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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception: Difference between revisions
Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception (view source)
Revision as of 01:26, 4 January 2023
, 4 January 2023Much better balance and language in line with the Taqiyyah article, deleted irrelevant and misinterpreted material (including the marital consent stuff which just describes what "some people" said, unclear who they are supposed to be).
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{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | ||
Lying is generally considered a sin for believers by Islamic jurists, | Lying in general, as well as in specific situations such as commercial transactions is condemned in various hadiths, and the Qur'an condemns various groups for (allegedly) lying about Allah and Muhammad. Lying is generally also considered a sin for believers and truthfulness a virtue by Islamic jurists, though certain exceptions are permitted. The tradition records Muhammad lying on a number of occasions when it served his purpose, particularly when it came to warfare. Such was his fondness for the tactic that there are two instances of [[sahih]] hadith recording his saying: "war is deceit." This is of course a strategem of war that has been employed across the ages and cultures of the world. Hadiths also record him sometimes [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad and Oaths|break an oath]] and expiating for doing so when a better option had presented itself. In addition, Allah himself is recorded as being "the best deceiver" in contrast to the plotting of the disbelievers, and leading those he disapproves of to the fire; in fact, according to the doctrine of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Predestination|qadr]] all those who go to hell are deliberately decieved by Allah into this final doom. | ||
==Qur'an== | ==Qur'an== | ||
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===="Best Deceiver"==== | ===="Best Deceiver"==== | ||
Contrasting Allah's military plotting with that of the disbelievers, the Qur'an states in a few verses that Allah is the "best deceiver", for more info on this idea see: [[Allah the Best Deceiver]].<nowiki></ref></nowiki> | |||
{{quote |{{Qtt|3|54}}| | {{quote |{{Qtt|3|54}}| | ||
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'''Literal:''' And those from before them had cheated/deceived/schemed, so to God (is) all the cheatery/deceit/scheme. He knows what every self gains/acquires , and the disbelievers will know to whom (is) the house's/home's end/turn (result).<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/13/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 13. Ar-Ra'd - The Thunder (سورة الرعد) - Revealed in Makkah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}} | '''Literal:''' And those from before them had cheated/deceived/schemed, so to God (is) all the cheatery/deceit/scheme. He knows what every self gains/acquires , and the disbelievers will know to whom (is) the house's/home's end/turn (result).<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/13/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 13. Ar-Ra'd - The Thunder (سورة الرعد) - Revealed in Makkah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}} | ||
==== | ====Allah made it appear that Jesus was crucified==== | ||
It is commonly pointed out by critics that, according to a common interpretation of the verse, Allah would have effectively conspired in the creation of Christianity by misleadingly making Jesus appear to have been crucified when he was not. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|4|157|158}}|That they said (in boast), "We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah";- '''but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them''', and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not:- '''Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself'''; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise;- }} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|4|157|158}}|That they said (in boast), "We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah";- '''but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them''', and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not:- '''Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself'''; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise;- }} | ||
==== | ====Allah made the enemy seem few to the Muslims at Badr==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|8|43|44}}| Remember in thy dream '''Allah showed them to thee as few: if He had shown them to thee as many, ye would surely have been discouraged''', and ye would surely have disputed in (your) decision; but Allah saved (you): for He knoweth well the (secrets) of (all) hearts. And remember when ye met, He showed them to you as few in your eyes, and He made you appear as contemptible in their eyes: that Allah might accomplish a matter already enacted. For to Allah do all questions go back (for decision). }} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|8|43|44}}| Remember in thy dream '''Allah showed them to thee as few: if He had shown them to thee as many, ye would surely have been discouraged''', and ye would surely have disputed in (your) decision; but Allah saved (you): for He knoweth well the (secrets) of (all) hearts. And remember when ye met, He showed them to you as few in your eyes, and He made you appear as contemptible in their eyes: that Allah might accomplish a matter already enacted. For to Allah do all questions go back (for decision). }} | ||
