L'age d'Aicha: Difference between revisions

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 Mis à part la version la plus couramment transmise qui stipule simplement qu'Aicha était mariée à Muhammad à l'âge de six ans et que leur mariage a été consommé quand elle avait neuf ans, l'ICMA de Little confirme qu’Hisham a également raconté une variante en ajoutant qu'il a été informé que Muhammad et Aicha étaient ensemble depuis neuf ans<ref>Ibid. p. 272</ref> (peut-être aussi une autre variante dans laquelle elle jouait avec des poupées<ref>Ibid. p. 322</ref>). Par l’intermédiaire de son père 'Urwa, il a également parlé du mariage dans une courte lettre - voir le passage noté un peu plus haut.<ref>Ibid. pp. 309 ff.</ref> Enfin, il a également relaté le récit d’Aicha selon lequel les femmes venaient la chercher pendant qu’elle jouait afin qu’elle puisse être préparée à sa consommation conjugale.<ref>See the section of Hisham, pp. 295 ff., especially the reconstructions of Hisham's four versions of the hadith on pp. 302-317</ref> Chacun de ces exemples peut être consulté dans la section [[Citations pertinentes]].
-Hisham seems to have transmitted the hadith after he moved to Kufah in Iraq. There are a few transmissions ascribed to his Medinan students, though these are each dubious for various reasons (though one is difficult to explain away<ref>Little struggles somewhat to discount Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād's transmission from Hishām as having occurred in Medina (see pp. 426-433). The Medinan, Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād, is a confirmed partial common link from Hishām, and the (generally unreliable) Medinan historian al-Wāqidī is one of those who report it from him. In order to place the transmission as having occured in Iraq, where (if biographical sources are to be trusted) Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād moved from Medina, though to a different Iraqi city than Hishām and did so only after Hishām's death, or at most shortly beforehand, and where al-Wāqidī also moved from Medina but only after Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād's death, Little requires both that al-Waqidi did not transmit directly from Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād and that the latter did not transmit directly from Hishām. Incidentally, al-Wāqidī separately reports a distinct but isolated Medinan narration about Aisha's marriage (pp. 215-6).</ref>). The hadith was most likely unknown in Medina, as it is not mentioned in the biographical works of Ibn Ishaq nor (it seems) Musa b. 'Uqbah, nor does it feature in Maliki legal texts, where Little believes it would be expected to feature had it been circulating in Medina. Some early Kufans are ascribed as transmitting the story to the Kufan common links before Hisham arrived in Iraq, but these isnads are doubtful according to Little because the marital age hadith does not occur in early Kufan legal hadith compilations, nor in early versions of Kufan hadiths narrating the virtues of Aisha. Rather, these Kufan references to Aisha's marriage too seem to have originated with Hisham's formulations.
+Hisham semble avoir transmis le hadith après s’être établi à Koufa en Irak. Quelques transmissions sont attribuées à ses étudiants médinois, mais celles-ci s’avèrent toutes douteuses pour diverses raisons (et il est difficile de les expliquer<ref>Little struggles somewhat to discount Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād's transmission from Hishām as having occurred in Medina (see pp. 426-433). The Medinan, Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād, is a confirmed partial common link from Hishām, and the (generally unreliable) Medinan historian al-Wāqidī is one of those who report it from him. In order to place the transmission as having occured in Iraq, where (if biographical sources are to be trusted) Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād moved from Medina, though to a different Iraqi city than Hishām and did so only after Hishām's death, or at most shortly beforehand, and where al-Wāqidī also moved from Medina but only after Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād's death, Little requires both that al-Waqidi did not transmit directly from Ibn ʾabī al-Zinād and that the latter did not transmit directly from Hishām. Incidentally, al-Wāqidī separately reports a distinct but isolated Medinan narration about Aisha's marriage (pp. 215-6).</ref>). Le hadith était très probablement inconnu à Médine, car il n’est pas mentionné dans les œuvres biographiques d’Ibn Ishaq ni (semble-t-il) par Musa b. 'Uqbah. Il ne figure pas non plus dans les textes juridiques malékites alors qu’il aurait dû y être selon Little si le hadith avait circulé à Médine. On prête à certains des premiers koufans la transmission de l’histoire aux liens communs koufans avant l’arrivée d’Hisham en Irak, mais ces isnads sont douteux d’après Little, car le hadith sur l'âge du mariage n'apparaît pas dans les premières compilations de hadiths juridiques koufans, ni dans les premières versions de hadiths koufans qui racontent les vertus d’Aicha. Au contraire, ces références koufanes sur le mariage d'Aicha semblent aussi provenir des compositions d'Hisham.
 After concluding that Hisham is responsible for the formulation of the story into the hadith from which all others ultimately derive, Little goes on to argue that Hisham concocted the story entirely, including the extended versions and 'Urwa's letter. Hisham was accused of being an unreliable transmitter after his move to Iraq, and the hadith about his great aunt would have been useful there. Aisha's virginity at the time of her marriage and her status as Muhammad's favourite wife was a basic feature of proto-Sunni polemics against the proto-Shi'i, especially in Kufah where the latter were dominant, and Hisham's hadith must have been very welcome there as it was immediately incorporated into this Kufan proto-Sunni material about the virtues of Aisha.