List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad

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The sirah maghaazi literature, the earliest biographical literature produced by the Arabic tradition, portrays Muhammad as a warlord and statebuilder par excellence. Although it does portray him sometimes showing mercy to his opponents, just as often if not more so it portrays him as ordering the killings of transgressors against the divine law, political and religious enemies, personal enemies or threats to his person, and poets who made fun of him. The earliest biographers such as Ibn Ishaq are quite detailed in showing how the prophet did not suffer poetry against him and made a point of ordering the murder of such poets. As with the rest of the sira maghaazi literature many questions remain about the reliability of these accounts from the perspective of wie es eigentlich gewesen or "as it actually happened." This caution is found not only in academia, but also among Islamic modernists, as well as in the broader Islamic tradition, a perception which has filtered through to public awareness today. While sirah material was of interest in legal and exegetical contexts, classical hadith scholars considered the sirah genre to lack any sound methodology for authenticating isnads (chains of narration; indeed, in some cases no isnad is given at all).

In many cases, however, narrations in major hadith collections do briefly mention or allude to killings found in the sirah literature. Siraj Khan writes regarding traditional Islamic jurisprudence, "Many instances from the hadith corpus are cited in support of the punishment for blasphemy", giving examples such as Abu Rafi' and Ka'b ibn Ashraf. A handful of hadith were used to qualify the specific circumstances when blasphemy was punishable, in particular those narrating Muhammad's approval (as it was usually interpreted) of a blind man who killed his umm walad (freed concubine who bore him children) and a man who killed a Jewish woman, in both cases for insulting Muhammad.[1][2] It is common even in modern times for Islamic scholars to discuss the legitimacy of blasphemy laws by citing the killings of poets and others who had insulted Muhammad,[3] though there are also those who urge a more critical view of the sources as well as raising issues of legal methodology.[4] What is not in doubt, though, is that these narratives, taken together as the sirah, have traditionally formed the most authoritative biographical source available on the life of the prophet.

Views of modern scholarship

Typically, academic scholars have doubts about the reliability of the sῑra literature and the maghāzī (raid, expedition) accounts therein. In a detailed analysis of protagonists, repeated motifs and textual devices, Ehsan Roohi has identified that several accounts of political assassinations in the sira literature may have been motivated by tribes seeking to glorify their ancestors, or for apologetic purposes to exonerate them or their tribe for having at one time resisted acceptance of Islam, in the latter case particularly those stories which involve assassins of Jewish descent or affiliation killing members of their own tribe or confederates for the sake of Muhammad and the new religion.[5]

Of relevance to the list below, Roohi argues on the basis of repeated story and textual devices that the assassination of Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq was largely fabricated by the Khazraj tribe whom al-Tabari records desired to compete with the assassination by a rival Medinan tribe, al-Aws, of another blasphemous poet, Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. The identities of the alleged assassins of Ka'b in turn have been argued to be concocted to whitewash their Jewish affiliations and sympathies, particularly in the case of Muhammad b. Maslama, who also is said to have beheaded the Jewish leader Kinana and participated in the killings of the Jewish poet Ibn Abi al-Huqaiq already mentioned and Jewish leader al-Yusayr mentioned below. The story of 'Asma' bint Marwan's murder by the blind Umayr employs a repeated motif of a blind man killing a female blasphemer, which occurs a second time later in the list below without named protagonists. Roohi also questions a few other assassination stories due to plausible motives to cast the alleged killers in a more favourable light or having transferred motifs: Ibn Sunayna (part of a trend to glorify his alledged assassin, Muhayyisa), Amr ibn Jihash (the hitman was allegedly hired by his cousin Ibn Yamin, who elsewhere is reported to have deplored the murder of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf), Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam and Khalid ibn Sufyan (whose alleged murders by Unays include a number of transferable story motifs).

Regarding the stories as a whole, Roohi's view is that "if we tend not to go so far as to reject them as ex nihilo inventions, it may be safe at least to hold an agnostic view as to their historicity" and that it would be "prudent not to accept at face value" the image portrayed in the sira. On the other hand, while Roohi envisages that the above is the "tip of the iceberg" in terms of literary topoi (transferable motifs or formulae) used in the sira, critics would notice that the list of killings on this page is considerably more varied and extensive than the several cases for which he was able to identify specific grounds for suspicion.

List of Killings

The following list of killings is roughly in chronological order.


      Ordered by Muhammad       Supported but not ordered by Muhammad       Women and/or children       Apostates
      Reasons including writing or reciting poetry       Reasons including "causing offence"       Reasons including monetary gain       Reasons including preventing idolatry or rival prophets


Names in bold indicate that the only reason why the sources indicate Muhammad wanted them to be killed or threatened with death was because they had mocked, insulted, or cast doubt on him, or to extort economic gain, or to destroy idolatry or rival prophets. All others may have been killed for additional reasons such as posing or inciting a physical threat, or deserved punishment for murder or harming people, as indicated in the Reasons column.