=== | ===Failing to Keep Oaths=== | ||
The Qur'an tells us that Allah will not call Muslims to account for what is "futile in their oaths" | The Qur'an tells us that Allah will not call Muslims to account for what is "futile in their oaths". They will be forgiven if they fast for three days. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|225}}|'''Allah will not call you to account for thoughtlessness in your oaths''', but for the intention in your hearts; and He is Oft-forgiving, Most Forbearing. }} | {{Quote|{{Quran|2|225}}|'''Allah will not call you to account for thoughtlessness in your oaths''', but for the intention in your hearts; and He is Oft-forgiving, Most Forbearing. }} | ||
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The words "in some cases" of the above verse are not present in the original Arabic text. So this verse could even be giving Muslims a carte blanche to break oaths. | The words "in some cases" of the above verse are not present in the original Arabic text. So this verse could even be giving Muslims a carte blanche to break oaths. | ||
===Taqiyya=== | ===Taqiyya (hiding faith to preserve life)=== | ||
<i>Main article, [[Taqiyya]]</i> | <i>Main article, [[Taqiyya]]</i> | ||
The following Qur'anic verses form the basis of the mainly Shi'ite doctrine of [[taqiyya]], although, as you will see in the section on Sunni scholars, some Sunnis have endorsed the practice as well. The idea behind taqiyya is that Muslim can | The following Qur'anic verses form the basis of the mainly Shi'ite doctrine of [[taqiyya]], although, as you will see in the section on Sunni scholars, some Sunnis have endorsed the practice as well. The idea behind taqiyya is that Muslim can hide their faith to preserve their life in the face of religious oppression. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: '''except by way of precaution''', that ye may Guard yourselves from them. But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: '''except by way of precaution''', that ye may Guard yourselves from them. But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah.}} | ||
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===Sahih Bukhari=== | ===Sahih Bukhari=== | ||
====Truthfulness is a virtue, and lying is a sin that leads to hellfire==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|73|116}}| | |||
Narrated `Abdullah: | |||
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Truthfulness leads to righteousness, and righteousness leads to Paradise. And a man keeps on telling the truth until he becomes a truthful person. Falsehood leads to Al-Fajur (i.e. wickedness, evil-doing), and Al-Fajur (wickedness) leads to the (Hell) Fire, and a man may keep on telling lies till he is written before Allah, a liar."}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|662}}| Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches. On that '''Allah's Apostle said 'Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic'''.'}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|662}}| Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches. On that '''Allah's Apostle said 'Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic'''.'}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|147}}|Narrated Sahl bin Sad As-Sa'idi: ...Allah's Apostle said, "A man may seem to the people as if he were practising the deeds of the people of Paradise while in fact he is from the people of the Hell) Fire, '''another may seem to the people as if he were practicing the deeds of the people of Hell (Fire), while in fact he is from the people of Paradise'''."}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|147}}|Narrated Sahl bin Sad As-Sa'idi: ...Allah's Apostle said, "A man may seem to the people as if he were practising the deeds of the people of Paradise while in fact he is from the people of the Hell) Fire, '''another may seem to the people as if he were practicing the deeds of the people of Hell (Fire), while in fact he is from the people of Paradise'''."}} | ||
====Peace-making==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|857}}|Narrated Um Kulthum bint Uqba: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|857}}|Narrated Um Kulthum bint Uqba: | ||
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That she heard Allah's Apostle saying, "'''He who makes peace between the people by inventing good information or saying good things, is not a liar'''."}} | That she heard Allah's Apostle saying, "'''He who makes peace between the people by inventing good information or saying good things, is not a liar'''."}} | ||
====Breaking Oaths==== | ====Breaking Oaths when there is something better==== | ||
