Islámská velryba

Islámská velryba (v arabštině الحوت الإسلامية, al-hút al-islamíja), je obří velryba, zmíněná v prominentních islámských textech, která údajně nese Zemi na svých zádech. Také je zvaná Nún (نون), což je zároveň název arabského písmene ن. Další dvě alternativní jména této velryby jsou Liwash a Lutiaya.^[1] Tento článek analyzuje tuto hypotézu islámské velryby.

Nún v Koránu

Nún je zmíněna ve verši 68:1. Nejuznávanější učenci islámu (Ibn Kathir, At-Tabari, Al-Qurtubi a další) se shodují, že Nún je velryba, která nese Zemi na svých zádech:

Překlad slovo po slovu:

• نٓ - Nún - jméno velryby
• وَٱلْقَلَمِ - ua-al-qalam - při peru (ua- prefix znamená "a" nebo "při")
• وَمَا - ua-má - a co
• يَسْطُرُونَ - yastarúna - píší

V Koránu není mnoho informací, ale jak uvidíme, pochopení existence islámské velryby je potřebné k pochopení jiných veršů v Koránu. Například o tom, že hory jsou jako kolíky:

Pan Hrbek přeložil jako "podpěry" namísto "kolíky", ale v mnoha jiných, anglických překladech, se vyskytuje "pegs" ^[2].

Dále existuje verš, kde je Jonáš zvaný "mužem Nún", protože byl spolknut velrybou ^[3]:

Nún znamená velryba (الحوت, al-hút), podle tafsíru Al-Jalalayn.^[4]

Tafsír Ibn Kathir

První budeme citovat celý komentář k verši 68:1 z anglické zkrácené verze tafsíru Ibn Kathir:

Nic tam není, protože překladač se rozhodl nepřeložit, co o tomto verši bylo napsáno, přestože v arabském originále se o něm Ibn Kathir hodně rozepsal.

Toto je definice ن (Nún) v arabském tafsíru:

Hadís od Ibn Abbase, zvaného turjuman ul-Qur'an

Tafsír Ibn Kathir cituje Tabarího, který cituje Ibn Abbase, který nám dal nějaké detaily ohledně stvoření této velryby:

Další varianta hadísu:

Hadís (vyprávění) od Ibn Abbase je považován za صحيح (sahih)^[7], což znamená autentické vyprávění. Všichni muslimové by měli věřit v sahíh hadísy. A měli by obzvláště věřit na hadísy, ve kterých Ibn Abbás vysvětluje verše z Koránu, protože Mohamed vyslovil prosbu (du'á) pro Ibn Abbase, aby jej Aláh naučil interpretaci Koránu. Ibn Abbas jaké také zvaný turjuman ul-Qur'an (ترجمان القرآن), protože měl hluboké znalosti o interpretaci (tarjama) zjevení.

Jeho vyprávění zároveň vysvětluje, proč jsou hory popisovány jako kolíky v Koránu. Je to proto, že by se Země na hřbetu velryby pohybovala, kdyby nebyly kolíky, které by ji držely. ^[8]:

Zároveň to vysvětluje, proč je Aláhův trůn "na vodě" (protože ALáh stvořil nebesa z vody):

Pan Hrbek přidal slovo "vznášel se", ale to není v arabském originále ^[9].

Tafsír At-Tabari

Nejvíce uznávaný sunnitský tafsír je pravděpodobně od Tabarího. Bohužel, nebyl dosud přeložen do angličtiny. Zde je jeho interpretace Nún ve verši 68:1.

Slovo "Země" je tam v množném čísle. Podle islámu existuje sedm placatých Zemí, stejně tak jako je sedm nebí:

Jsou naskládány na sebe jako palačinky.

ِTafsír Al-Qurtubi

Další velmi respektovaný tafsír od Al-Qurtubího, má stejný názor. Velryba je pod sedmou (nejnižší) Zemí:

Pokud by Al-Qurtubí věděl, že je Země kulatá a považoval by ty "Země", že jsou to vrstvy Země a velryba je uvnitř zeměkoule, použil by slovo "uvnitř" a ne "pod". A velryba uvnitř zeměkoule je nesmysl tak jako tak, tedy Al-Qurtubi evidentně považoval Zemi za placatou.

