Conquest of Khaybar: Difference between revisions

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 After the [[Battle of Badr]] the prophet became more forceful in his demands that the Jews accept him as a prophet. According to the Sirah and Hadith, a number of the Jews including Kinanah, the leader of the Banu Nadir, knew that Muhammad was a prophet but deliberately sought to oppose him anyway due to stubborness and fear for their own power. This led to a series of skirmishes and conflicts with the Banu Nadir which ended in their expulsion (along with the Banu Qaynuqa') from Medina. They migrated to the Jewish stronghold oasis of Khaybar, where they had many fortresses and made a nice income from harvesting dates and other agricultural products<ref>Robert Spencer Muhammad: A Critical Biography Simon and Schuster 2024, pages 177-179</ref>.
-Although exiled, the Jews continued to agitate and plot against Muhammad there, and also hired the sorcerer Labid to curse Muhammad, vexing him with confusion, feelings of weakness, and the impression that he had had sex with his wives when he had not <ref>Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 71, Number 660 </ref>. They also bank rolled Arab tribes like their allies the Ghatafan and the Meccans who military opposed Muhammad, and engaged in a plot with the remaining Jews of Medina, the Banu Qurayzah, to betray Muhammad during the battle of the trench (this Jewish treachery would lead to the [[The Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah|Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah]]).
+Although exiled, the Jews continued to agitate and plot against Muhammad there, and also hired the sorcerer Labid to curse Muhammad, vexing him with confusion, feelings of weakness, and the impression that he had had sex with his wives when he had not <ref>{{Bukhari|||5765|darussalam}}</ref>. They also bank rolled Arab tribes like their allies the Ghatafan and the Meccans who military opposed Muhammad, and engaged in a plot with the remaining Jews of Medina, the Banu Qurayzah, to betray Muhammad during the battle of the trench (this Jewish treachery would lead to the [[The Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah|Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah]]).
 After the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyah]] brought the war between the Meccans and the Muslims to a ceasefire, many Muslims were still hungry for the booty that the wars against the pagans and the Jews had so far delivered them. Waqidi claims that Muhammad rebuked his followers for thinking of only earthly gains, while ibn S'ad claims that the expidition was motivated in large part by avarice for more war booty on the part of the Muslims. In any event, the spoils of war would soon come into the Muslims' hands.
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 Upon reaching the oasis the Muslims faced the Jews in a series of fortified strong points. One by one, the Muslims set out destroy them. Ali's eyes were inflammed by an unknown malady; the prophet put his spit on them, healing Ali, who then took up the banner of Islam and led the Muslims to victory, dropping a large stone on a prominent Jew. The fiercest mubariz or prominent warrior of the Jews was "the lion" Marhab (and also his brother Yasir), who came out reciting poetry to taunt the Muslims. Yasir was slain and Ali himself slew Marhab in single combat. After slaying Marhab, the Muslims took the strongest fortress of the Jews, Qamus following a siege lasting from 13 to 19 days.<ref>al-Tabari (1997). ''The History of al-Tabari: The Victory of Islam''. Albany: State University Of New York. p. 117</ref> During the initial battles the prophet came into possession of the wife of the Jewish prince Kinanah, [[Safiyah]]. Kinanah himself was put to death.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, p. 515</ref> After having slain her father at [[Banu Qurayzah]] and leading her past the bodies of her dead compatriots, Muhammad took her as his concubine and, once her menses had passed, made her his wife.
-During the battle, Muhammad forbade his men from sexually taking the pregnant women of their enemies, and decreed that the Muslims must await an [[Iddah]] before sexually enjoying captured women in [[Jihad]]<ref> Sunan Abi Dawud Book 12, Hadith 110 </ref>. He also forbade the eating of all birds and beasts of prey<ref>Sunan Abi Dawud Book 28 Hadith 70 </ref>, mules, and asses<ref>Sunan Abi Dawud Book 28 Hadith 54</ref>.
+During the battle, Muhammad forbade the eating of all birds and beasts of prey<ref>{{Abu Dawud||3705|darussalam}}</ref>, mules, and asses<ref>{{Abu Dawud||3789|darussalam}}</ref>.
 After the conclusion of the battle Kinanah agreed to terms, that the Jews would leave Khaybar but also leave all of their wealth to the Muslims. A Jewish traitor informed Muhammad that Kinanah had hidden some treasures around an old ruin. Muhammad asked Kinanah about his treasure, which he denied having. The Muslims excavated the ruin and found his treasure. When they confronted him and demanded to know where the rest of it was, Kinanah refused. Muhammad ordered that a fire be kindled on his chest to torture him into revealing the location of the hidden treasure. After he was tortured for this information, he was beheaded, and Muhammad took [[Safiyah]], his bride, as his own wife <ref>Robert Spencer Muhammad: A Critical Biography Simon and Schuster 2024, pages 249-252</ref><ref>''The Life of Muhammad'', (tr. A. Guillaume), Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 515</ref>.