In Sahih Bukhari we find narrations telling us Prophet Muhammad had said if he took an oath and later found something else better, he would do "what is better" and expiate his oath. | In Sahih Bukhari we find narrations telling us Prophet Muhammad had said if he took an oath and later found something else better, he would do "what is better" and expiate his oath. | ||
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The Prophet said, "O 'Abdur-Rahman! Do not seek to be a ruler, for if you are given authority on your demand then you will be held responsible for it, but if you are given it without asking (for it), then you will be helped (by Allah) in it. '''If you ever take an oath to do something and later on you find that something else is better, then you should expiate your oath and do what is better.'''"}} | The Prophet said, "O 'Abdur-Rahman! Do not seek to be a ruler, for if you are given authority on your demand then you will be held responsible for it, but if you are given it without asking (for it), then you will be helped (by Allah) in it. '''If you ever take an oath to do something and later on you find that something else is better, then you should expiate your oath and do what is better.'''"}} | ||
====War is Deceit==== | ====War is Deceit==== | ||
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The Prophet said, "'''War is deceit'''."}} | The Prophet said, "'''War is deceit'''."}} | ||
==== | ====Assassinating an enemy==== | ||
In the following hadiths, Muhammad permits one of his companions to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him. | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|271}}|"Narrated Jabir : The Prophet said, ‘Who is ready to kill Ka’b bin Ashraf (i.e. a Jew).’ Muhammad bin Maslama replied, ‘Do you like me to kill him?’ The Prophet replied in the affirmative.''' Muhammad bin Maslama said, ‘Then allow me to say what I like.’ The Prophet replied ‘I do (i.e. allow you).’'''"}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|271}}|"Narrated Jabir : The Prophet said, ‘Who is ready to kill Ka’b bin Ashraf (i.e. a Jew).’ Muhammad bin Maslama replied, ‘Do you like me to kill him?’ The Prophet replied in the affirmative.''' Muhammad bin Maslama said, ‘Then allow me to say what I like.’ The Prophet replied ‘I do (i.e. allow you).’'''"}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, '''"Who is willing to kill Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf who has hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Thereupon Muhammad bin Maslama got up saying, "O Allah's Apostle! Would you like that I kill him?" The Prophet said, "Yes," Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Then allow me to say a (false) thing (i.e. to deceive Kab). "The Prophet said, "You may say it."''' Then Muhammad bin Maslama went to Kab and said, "That man (i.e. Muhammad demands Sadaqa (i.e. Zakat) from us, and he has troubled us, and I have come to borrow something from you." On that, Kab said, "By Allah, you will get tired of him!" Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Now as we have followed him, we do not want to leave him unless and until we see how his end is going to be. Now we want you to lend us a camel load or two of food." (Some difference between narrators about a camel load or two.) Kab said, "Yes, (I will lend you), but you should mortgage something to me." Muhammad bin Mas-lama and his companion said, "What do you want?" Ka'b replied, "Mortgage your women to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our women to you and you are the most handsome of the 'Arabs?" Ka'b said, "Then mortgage your sons to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our sons to you? Later they would be abused by the people's saying that so-and-so has been mortgaged for a camel load of food. That would cause us great disgrace, but we will mortgage our arms to you." Muhammad bin Maslama and his companion promised Kab that Muhammad would return to him. He came to Kab at night along with Kab's foster brother, Abu Na'ila. Kab invited them to come into his fort, and then he went down to them. His wife asked him, "Where are you going at this time?" Kab replied, "None but Muhammad bin Maslama and my (foster) brother Abu Na'ila have come." His wife said, "I hear a voice as if dropping blood is from him, Ka'b said. "They are none but my brother Muhammad bin Maslama and my foster brother Abu Naila. A generous man should respond to a call at night even if invited to be killed." Muhammad bin Maslama went with two men. (Some narrators mention the men as 'Abu bin Jabr. Al Harith bin Aus and Abbad bin Bishr). So Muhammad bin Maslama went in together with two men, and sail to them, "When Ka'b comes, I will touch his hair and smell it, and when you see that I have got hold of his head, strip him. I will let you smell his head." Kab bin Al-Ashraf came down to them wrapped in his clothes, and diffusing perfume. Muhammad bin Maslama said. " have never smelt a better scent than this. Ka'b replied. "I have got the best 'Arab women who know how to use the high class of perfume." Muhammad bin Maslama requested Ka'b "Will you allow me to smell your head?" Ka'b said, "Yes." Muhammad smelt it and made his companions smell it as well. '''Then he requested Ka'b again, "Will you let me (smell your head)?" Ka'b said, "Yes." When Muhammad got a strong hold of him, he said (to his companions), "Get at him!" So they killed him and went to the Prophet and informed him. (Abu Rafi) was killed after Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf."'''