No. Name Date Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing Result Notable Primary Sources
1 'Asma' bint Marwan January 624[6] Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[7][8][6]

Asma' bint Marwan assassinated[6][9]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[10]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[7]
2 Abu 'Afak February 624[11] Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry[8][10][11][12], and according to ibn Sa'd, instigating the people against Muhammad[13]

Abu Afak assassinated[11][10][8]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[10]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[13]
3 Al Nadr ibn al-Harith After Battle of Badr
March 624[14] 		According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed about Nadr bin Harith for mocking the Qur'an as "tales of the ancients". He was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him[14][15]. According to Waqidi, he also tortured companions of Muhammad[16]

Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali[14][15]

4 Uqba bin Abu Muayt After Battle of Badr
March 624[14] 		Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying[14][15]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali[14][15]

5 Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf September 624[20][21][22] According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and "inveighed" against Muhammad and composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[23][24][25]. Ibn Kathir adds that he incited the people to fight Muhammad.

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated[25]

6 Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq December 624[27] Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies[28][27]

Abu Rafi assassinated[28][27]

7 Khalid ibn Sufyan 625[32] Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims[32][33]

Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated[32][33]

8 Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi March 625[37] Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again[38][39]

Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali[38][39]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[39]
9 Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah March 625[37] Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death[38][40]

Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed[38][41]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[41]
10 Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari March 625[37] Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd[42] because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.[43] Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.[41][44][45]

Conflicting reports

  1. Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman[41][44]
  2. Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"[45][43]
11 Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)[46] During the Invasion of Banu Nadir[46]
(Aug 625)[47] 		According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"[48][46] Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him[49]

Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing[46]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[48]
12 Abu Sufyan 627[50] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)[51][51]

3 polytheists killed by Muslims[51]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[52]
13 Banu Qurayza tribe February–March 627[53]

Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel after they had helped the Meccans at the Battle of the Trench.[54][55][56][57][58][59] One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,[57][58][60][61][62] after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded[55][63]

Muslims: 2 killed[54]
Non-Muslims:

  1. 600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)
    [54][55][64]
  2. All Males and 1 woman beheaded
    (Hadith)[65][66]
14 Unknown laughing woman from Banu Qurayza tribe. February–March 627[70] The woman was conversing with A'isha and laughing, as her men were killed by Muhammad in the market. Suddenly someone called her and told that she will be killed, because of something she did (threw the millstone on Khallad b. Suwayd and killed him). She was then taken away and beheaded. A'isha used to say, "I shall never forget my wonder at her good spirits, gladness and her loud laughter when all the time she knew that she would be killed"

Woman was then taken away and beheaded.

  • Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 465, 765[71]
  • Abd Al Malik Ibn Hisham - The Prophetic Biography (Sirah Of Ibnu Hisham) - 1st Edition - DKI, pp. 467-468[72]
15 Abdullah ibn Ubayy December 627[50]
(during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq[73] ) 		Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, to whom verse 63:8 refers, and who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).[74] His son offered to behead him[75][76]

Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"[77] Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"[78][79]

16 Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam February 628[50] Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him[80][81]

30 killed by Muslims[80][81]

  • Tirmidhi no. 3923[82]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
17 Eight men from 'Ukil February 628[50] Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels[84]

Muslims: 1 killed
Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death[84][85]

18 Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq July 628[87] Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure of Banu Nadir[88][89]

Kinana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq beheaded after being tortured with fire[88][89]

19 Rifa’ah bin Qays 629[91][92] To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him[92]

1 beheaded,[93] 4 women captured by Muslims[94]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[93]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[94]
20 Abdullah bin Khatal During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95][96][97] 		Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad[95][96][97]

2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba[95][96][97]

21 Fartana During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95][100] 		Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad[95][97]

Fartana is killed[95][97][100]

22 Quraybah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to sing satirical songs about Muhammad[95]

Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned[95][99]

23 Huwayrith ibn Nafidh During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam[95][97][103]

Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed[97][103] by Ali[95]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
24 Miqyas ibn Subabah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism[95][97][98][103]

Miqyas killed[95][97][103]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
25 Sara During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Ibn Ishaq says Muhammad ordered Sara be killed because she "had insulted him in Mecca"[98][95]

Conflicting reports:

  1. Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar[98]
  2. Tabari reports she was killed[104]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[104]
26 Harith ibn Hisham During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown[95][98], though he was among those who fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud[105]>

According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam[95][106]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[106]
27 Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown[95][98]

