Historical Attestation of Muhammad

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Title: Historicity of Muhammad

Introduction

Timeline

The following timeline gives a brief summary of when key artifacts and literary documents, concerning the life of Muhammad and the Qur'an, were first created.

  • 622 Hijrah?
  • 633 Death of Muhammad?
  • 634 Doctrina Jacobi : "Prophet who has appeared with the Saracens"
  • ~636 Syriac Gospel Fragment : " killing of {the Arabs of} Muhammad (Muhmd)"
  • 637 Arab conquest of Jerusalem
  • ~639 Sophronius : "Saracen conquests"
  • ~640 Thomas the Presbyter : "the Arabs of Muhammad (tayyaye d-Mhmt)"
  • 656 First Islamic Civil War- First Fitna. End 661.
  • ~660's Sebeos, Bishop Of The Bagratunis : Mentions "Mahmet", gives sparse details of his life
  • 690's John, Bishop of Nikiu : Uses the term "Moslem" and "Mohammed"
  • 691 Arab-Sassanian coin : "Muhammad Rasul Allah"
  • 692 Dome of the Rock Inscription : "Muhammad" & "Jesus son of Mary", Qur'anic verses
  • 696 Reformed Coinage : "Muhammad"
  • 761 Ibn Ishaq : Siratu Rasul Allah - first biography. Not extant.
  • 776 Graffiti from northern Arabia : Quran - first mention as generic "book"
  • 810 Tombstone, Egypt : Quran - first explicit reference
  • 826 Muhammad al-Bukhari : Begins Hadith collection. d 870.
  • 840 Ibn Hisham - Quotes from Ibn Ishaq's work
  • 843 The earliest dated literary papyrus
  • 876 Earliest Qur'an Manuscript Fragment - (no later than this date)

Qur'an

Sura Literature

Ibn Ishaq

Ibn Hisham

Hadith

Collection of the Hadith

Science of the Hadith

Historical Methods

Archaeological Evidence

Dome of the Rock Inscription

Arab-Sassanian coins

Reformed Coinage

Non-Muslim Writings

Doctrina Jacobi

Syriac Gospel Fragment

Sophronius

Thomas the Presbyter

Sebeos, Bishop Of The Bagratunis

John, Bishop of Nikiu

See Also

References