}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, '''"Who is willing to kill Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf who has hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Thereupon Muhammad bin Maslama got up saying, "O Allah's Apostle! Would you like that I kill him?" The Prophet said, "Yes," Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Then allow me to say a (false) thing (i.e. to deceive Kab). "The Prophet said, "You may say it."''' Then Muhammad bin Maslama went to Kab and said, "That man (i.e. Muhammad demands Sadaqa (i.e. Zakat) from us, and he has troubled us, and I have come to borrow something from you." On that, Kab said, "By Allah, you will get tired of him!" Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Now as we have followed him, we do not want to leave him unless and until we see how his end is going to be. Now we want you to lend us a camel load or two of food." (Some difference between narrators about a camel load or two.) Kab said, "Yes, (I will lend you), but you should mortgage something to me." Muhammad bin Mas-lama and his companion said, "What do you want?" Ka'b replied, "Mortgage your women to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our women to you and you are the most handsome of the 'Arabs?" Ka'b said, "Then mortgage your sons to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our sons to you? Later they would be abused by the people's saying that so-and-so has been mortgaged for a camel load of food. That would cause us great disgrace, but we will mortgage our arms to you." Muhammad bin Maslama and his companion promised Kab that Muhammad would return to him. He came to Kab at night along with Kab's foster brother, Abu Na'ila. Kab invited them to come into his fort, and then he went down to them. His wife asked him, "Where are you going at this time?" Kab replied, "None but Muhammad bin Maslama and my (foster) brother Abu Na'ila have come." His wife said, "I hear a voice as if dropping blood is from him, Ka'b said. "They are none but my brother Muhammad bin Maslama and my foster brother Abu Naila. A generous man should respond to a call at night even if invited to be killed." Muhammad bin Maslama went with two men. (Some narrators mention the men as 'Abu bin Jabr. Al Harith bin Aus and Abbad bin Bishr). So Muhammad bin Maslama went in together with two men, and sail to them, "When Ka'b comes, I will touch his hair and smell it, and when you see that I have got hold of his head, strip him. I will let you smell his head." Kab bin Al-Ashraf came down to them wrapped in his clothes, and diffusing perfume. Muhammad bin Maslama said. " have never smelt a better scent than this. Ka'b replied. "I have got the best 'Arab women who know how to use the high class of perfume." Muhammad bin Maslama requested Ka'b "Will you allow me to smell your head?" Ka'b said, "Yes." Muhammad smelt it and made his companions smell it as well. '''Then he requested Ka'b again, "Will you let me (smell your head)?" Ka'b said, "Yes." When Muhammad got a strong hold of him, he said (to his companions), "Get at him!" So they killed him and went to the Prophet and informed him. (Abu Rafi) was killed after Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf."'''}} | ||
===Sahih Muslim=== | |||
==== | ====Truthfulness is a virtue, and lying is a sin that leads to hellfire==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|32|6308}} | |||
'Abdullah b. Mas'ud reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: | |||
Telling of truth is a virtue and virtue leads to Paradise and the servant who endeavours to tell the truth is recorded as truthful, and lie is obscenity and obscenity leads to Hell-Fire, and the servant who endeavours to tell a lie is recorded as a liar. Ibn Abu Shaiba reported this from Allah's Apostle (ﷺ).}} | |||
====Three cases do not count as lying==== | |||
{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}} | {{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}} | ||
See also: [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Lying_and_Deception#It.27s_not_lawful_to_lie_except_in_3_cases_.28that_cover_too_much.29]] (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 4:25:1939) | See also: [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Lying_and_Deception#It.27s_not_lawful_to_lie_except_in_3_cases_.28that_cover_too_much.29]] (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 4:25:1939) | ||
====Breaking Oaths when there is something better==== | |||
====Breaking Oaths==== | |||
In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find many more narrations in Sahih Muslim concerning the breaking of oaths | In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find many more narrations in Sahih Muslim concerning the breaking of oaths when doing so is better. | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4044}}| | {{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4044}}| | ||
