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Dhimma: Difference between revisions
→Scriptural Basis in the Qur'an and Sunnah
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma}} | ||
The | The fuquhaa' (Islamic jurists) call on many sources in the Islamic canon of the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] when dealing with the subject of the dhimma. The basis of the institution of the dhimma is found in the Qur'an: | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}} | |||
This verse, laying out the subjugated position of the non-Muslim in the Muslim society by means of the [[jizya]], is the main verse in the [[Qur'an]] upon which the entire legal theory of the dhimma is buit. | |||
Beyond this verse, the attitude of the Qur'an, particularly as read by later [[mufassirun|tafsir]] and Islamic scholars, towards unbelievers including the so-called "[[People of the Book]]" is unremittingly negative. The main understanding (in the traditional Islamic reading) is that the Jews and Christians are cursed for rejecting the message of the prophet: | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|12|16}}| Allah did aforetime take a covenant from the Children of Israel, and we appointed twelve captains among them. And Allah said: “I am with you: if ye (but) establish regular prayers, practice regular charity, believe in my messengers, honor and assist them, and loan to Allah a beautiful loan, verily I will wipe out from you your evils, and admit you to gardens with rivers flowing beneath; but if any of you, after this, resisteth faith, he hath truly wandered from the path of rectitude.” | |||
But because of their breach of their covenant. We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard; they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was sent them, nor wilt thou cease to find them—barring a few—ever bent on (new) deceits: but forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds): for Allah loveth those who are kind. | |||
From those, too, who call themselves Christians, We did take a covenant, but they forgot a good part of the message that was sent them: so we estranged them, with enmity and hatred between the one and the other, to the day of judgment. And soon will Allah show them what it is they have done. | |||
O People of the Book! There hath come to you our Messenger, revealing to you much that ye used to hide in the Book, and passing over much (that is now unnecessary): There hath come to you from Allah a (new) light and a perspicuous Book, wherewith Allah guideth all who seek His good pleasure to ways of peace and safety, and leadeth them out of darkness, by His will, unto the light, guideth them to a path that is straight}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}} | |||
==Classical Fiqh Around the Institution of the Dhimma== | ==Classical Fiqh Around the Institution of the Dhimma== | ||