ِTafsir Al-Kabir (od Ar-Razi)

Opět, vidíme, že existuje několik plochých Zemí, pod nimi je velryba a pod rybou je moře (oceán). Ta velryba plave v moři se Zeměmi připevněnými na svých zádech.

ِTafsir Fath Al-Qadir (od Shawkani)

Tento tafsír je z 18. století:

Hadith Al-Kafi (šítský)

Můžeme se dočíst o islámské velrybě i z šítských hadísů. Toto vyprávění vysvětluje spojení mezi velrybou a zemětřeseními:

Tafsír Al-Tusi (šítský)

The first comprehensive Shia tafsir^[15] says this about the Nun:

As we see, Ibn Abbas and his narration is deeply respected by both sunni and shia Muslims.

Důkazy

There is no scientific evidence suggesting that there is a big whale carrying the Earth on its back. We know today because of overwhelming evidence that the earth is round, or specifically oblate spheroid (there are no seven flat earths stacked one below the other). We also know that the earth is floating in space and is held in its orbit because of the gravitational force of the sun. There are no gigantic animals holding the earth as the tafsirs and hadith claim.

Also, mountains are not like pegs. For example volcanic mountains could be considered the opposite of pegs, because they have a flowing lava in the middle. The flowing lava with its high temperature cannot attach the Earth to a big whale.

Další interpretace nún

Although the turjuman ul-Qur'an Ibn Abbas explained that Nun is the whale which carries the Earth(s) on its back, there are also non-whale interpretations of Nun.

"ن je písmeno abecedy"

ن ("n") is a letter of the Arabic alphabet called نون (Nun).

• This doesn't explain the verse at all. If anything, it would mean that Allah puts random letters into his revelation for mankind, for no reason.
• Muhammad was illiterate and he did not write the revelations. He recited them. "Qur'an" means recitation. Maybe it was not just the letter ن ("n"), but the whole name نون ("nun"). It's just a matter of writing it. So maybe it was not meant to be a letter of the alphabet at all. Maybe it was the three-letter word N-u-n.
• The verse 68:1 "نٓ وَٱلْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ" could be translated as "Nun and the pen and what they write", since و usually means "and". It seems that Allah is enumerating 3 things (and enumeration usually donesn't mix things and letters):
  • Nun (ن or نون)
  • and (و) the pen (ٱلْقَلَمِ)
  • and (و) what (مَا)
  • they write (يَسْطُرُونَ)

"N" v "Ar-Rahmaan"

The word الرحمن, Ar-Rahman, "the gracious" is one of the names of Allah. The 13th sura starts with three letters الر, a few suras start with the letters حم. It we put together الر + حم + ن, we get الرحمن.

• The word Ar-Rahman is nowadays actually written as الرحمان, but in the old Uthmani script it was written without the ا (alif) before the ن. It was added later, to indicate the "aa" vowel.
• A lot of verses start on other letters and putting them together doesn't produce any interesting word. So choosing just three of them and getting an interesting word could be considered a cherry-picking.

Nun znamená "inkoust"

The verse 68:1 would mean "The ink and the pen and that which they write".

• The Qur'an used the word مِدَادًا (midaadan) for "ink" in the verse 18:109, while it used the word نون (nun) to mean "whale" in the verse 21:87. So it is more probable, that the meaning of nun here is "whale".
• According to this interpretation, this refers to the ink with which the Qur'an was written. Which is not very fitting, since the primary form of the Qu'ran is recitation. The word "Qur'an" itself means "recitation".

"Aláh ví nejlíp"

"Allah knows best", in other words "the author knows what he meant", is not an interpretation at all. "Allah knows best" could be said about all Qur'anic verses. In fact, there could be a whole tafsir saying only "Allah knows best" to every verse. But it would be useless, because "Allah knows best" doesn't explain the meaning at all.