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Abd al-Rahman b. Samura reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to me: Abd al-Rahman b. Samura, don't ask for authority for if it is granted to you for asking for it, you would be commissioned for it (without having the support of Allah), but if you are granted it without your asking for it. You would be helped (by Allah) in it. '''And when you take an oath and find something else better than that, expiate for (breaking) your oath, and do that which is better. This hadith has also been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Farrukh.'''}} | Abd al-Rahman b. Samura reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to me: Abd al-Rahman b. Samura, don't ask for authority for if it is granted to you for asking for it, you would be commissioned for it (without having the support of Allah), but if you are granted it without your asking for it. You would be helped (by Allah) in it. '''And when you take an oath and find something else better than that, expiate for (breaking) your oath, and do that which is better. This hadith has also been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Farrukh.'''}} | ||
==== | ====Assassinating an enemy==== | ||
In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find a narration in Sahih Muslim concerning Muhammad permitting a | In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find a narration in Sahih Muslim concerning Muhammad permitting a companion to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote a poem which offended him. | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4436}}|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who will kill Ka'b b. Ashraf? He has maligned Allah, the Exalted, and His Messenger. Muhammad b. Maslama said: Messenger of Allah, do you wish that I should kill him? He said: Yes. He said: '''Permit me to talk (to him in the way I deem fit). He said: Talk (as you like)'''. So, Muhammad b. Maslama came to Ka'b and talked to him, referred to the old friendship between them and said: This man (i. e. the Holy Prophet) has made up his mind to collect charity (from us) and this has put us to a great hardship. When be heard this, Ka'b said: By God, you will be put to more trouble by him. Muhammad b. Maslama said: No doubt, now we have become his followers and we do not like to forsake him until we see what turn his affairs will take. I want that you should give me a loan. He said: What will you mortgage? He said: What do you want? He said: Pledge me your women. He said: You are the most handsome of the Arabs; should we pledge our women to you? He said: Pledge me your children. He said: The son of one of us may abuse us saying that he was pledged for two wasqs of dates, but we can pledge you (cur) weapons. He said: All right. Then Muhammad b. Maslama promised that he would come to him with Harith, Abu 'Abs b. Jabr and Abbad b. Bishr. So they came and called upon him at night. He came down to them. Sufyan says that all the narrators except 'Amr have stated that his wife said: I hear a voice which sounds like the voice of murder. He said: It is only Muhammad b. Maslama and his foster-brother, Abu Na'ila. When a gentleman is called at night even it to be pierced with a spear, he should respond to the call. Muhammad said to his companions: As he comes down, I will extend my hands towards his head and when I hold him fast, you should do your job. So when he came down and he was holding his cloak under his arm, they said to him: '''We sense from you a very fine smell. He said: Yes, I have with me a mistress who is the most scented of the women of Arabia. He said: Allow me to smell (the scent on your head). He said: Yes, you may smell. So he caught it and smelt. Then he said: Allow me to do so (once again). He then held his head fast and said to his companions: Do your job. And they killed him'''.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4436}}|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who will kill Ka'b b. Ashraf? He has maligned Allah, the Exalted, and His Messenger. Muhammad b. Maslama said: Messenger of Allah, do you wish that I should kill him? He said: Yes. He said: '''Permit me to talk (to him in the way I deem fit). He said: Talk (as you like)'''. So, Muhammad b. Maslama came to Ka'b and talked to him, referred to the old friendship between them and said: This man (i. e. the Holy Prophet) has made up his mind to collect charity (from us) and this has put us to a great hardship. When be heard this, Ka'b said: By God, you will be put to more trouble by him. Muhammad b. Maslama said: No doubt, now we have become his followers and we do not like to forsake him until we see what turn his affairs will take. I want that you should give me a loan. He said: What will you mortgage? He said: What do you want? He said: Pledge me your women. He said: You are the most handsome of the Arabs; should we pledge our women to you? He said: Pledge me your children. He said: The son of one of us may abuse us saying that he was pledged for two wasqs of dates, but we can pledge you (cur) weapons. He said: All right. Then Muhammad b. Maslama promised that he would come to him with Harith, Abu 'Abs