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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions
Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi (view source)
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Old Hijazi has two hallmarks that distinguishes it from classical Arabic and the Quranic reading traditions: | Old Hijazi has two hallmarks that distinguishes it from classical Arabic and the Quranic reading traditions: | ||
The loss of Hamzah (glottal stop) and the loss of nunation and final short vowels except in construct. In classical Arabic, final short vowels and nunation are only lost when the word is in a pausal position, i.e., when the word is at the end of utterance. This would mean that unlike classical Arabic, the original language of the Quran entirely lacked nunation and final short vowels except in construct. This means that the last word in a sentence always lacks nunation and a final short vowel while the words before it don’t lack them. A careful examination of the Quran reveals that if all words were treated in the same way as the words in pausal positions are treated, this would lead to the appearance of hundreds of hitherto unknown internal rhymes. | The loss of Hamzah (glottal stop) and the loss of nunation and final short vowels except in construct. In classical Arabic, final short vowels and nunation are only lost when the word is in a pausal position, i.e., when the word is at the end of utterance. This would mean that unlike classical Arabic, the original language of the Quran entirely lacked nunation and final short vowels except in construct. This means that the last word in a sentence always lacks nunation and a final short vowel while the words before it don’t lack them. A careful examination of the Quran reveals that if all words were treated in the same way as the words in pausal positions are treated, this would lead to the appearance of hundreds of hitherto unknown internal rhymes. | ||
==The Grammar of Pausal positions== | ==The Grammar of Pausal positions== | ||
A pausal position means the word at the end of an utterance such as the last word of a sentence or the last word uttered before pausing to take a breath. | A pausal position means the word at the end of an utterance such as the last word of a sentence or the last word uttered before pausing to take a breath. | ||
When a word is at a pausal position, it receives a special treatment in Classical Arabic: Neither a final short vowel nor nunation can be attached to the word. | When a word is at a pausal position, it receives a special treatment in Classical Arabic: Neither a final short vowel nor nunation can be attached to the word. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
هذا كتابٌ جديد | هذا كتابٌ جديد | ||
hādhā kitābun jadīd | hādhā kitābun jadīd | ||
(This is a new book) | (This is a new book) | ||
In this example, the final short vowel ‘u’ and nunation | |||
If the sentence was just “This is a book”, then the final “un” will not be added to the word kitāb (book) because the word here is at a pausal position (the end of the sentence): | In this example, the final short vowel ‘u’ and nunation 'n' are added to the word kitāb (book) making it “kitābun”. Grammatically, the word “jadīd” (new) should also receive the same “un”, but since that the word “jadīd” is at the end of the sentence, “un” is not added, which leaves the word in its original form: jadīd. | ||
If the sentence was just “This is a book”, then the final “un” will not be added to the word kitāb (book) because the word here is at a pausal position (the end of the sentence): | |||
هذا كتاب | |||
hādhā kitāb. | hādhā kitāb. | ||
This is a book. | (This is a book). | ||
==Special Pausal forms== | ==Special Pausal forms== | ||
The dropping of final short vowels and nunation isn’t the only effect of pausal positions. Other effects include: | The dropping of final short vowels and nunation isn’t the only effect of pausal positions. Other effects include: | ||
1-The feminine ending “ah” doesn’t change to “at”. | |||
'''1-The feminine ending “ah” doesn’t change to “at”'''. | |||
Most of Arabic singular feminine nouns and adjectives end with “ah”. As in: madrasah (school). But when anything gets attached to the end of these words, the final ‘ah’ turns into ‘at’. As in: madrasatī (my school). | Most of Arabic singular feminine nouns and adjectives end with “ah”. As in: madrasah (school). But when anything gets attached to the end of these words, the final ‘ah’ turns into ‘at’. As in: madrasatī (my school). | ||
