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Shaheed (Martyr): Difference between revisions
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'''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. | '''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word in Western English discourse. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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"One who dies in a battle with the unbelievers, whether male or female, adult or not, whether killed by the unbelievers, or by his own weapon in error, or by having fallen off his mount, or having been found dead with no mark, provided he was sincere." [Kash-shaf al-Qina`, 2/113. See also Al-Mughni (2/206)]}} | "One who dies in a battle with the unbelievers, whether male or female, adult or not, whether killed by the unbelievers, or by his own weapon in error, or by having fallen off his mount, or having been found dead with no mark, provided he was sincere." [Kash-shaf al-Qina`, 2/113. See also Al-Mughni (2/206)]}} | ||
From this | From this it appears that those who die fighting in a way war considered to be a jihad are considered martyrs just as are those who are killed by a persecutor for their beliefs. | ||
=== In the Qur'an === | === In the Qur'an === | ||
{{Main|Parallels_Between_the_Qur%27an_and_Late_Antique_Judeo-Christian_Literature#Late_antique_Christian_Martyrdom}} | {{Main|Parallels_Between_the_Qur%27an_and_Late_Antique_Judeo-Christian_Literature#Late_antique_Christian_Martyrdom}} | ||
Unlike most people who stay in an intermediate state after death until judgment day, known in Islamic tradition as the Barzakh,<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. 2020. ''Allah:'' ''God in the Qur'an (p. 71).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition. </ref> when they will then be judged on their deeds and sent to heaven or hell | Unlike most people who stay in an intermediate state after death until judgment day, known in Islamic tradition as the Barzakh,<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. 2020. ''Allah:'' ''God in the Qur'an (p. 71).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition. </ref> when they will then be judged on their deeds and sent to heaven or hell, martyrs appear to 'sidestep' judgement day and are given direct access to paradise once dying, an idea which although not in the bible has antecedence in certain Christian thought in the centuries preceding Islam.<ref>Sinai, Nicolai. ''Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys) (pp. 301-302).'' Edinburgh University Press. Kindle Edition. | ||
See also commentary on verses Q2:154 and Q9:111 in ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp 76 & 322.'' Gabriel Said Reynolds. 2018.</ref> | See also commentary on verses Q2:154 and Q9:111 in ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp 76 & 322.'' Gabriel Said Reynolds. 2018.</ref> | ||
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==="Martyrdom Operations"=== | ==="Martyrdom Operations"=== | ||
Some modern scholars of the Salafi-Jihadist | Some modern scholars of the Salafi-Jihadist tradition apply the word for what they call "Martyrdom Operations" i.e. suicide bombings. This is highly controversial since suicide is forbidden in traditional Islamic law. Many other Islamic scholars have condemned such activites, even more so when women and children are targeted. Large surveys in the second decade of the 21st century have found a trend of increasing majorities who disapprove of al Qaeda and suicide attacks against civilians in most Muslim countries.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/09/10/muslim-publics-share-concerns-about-extremist-groups/ Widespread concerns about extremism in Muslim nations, and little support for it] Pew Research Centrue, 2015</ref><ref> | ||
[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> For more information, see [[Houri_(Heavenly_Virgin)#Association_with_Martyrdom|Houris (Heavenly_Virgin)]]. | [https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> For more information, see [[Houri_(Heavenly_Virgin)#Association_with_Martyrdom|Houris (Heavenly_Virgin)]]. | ||