See above result[95][98]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
28 al-Aswad al-Ansi During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Muhammad sent a messenger to Yemen instructing that al-Aswad al-Ansi (not to be confused with Habbar al-Aswad) should be killed because he was a "false prophet"[107] and a "liar"[108]. Al-Baladhuri reports that al-Aswad was a false prophet and refused Muhammad's invitation to accept Islam.[109]

Tabari reports that al-Aswad al-Ansi was killed the day before Muhammad's own death after he sent a messenger to persuade the local al-Abna' people to kill him[107][108] Al Baladhuri adds further detail that Muhammad chose this plan because the al-Abna' already had grievances against al-Aswad.[109]

29 Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl[95][98]

Conflicting reports

  1. Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"[98]
  2. Tabari says he was "eliminated"[110]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[110]
30 Wahshi ibn Harb During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud[95]

Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam[95][111]

  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[111]
31 Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama After Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad[95][112][113]. One of his poems recorded by Ibn Ishaq includes the line, "I was told that the Messenger of Allah threatened me (with death), but with the Messenger of Allah I have hope of finding pardon"[114].

Ibn Ishaq wrote that when one of the Ansar asked permission to behead Ka'b, "the apostle told him to let him alone because he had come repentant breaking from his past", so he was pardoned[114][113]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[114]
32 Al-Harith bin al-Talatil During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		For mocking Muhammad through poetry[95]

Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali[95][115]

  • Ibn Kathir's Sira al-Nabawiyya[115]
33 Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad[95]

Ibn Hisham reports that Abdullah ibn Ziba'ra repented and converted to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him[95][116] and that he had fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".[117]

  • Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi[118]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir[119]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[117]
34 Hubayrah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Hubayrah (cousin of al Ziba'ra), for mocking Muhammad through poetry[95]

Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"[95]. Ibn Ishaq reports that he fled because "the apostle had killed some of the men in Mecca who had satirized and insulted him".[117]

  • Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors[120]
  • Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi[118]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[117]
35 Hind bint Utbah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[95] 		Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud[95]

Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",[121] she was pardoned by Muhammad[95]

36 King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal October 630[122] Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty[123][124]

1 killed, 2 taken captive. The Chief of Duma was released unharmed.[125]

37 Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan Unknown Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.[127] But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him[128]

Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal[127][128]

38 Blind man's umm walad (freed concubine who bore him children) Unknown Killed by a Muslim on his own initiative because the woman insulted Muhammad. When Muhammad learned what had happened he said no retaliation is payable for her blood.[129][130]

Blind Muslim kills his umm walad[129][130]

39 Ibn Sunayna Unknown Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)[131][132]

Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa[131][132]

40 Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh During/after Conquest of Mecca[95]

(Jan 630)[

Kill Abdallah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote certain verses of the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry[134]

On the day of the Conquest of Mecca, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh accepted Islam again[135]. A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. He was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.[134] He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"[136]

41 Ibn an-Nawwahah Unknown Ibn Kathir and Sunan Abu Dawud record that Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary[137][138]

Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah[137][138]

42 Nameless spy Unknown Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy[140][141]

Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy[140][141]

43 Man from Aslam tribe Unknown Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery[142][143]

Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death[142][143]

44 Bahilah and Banu Khath'am tribes 632 Muhammad sends Jarir ibn-'Abdullah to destroy the Ka'aba of Yemen, Dhu-l-Khalasah, which was the subject of idolatry. Jarir reports back to Muhammad of the destruction and killings, which Muhammad approves.

100 men of the Bahilah, and 200 of banu-Khath'am were killed in order to destroy the idol of Dur l-Khalasa[144]