Final short vowels also cause the same effect: | Final short vowels also cause the same effect: | ||
al-madrasatu jadīdah. | al-madrasatu jadīdah. | ||
The school is new. | (The school is new). | ||
The word madrasah is the subject of this sentence so it received a final ‘u’ vowel. And since a short ‘u’ vowel was attached to the end of the word, the feminine ‘ah’ of “madrasah” turns into ‘at’: madrasatu. It’s a mistake for the word to be become “madrasahu”. | The word madrasah is the subject of this sentence so it received a final ‘u’ vowel. And since a short ‘u’ vowel was attached to the end of the word, the feminine ‘ah’ of “madrasah” turns into ‘at’: madrasatu. It’s a mistake for the word to be become “madrasahu”. | ||
The feminine adjective jadīdah (new) is describing the word “madrasatu” so the word “jadīdah” should also receive the same final short vowel ‘u’ that the word “madrasah” received. But since that the word jadīdah is at the end of the sentence, it didn’t receive a final short vowel. And since that nothing was attached to the word, the feminine ‘ah’ didn’t change to ‘at’ so the word remained in its original form: Jadīdah. | The feminine adjective jadīdah (new) is describing the word “madrasatu” so the word “jadīdah” should also receive the same final short vowel ‘u’ that the word “madrasah” received. But since that the word jadīdah is at the end of the sentence, it didn’t receive a final short vowel. And since that nothing was attached to the word, the feminine ‘ah’ didn’t change to ‘at’ so the word remained in its original form: Jadīdah. | ||
In the following example, the word jadīdah is not at the end of a sentence so it received a final short vowel which turned the feminine ‘ah’ into ‘at’: | In the following example, the word jadīdah is not at the end of a sentence so it received a final short vowel which turned the feminine ‘ah’ into ‘at’: | ||
al-madrasatu l-jadīdatu kabīrah. | al-madrasatu l-jadīdatu kabīrah. | ||
The new school is big | (The new school is big) | ||
Another effect of pausal positions include: | Another effect of pausal positions include: | ||
2- The “an” marker for the indefinite accusative becomes a long ‘a’ vowel. | |||
For example: | '''2-''' '''The “an” marker for the indefinite accusative becomes a long ‘a’ vowel.''' | ||
For example: | |||
اشتريت كتاباً جديدا | |||
ishtaraytu kitāban jadīdā. | ishtaraytu kitāban jadīdā. | ||
I bought a new a book. | (I bought a new a book). | ||
The word Kitāb is the object of the sentence so it received a final ‘a’ vowel. The word is also indefinite so it also received an ‘n’. The word “jadīd” describes the word “kitaban” so it should also receive the same final “an”. But since that the word is at the end of the sentence, the “an” is turned into a long ‘a’ vowel: jadīdā. | The word Kitāb is the object of the sentence so it received a final ‘a’ vowel. The word is also indefinite so it also received an ‘n’. The word “jadīd” describes the word “kitaban” so it should also receive the same final “an”. But since that the word is at the end of the sentence, the “an” is turned into a long ‘a’ vowel: jadīdā. | ||
3- The dropping of the vowel of the third person masculine singular pronoun. | '''3- The dropping of the vowel of the third person masculine singular pronoun.''' | ||
This final pronoun has four possible forms: hū, hu, hī or hi. But in pausal positions, this pronoun becomes a mere h. | This final pronoun has four possible forms: hū, hu, hī or hi. But in pausal positions, this pronoun becomes a mere h. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
| Line 49: | Line 59: | ||
هذا كتابه | هذا كتابه | ||
Hādhā kitābuh. | Hādhā kitābuh. | ||
This is his book. | (This is his book). | ||
==Pausal positions in the Quran== | ==Pausal positions in the Quran== | ||
| Line 256: | Line 266: | ||
qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب “Near, Responsive” (11:61) | qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب “Near, Responsive” (11:61) | ||
== Normal quality internal rhymes== | ==Normal quality internal rhymes== | ||
ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 instances, such as 2:173,182,192) | ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 instances, such as 2:173,182,192) | ||
ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106) | ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106) | ||
| Line 301: | Line 311: | ||
samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50) | samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50) | ||
ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73) | ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73) | ||