Apologetika

Some Muslims, who consider the whale hypothesis to be false ^[17] are embarrassed that this is a part of their religion and try to put forward arguments to prove that it is in fact not a part of their religion.

Není to v Koránu

This is questionable. Nun is mentioned in the Qur'an 68:1 and it was used in another verse 21:87 to mean "whale". It is not clearly stated in the Qur'an that Nun is the whale which carries the Earth on its back, but the Qur'an speaks about mountains being like pegs, which supports the "whale cosmology". If there is no whale under the Earth, then there is no reason for mountains to function as pegs.

Also when something is not in the Qur'an, then it doesn't mean it's not a part of Islam. The "5 pillars of Islam" are also not described in the Qur'an and they are considered to be a part of Islam. Islam (or at least the mainstream Islam) is derived from the Qur'an, hadith and sira.

Ten hadís je mawqoof

When a hadith (narration) is called mawqoof, it means that it is not a quote originally from Muhammad himself, but it is from someone from the Sahaba (his companions). In this case Ibn Abbas.

There is a fatwa which says that a mawqoof hadith can be used as evidence if nobody protested against it:

The whale interpretation spread widely among the scholars and none of them discredited this story in any way.

Tomu věřili pouze raní učenci

As we've seen, the scholar Shawkani, who was born more than a thousand years after Muhammad's death, still wrote about the whale. So it's not just a matter of the early scholars.

• About a century later after Shawkani wrote about the flat Earth on the back of a giant whale, non-Muslims from Russia managed to escape the round Earth and land on the Moon.

To je od židů

Neither the Torah nor the Talmud talk about a whale, which carries the earth on its back. So this idea is not derived from Judaism. It was also said that Ibn Abbas probably learned it from Ka‘b al-Ahbar, who was an ex-Jew Muslim. A respected sunni scholar Ibn Hajar said this about Ka‘b al-Ahbar:

So "It's probably from al-Ahbar" is just an unsuccessful ad-hominem.

Učenci se mohou mýlit

Everyone can be wrong. For example Muhammad could have been wrong when he assumed he is a prophet and Muslims can be wrong by believing in Islam. Since everyone can be wrong and this argument could be used against both sides, it is not a valid argument for any side.

This is also an act of shooting the messenger, an ad hominem fallacy. Muslims have traditionally regarded Islamic scholars as expert authorities on all religious matters. In fact, Islam split into many schools of law (madhhabs) over the centuries because each school considered specific scholars as the sole authorities. If Muslims now want to discredit their own scholars because of such embarrassing claims, they are putting the entire Islamic argument—that Islam is the only true religion, it is perfect and it is from God—on shaky ground. One may wonder, "What is the real history of Islam and what are the correct Islamic laws if the scholars are dismissed by their own followers? Were they all liars or fabricators? And why?"

Aláh se nikdy nemýlí

This doesn't mean that he didn't mean the whale which carries the Earth on its back. Maybe the Earth actually is attached to a big whale's back with mountains and all evidence against it is the work of Shaytan who tries to lead people to disbelief?

Also if the only one to be trusted is Allah, then we cannot trust the Qur'an, because it wasn't passed to us directly from him, but through many generations of fallible humans.

Belief in Islam has the prerequisite of belief in the people who passed its doctrine.

Závěry

• Nun definitely means "whale", because Jonah (who was eaten by a whale) was called "man of the Nun".
• The turjuman ul-Qur'an Ibn Abbas, along with the most respected Islamic scholars, both sunni and shia, agree that Nun in the verse 68:1 refers to the whale which carries the Earth on its back.
• The Earth is supossedly attached to the whale with mountains. The mountains function as pegs.
  • So the Islamic whale also helps to explain the verse 78:7 about mountains being "pegs".
• The scholars who based their knowledge on reading the Arabic Qur'an and hadiths believed that the Earth is flat and it is attached with mountains (as pegs) to a big whale.

Viz také

• Video: The Masked Arab - Islam & the whale that carries the Earth on its back
• Scientific Errors in the Quran

Reference