitement apporte une solution à ce problème... J'insiste également pour que la relation d'allaitement soit officiellement documentée par écrit... Le contrat stipulera que cette femme a allaité cet homme... Après cela, la femme peut enlever son hijab et exposer ses cheveux en [présence] de l'homme...
-"is that the man and the woman must be related through breastfeeding. '''[This can also be achieved] by means of the man's mother or sister suckling the woman, or by means of the woman's mother or sister suckling the man''', since [all of these solutions legally] turn them into brother and sister...
+" est que l'homme et la femme doivent être liés par l'allaitement. ''[Cela peut également être réalisé] par le biais de la mère ou de la sœur de l'homme qui allaite la femme, ou par le biais de la mère ou de la sœur de la femme qui allaite l'homme'', puisque [toutes ces solutions les transforment légalement] en frère et sœur....
-"The logic behind [the concept] of breastfeeding an adult is to transform the bestial relationship between [two people] into a religious relationship based on [religious] duties... Since [this] breastfeeding takes place between [two] adults, the man is still permitted to marry the woman [who breastfed him], whereas [a woman] who nursed [a man] in his infancy is not permitted to marry him...
+"La logique qui sous-tend [le concept] de l'allaitement d'un adulte est de transformer la relation bestiale entre [deux personnes] en une relation religieuse basée sur des devoirs [religieux].... Puisque [cet] allaitement a lieu entre [deux] adultes, l'homme a toujours le droit d'épouser la femme [qui l'a allaité], alors que [la femme] qui a allaité [un homme] dans son enfance n'a pas le droit de l'épouser...
-"'''The adult must suckle directly from the [woman's] breast...''' [This according to a hadith attributed to Aisha, wife of the Prophet's Muhammad], which tells of Salem [the adopted son of Abu Hudheifa] who was breastfed by Abu-Hudheifa's wife when he was already a grown man with a beard, by the Prophet's order... Other methods, such as [transferring] the milk to a container, are [less desirable]...
+"''L'adulte doit téter directement du sein [de la femme]...''". [Ceci selon un hadith attribué à Aïcha, épouse du Prophète Muhammad], qui raconte que Salem [le fils adoptif d'Abu Hudheifa] a été allaité par la femme d'Abu-Hudheifa alors qu'il était déjà un homme adulte avec une barbe, sur ordre du Prophète.... D'autres méthodes, comme [le transfert] du lait dans un récipient, sont [moins souhaitables]....
-"[As for the possibility of using a breast-pump, which] increases the production of the milk glands... that is a matter for doctors and religious scholars who must determine if the milk [thus produced] is real milk, i.e., if its composition is identical to that of the [woman's] original milk. If it is, this method is permissible...
+"[Quant à la possibilité d'utiliser un tire-lait, qui] augmente la production des glandes mammaires... c'est une question pour les médecins et les savants religieux qui doivent déterminer si le lait [ainsi produit] est du vrai lait, c'est-à-dire si sa composition est identique à celle du lait originel [de la femme]. Si c'est le cas, cette méthode est permise...
-'''"The fact that the hadith regarding the breastfeeding of an adult is inconceivable to the mind does not make it invalid. This is a reliable hadith, and rejecting it is tantamount to rejecting Allah's Messenger and questioning the Prophet's tradition."'''}}
+'''"Le fait que le hadith concernant l'allaitement d'un adulte soit inconcevable pour l'esprit ne le rend pas invalide. Il s'agit d'un hadith fiable, et le rejeter équivaut à rejeter le Messager d'Allah et à remettre en question la tradition du Prophète."''''}}
-Dr. Atiyya's fatwa was followed by immense controversy in Egypt and internationally. Shortly after publication, a committee assembled by al-Azhar suspended Dr. Atiyya from his academic post and the Egyptian information minister ordered the removal of the relevant edition of ''al-Watan al-Yawm'' from sellers' shelves. Dr. Atiyya was ordered by al-Azhar to make a public apology. Dr. Atiyya complied.<ref name=":0" />
+Dr. Atiyya's fatwa was followed by immense controversy in Egypt and internationally. Shortly after publication, a committee assembled by al-Azhar suspended Dr. Atiyya from his academic post and the Egyptian information minister ordered the removal of the relevant edition of ''al-Watan al-Yawm'' from sellers' shelves. Dr. Atiyya was ordered by al-Azhar to make a public apology. Dr. Atiyya complied.<ref name=":0">{{citation|publisher=MEMRI|date=June 3rd, 2007|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113417/https://www.memri.org/reports/al-azhar-lecturer-suspended-after-issuing-controversial-fatwa-recommending-breastfeeding-men|author=L. Lavi|chapter=Al-Azhar Lecturer Suspended after Issuing Controversial Fatwa Recommending Breastfeeding of Men by Women in the Workplace|title=Inquiry & Analysis Series|volume=355}}; see also {{citation|title=Al-Watani Al-Yawm|date=May 15th, 2007|location=Egypt|publisher=National Democratic Front Party}}</ref>
 {{Quote|Quote from Dr. Atiyya; Ibid.; see also {{citation|title=Al-Watani Al-Yawm|date=May 22nd, 2007|location=Egypt|publisher=National Democratic Front Party}}|"'''My statements on the issue of breastfeeding an adult were based on the imams Ibn Hazm, Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Al-Qayyim, Al-Shawkani and Amin Khattab [Al-Subki], and on conclusions I drew from the statements of Ibn Hajar [Al-Askalani].''' However, I hold that only the breastfeeding of an infant creates a family relationship [that prohibits marriage between the parties and allows them to be together], as the Four Imams [i.e., the founders of the four Sunni legal schools] said, while the [act of] breastfeeding a grown man [mentioned in the hadith] was a [specific] incident that came to serve a [specific] purpose, and the fatwa I issued was based solely on my personal interpretation. Based on what I have learned with my brothers the religious scholars, I apologize for my earlier [statements] and retract my opinion, which contradicts [the norms accepted] by the public."}}
-===Responses===
+===Réponses===
 The head of the al-Azhar Supreme Council, Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi, publicly refused to accept Dr. Atiyya's apology.<ref name=":0" />