b. Jabr and Abbad b. Bishr. So they came and called upon him at night. He came down to them. Sufyan says that all the narrators except 'Amr have stated that his wife said: I hear a voice which sounds like the voice of murder. He said: It is only Muhammad b. Maslama and his foster-brother, Abu Na'ila. When a gentleman is called at night even it to be pierced with a spear, he should respond to the call. Muhammad said to his companions: As he comes down, I will extend my hands towards his head and when I hold him fast, you should do your job. So when he came down and he was holding his cloak under his arm, they said to him: '''We sense from you a very fine smell. He said: Yes, I have with me a mistress who is the most scented of the women of Arabia. He said: Allow me to smell (the scent on your head). He said: Yes, you may smell. So he caught it and smelt. Then he said: Allow me to do so (once again). He then held his head fast and said to his companions: Do your job. And they killed him'''.}} | ||
===Jami` at-Tirmidhi=== | ===Jami` at-Tirmidhi=== | ||
====It's not lawful to lie except in | ====It's not lawful to lie except in three cases==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|25|1939}} ({{external link| url = https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/27/45| title = sunnah.com | author = | date = | archiveurl = | deadurl = no}})| | {{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|25|1939}} ({{external link| url = https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/27/45| title = sunnah.com | author = | date = | archiveurl = | deadurl = no}})| | ||
Asma bint Yazid narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: | Asma bint Yazid narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: | ||
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Grade: Sahih (Darussalam) | Grade: Sahih (Darussalam) | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Ibn Majah=== | ===Ibn Majah=== | ||
==== | ====Covering for the sins of a fellow believer==== | ||
Traditional commentaries on this hadith include that sometimes intercession is better than reporting a misdeed to the authorities, unless the person is known for evil and mischief.<ref>[https://islamqa.info/en/answers/201472/concealing-peoples-sins-is-a-matter-that-is-subject-to-further-discussion Concealing people’s sins is a matter that is subject to further discussion - Islamqa.info]</ref> | |||
{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|20|3|20|2544}}|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “Whoever '''covers (the sin of) a Muslim''', Allah will cover him (his sin) in this world and in the Hereafter.” (Sahih)}} | {{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|20|3|20|2544}}|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “Whoever '''covers (the sin of) a Muslim''', Allah will cover him (his sin) in this world and in the Hereafter.” (Sahih)}} | ||
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When the Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: '''War is deception'''.}} | When the Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: '''War is deception'''.}} | ||
====It's not lawful to lie except in | ====It's not lawful to lie except in three cases==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4903}} (not available) - {{external link| url =https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4921| title = mirror on sunnah.com | author = | date = | archiveurl = | deadurl = no}}|Chapter: Reconciliation | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4903}} (not available) - {{external link| url =https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4921| title = mirror on sunnah.com | author = | date = | archiveurl = | deadurl = no}}|Chapter: Reconciliation | ||
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Grade: Sahih (Al-Albani) | Grade: Sahih (Al-Albani) | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Sira== | ==Sira== | ||
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{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|pages=368-369}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=57}}|Ka’b’s body was left prostrate [humbled in submission]. After his fall, all of the Nadir Jews were brought low. Sword in hand we cut him down. '''By Muhammad’s order''' we were sent secretly by night. Brother killing brother. '''We lured him to his death with guile.''' Traveling by night, bold as lions, we went into his home. We made him taste death with our deadly swords. We sought victory for the religion of the Prophet.}} | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|pages=368-369}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=57}}|Ka’b’s body was left prostrate [humbled in submission]. After his fall, all of the Nadir Jews were brought low. Sword in hand we cut him down. '''By Muhammad’s order''' we were sent secretly by night. Brother killing brother. '''We lured him to his death with guile.''' Traveling by night, bold as lions, we went into his home. We made him taste death with our deadly swords. We sought victory for the religion of the Prophet.}} | ||