External Links

Main Sources

References

  1. ↑ Siraj Khan. "Blasphemy against the Prophet", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker). ISBN 978-1610691772 pp. 62-63
  2. ↑ These two killings involve a repeated topos as mentioned in the section below on modern scholarship.
  3. ↑ For example Iffat khalid & Shamana Munawar, Blasphemy law of Islam-Misconceptions and Fallacy, Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture (2015), Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 48-57 DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v3n1a7
  4. ↑ For example the al-Mawrid institute of reformist scholars in Pakistan Punishment of blasphemy based on a hadith narrative - al-mawrid.org, August 2020
  5. ↑ Ehsan Roohi (2021) Between History and Ancestral Lore: A Literary Approach to the Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations Der Islam, Vol. 98 (2) doi:10.1515/islam-2021-0029
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly. Women, religion, and social change. NewYork: SUNY Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-88706-069-2, 1985. 
  9. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  12. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.
  16. ↑ “Surely, you tortured his companions” The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge pp.53-54
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.
  18. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.
  19. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  20. ↑ "SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  21. ↑ Montgomery Watt, W.. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. ed,. Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. 
  22. ↑ Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 13, 1979.  ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 364-369.
  24. ↑ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  26. ↑ Ibn Kathir says of al-Ashraf: "he harmed the messenger of God (SAAS) by ridiculing him in verse and he rode in to Quraysh to incite them further", and "He went to Medina where he proclaimed his enmity and incited people to go to war. He had not left Mecca before he had united them to fight the Messenger of God (SAAS)" Ibn Kathir, Sira al-Nabawiyya Volume 3, Translator:Trevor Gassick, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilisation, p.6-7
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
  29. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204, 2005, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover 
  30. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"
  31. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Gabriel, Richard A., Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 126, ISBN 9780806138602, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126 
  34. ↑ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
  35. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  36. ↑ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098, 2000, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. (online)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 141–142, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147  pp. 141-142
  40. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).
  42. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Ze'ev Maghen, "After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim", Walter de Gruyter, p. 44, 2006, https://books.google.it/books?id=eZQH0xCYiaAC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Al-Harith+bin+Suwayd+al-Ansari&source=bl&ots=7hmDxk25f0&sig=ghd1mLrN9L_R5o-6LNgdPyuZeEQ&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PLiyVOicH4jvaOCjgaAE&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, (online)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. (online)
  47. ↑ Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.
  49. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. (online)
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Abū Khalīl, Shawqī. Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547, 2003. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  52. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  53. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213 (online)
  56. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  59. ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar, Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288, 2001, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  60. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, 2002  pp. 461–464.
  61. ↑ Adil, Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam, p. 395f.
  62. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 329, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  63. ↑ Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.
  64. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201  pp. 35–36
  65. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2665
  66. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 4:52:280
  67. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194  (online)
  68. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  69. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq  pp. 35–36.
  70. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  71. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 465, 765.
  72. ↑ Abd Al Malik Ibn Hisham - The Prophetic Biography (Sirah Of Ibnu Hisham) - 1st Edition - DKI, pp. 466-468
  73. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. (online)
  74. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 77, ISBN 9781861797223, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77 
  75. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. (online)
  76. ↑ Haykal, Hussain, The Life of Mohammed, Islamic Book Trust, p. 354, ISBN 978-8187746461, 1994, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. (online)
  78. ↑ Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 490, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490 
  79. ↑ Rahman, Muhammad Saed, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba 92, MSA publication limited, p. 221, ISBN 9781861795786, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
  82. ↑ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
  83. ↑ "Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam". Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 665, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.
  85. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 1:4:234
  86. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land", and Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version
  87. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956.  (free online)
  90. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p.515
  91. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123  (online)
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  95. ↑ 95.00 95.01 95.02 95.03 95.04 95.05 95.06 95.07 95.08 95.09 95.10 95.11 95.12 95.13 95.14 95.15 95.16 95.17 95.18 95.19 95.20 95.21 95.22 95.23 95.24 95.25 95.26 95.27 95.28 95.29 95.30 95.31 95.32 95.33 95.34 95.35 95.36 95.37 95.38 95.39 95.40 95.41 95.42 95.43 Wahid Khan, Maulana, Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333, 2002, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:582
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.5 97.6 97.7 97.8 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.
  98. ↑ 98.00 98.01 98.02 98.03 98.04 98.05 98.06 98.07 98.08 98.09 98.10 98.11 98.12 98.13 98.14 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 174. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.406
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 179-180, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  105. ↑ Jami` at-Tirmidhi 5:44:3004.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 179. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:662
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Abu-l Abbas Ahmad Ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri, "Futuh al-Buldan", Chapter XXI: Al-Aswad al-‘Ansi and those in al-Yaman who apostatized with him, translated by Philip Khuri Hitti, 1916, New York: Columbia University
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 180, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.
  112. ↑ M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597-601.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.
  116. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 556
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam). Faizer, Rizwi [Editor]. Routledge p.417
  119. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 174.
  120. ↑ Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, State University of New York Press, p. 196 (footnote 852), ISBN 0791428192, 1998, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.
  122. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 239. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 58–59, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover  pp. 58–59. (online)
  124. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.
  125. ↑ Muir, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458. 
  126. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 205. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 187, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q. . ISBN 9781568331126
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 "This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4348
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book. Jewish Publication Society. p. 128, 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128.  ISBN 9780827601987
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 199, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q.  ISBN 9781568331126
  133. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Sir. William, Muir, The life of Mahomet, Abe books, p. 131, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 Al-Tabari, "History of al-Tabari Vol. 9 - The Last Years of the Prophet", transl. Ismail K. Poonawala, p.148, Albany: State University of New York Press
  136. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4346
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. (online)
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2756
  139. ↑ Tabari, Al, The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 107, ISBN 978-0791410714, 1993, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Sahih Bukhari 4:52:286
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4414
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-asnām. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–2
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