===Al Tabari=== | ===Al Tabari=== | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VIII|ISBN=0-7914-3149-5|year=1997|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Michael Fishbein|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2028/mode/2up|page=23}} | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VIII|ISBN=0-7914-3149-5|year=1997|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Michael Fishbein|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2028/mode/2up|page=23}} | ||
<BR>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=578}} | <BR>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=578}} | ||
|The Messenger and his Companions continued in the fear and distress that Allah has described in the Qur'an. Then Nu'aym came to the Prophet. ‘'''I ‘ve become a Muslim, but my tribe does not know of my Islam'''; so command me whatever you will.' '''Muhammad said, ‘Make them abandon each other if you can so that they will leave us; for war is deception.''''}} | |The Messenger and his Companions continued in the fear and distress that Allah has described in the Qur'an. Then Nu'aym came to the Prophet. ‘'''I ‘ve become a Muslim, but my tribe does not know of my Islam'''; so command me whatever you will.' '''Muhammad said, ‘Make them abandon each other if you can so that they will leave us; for war is deception.''''}} | ||
==Scholars== | ==Scholars== | ||
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{{Quote|1=[http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Chapter "Al Dheema"]<BR>Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, Usul al-Shashi (p. 114)|2='''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress''' and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.}} | {{Quote|1=[http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Chapter "Al Dheema"]<BR>Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, Usul al-Shashi (p. 114)|2='''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress''' and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.}} | ||
Scholars of course also emphasised truthfulness as a virtue. For example, Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 CE) was one of the most important jurists of the Hanbali school. He stated: | |||
{{Quote|Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya - Madarij as-Salikeen|Truthfulness is the greatest of stations, from it sprout all the various stations of those traversing the path to God; and from it sprouts the upright path which if not trodden, perdition is that person’s fate. Through it is the hypocrite distinguished from the believer and the inhabitant of Paradise from the denizen of Hell. It is the sword of God in His earth: it is not placed on anything except that it cuts it; it does not face falsehood expect that it hunts it and vanquishes it; whoever fights with it will not be defeated; and whoever speaks it, his word will be made supreme over his opponent. It is the very essence of deeds and the well spring of spiritual states, it allows the person to embark boldly into dangerous situations, and it is the door through which one enters the presence of the One possessing Majesty. It is the foundation of the building of Islam, the central pillar of the edifice of certainty and the next level in ranking after the level of prophethood.}} | |||
====Tafsir==== | ====Tafsir==== | ||
The following are the views in various commentaries regarding {{Quran|3|28}}, the verse which refers to hiding one's faith when in danger ([[Taqiyya]]). | |||
{{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=2808 Jami' al-Bayan 'an ta'wil ayi'l-Qur'an al-Ma'ruf: Tafsir at-Tabari]<BR>Abu Ja'far Muhammad at-Tabari, Beirut: Dar Ihya' at-Turath al-'Arabi, 2001 (vol. 3, p. 267)|2=If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, '''behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them'''. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them.}} | {{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=2808 Jami' al-Bayan 'an ta'wil ayi'l-Qur'an al-Ma'ruf: Tafsir at-Tabari]<BR>Abu Ja'far Muhammad at-Tabari, Beirut: Dar Ihya' at-Turath al-'Arabi, 2001 (vol. 3, p. 267)|2=If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, '''behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them'''. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them.}} | ||
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{{Quote|1=Abu Shakoor Saalmi, al-Tamheed fi Bayan al-Tauwheed (Ch. 1, pp. 18-19), published in Delhi|2=Similarly, Kufr is the worst act. But when one is forced to commit it through a threat of murder then '''it is permissible to adopt Taqiyyah''' and recite the Kalima of kufr; and such a person should not be deemed a Kaffir. Verily, '''the Shari'a has deemed it a favorable act to recite Kalima of Kufr under Taqqiyah'''}} | {{Quote|1=Abu Shakoor Saalmi, al-Tamheed fi Bayan al-Tauwheed (Ch. 1, pp. 18-19), published in Delhi|2=Similarly, Kufr is the worst act. But when one is forced to commit it through a threat of murder then '''it is permissible to adopt Taqiyyah''' and recite the Kalima of kufr; and such a person should not be deemed a Kaffir. Verily, '''the Shari'a has deemed it a favorable act to recite Kalima of Kufr under Taqqiyah'''}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||