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<metadesc>2,700+ critical articles on various areas of Islam based on its own sources, the Qur'an, hadith and Islamic scholars.</metadesc>
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{|style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px; width:100%"
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{{PortalArticle|image=Battle of Badr.jpg|title=Portal: Early Islamic History|summary=The first centuries of the Islamic Hijri calendar, starting in the CE year 622, were the formative years of the religion. Between the first and third Islamic centuries the Qur'an was written down and codified, the prophet lived and died, the great hadith collections were gathered, the sira of the prophet was committed to writing, the great schools of Sunni jurisprudence came to be, and the theology of Islam attained its familiar form. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today. |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Early Islamic History#Career of the Prophet|Career of the Prophet]]
*[[Portal: Early Islamic History#The Early Caliphates|The Early Caliphates]]
*[[Portal: Early Islamic History#The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic|The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)]]
*[[Battle of Badr]]
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
*[[The Massacre of the Banu Qurayza]]
</div>
}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Daughters of Hubal.jpg|title=Portal: Origins of Islam|summary= Islam arose in 7th century Arabia, and as such its appearance bears the markings of its ancient Arab and Near East milieu. |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Origins of Islam#Arab Paganism|Arab Paganism]]
*[[Portal: Origins of Islam#The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic|The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic]]
*[[Portal: Origins of Islam#Ancient Arabian Culture|Ancient Arabian Culture]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Textual History of the Qur'an]]
*[[Sana'a Manuscript]]
*[[Pagan Origins of Islam]]
*[[Black Stone]]
</div>}}{{PortalArticle|image=Islamic Tradition.jpg|title=Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars|summary= The Qur'an, Hadith, Scripture pages are a special category of pages here at WikiIslam. Rather than being encyclopedia articles, these pages bring together a unique collection of Quranic verses, hadith, sira traditions, tafsir, writings of classical scholars and rulings of contemporary Islamic sheikhs and ulemaa. These pages are organized by theme to assist the student, searcher or researcher. |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#The Islamic Tradition Itself|The Islamic Tradition]]
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#Muhammad|Muhammad]]
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#Women|Women]]
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#Jihad|Jihad]]
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#Non-Muslims|Non-Muslims]]
*[[Portal: Qur'an, Hadith, and Scholars#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Slavery|Slavery]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Textual History of the Qur'an|Textual History of the Qur'an]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy|Apostasy]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Stoning|Stoning]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Homosexuality|Homosexuality]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Witchcraft and the Occult|Witchcraft and the Occult]]
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma|Dhimma]]
</div>}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Quran_Mashaf_Comparisons.jpg|title=Portal: Islamic Scriptures|summary=The idea of scripture is central to Islam; above all else, Islam's own scriptures tell of how Allah has periodically given his followers books throughout the ages, and refers to Islam's co-abrahamic religionists as People of the Book. The central scripture of Islam is above all the Qur'an, which orthodox Sunni and Shi'i Islam see as the literal word of Allah through his messenger Muhammad.  |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Islamic Scriptures#Qur'an|Qur'an]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Scriptures#Hadith|Hadith]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Scriptures#Sira|Sira]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Scriptures#Tafsir|Tafsir]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Naskh (Abrogation)]]
*[[Sahih Bukhari]]
*[[Asbab al-Nuzul (Revelational Circumstances of the Quran)]]
*[[Contradictions in the Quran]]
</div>
}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Fiqh.jpeg|title=Portal: Islamic Law|summary=Islamic law, or the Shariah, is held to comprise the specific rulings intended by Allah for all of mankind in all times and places and delivered through Islamic scriptures (namely, the Quran and hadith). Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence, comprises the legal and interpretive theories through which these rulings are derived from the Quran and hadith. Norms observed and prescribed by Muhammad in these scriptures are, as a rule, taken literally and considered binding.  |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Theory|Theory]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Women|Women]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Non-Muslims|Non-Muslims]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Crime and punishment|Crime and punishment]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Jihad|Jihad]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Ritual|Ritual]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Law#Other topics in Islamic law|Other topics in Islamic law]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Taqiyya|Taqiyya (and misuse of the word)]]
*[[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)]]
*[[Sex Segregation in Islam]]
*[[Islam and Apostasy]]
*[[If Anyone Slays a Person (Qur'an 5:32)]]
*[[Relationships with non-Muslims in Islamic Law]]
</div>
}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Tawheed.jpg|title=Portal: Islamic Doctrine|summary=There is much in Islamic scripture that is not of direct legal relevance and which can be understood as constituting doctrine. The Arabic word aqeedah, or creed, has generally been understood to encompass a more limited range of ideas than what, to a modern person, would appear as Islamic doctrine.  |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Islamic Doctrine#God|God]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Doctrine#Other beings|Other beings]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Doctrine#Earthly places and relics|Earthly places and relics]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Doctrine#Past and future events|Past and future events]]
*[[Portal: Islamic Doctrine#Society and human nature|Society and human nature]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Houri (Heavenly Virgin)]]
*[[Let There be no Compulsion in Religion|Let There be no Compulsion in Religion (Qur'an 2:256)]]
*[[Jinn]]
*[[Black Stone]]
</div>
}}


<!-- Start Left Column -->
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5fffa"
{{PortalArticle|image=Quran and Science.png|title=Portal: Islam and Science|summary=Among the many and diverse matters discussed in or touched upon by Islamic scriptures are topics of direct or indirect scientific interest. These topics include reproductive science, embryology, cosmology, and medicine, among others. |description=
 
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<!-- Start Qur'an -->
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
|-
*[[Portal: Islam and Science#Biology|Biology]]
! <div style="margin:0;background:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Qur'an</div>
*[[Portal: Islam and Science#Cosmology|Cosmology]]
|-
*[[Portal: Islam and Science#Islamic practices and rituals|Islamic practices and rituals]]
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Portal: Islam and Science#Prominent figures and movements|Prominent figures and movements]]
'''Information on the Qur'an'''
</div>
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars|Quotations from Qur'an, Hadith & Scholars]]
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[The Origins of the Qur'an]]
*[[Scientific Errors in the Quran]]
*[[Chronological Order of the Qur'an]]
*[[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an]]
*[[Revelational Circumstances of the Qur'an]]
*[[Corruption of the Quran|Corruption of the Qur'an]]
*[[Pedophilia in the Qur'an]]
*[[Allah the Best Deceiver]]
*[[Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Other Scriptures]]
'''Science and Miracles'''
*[[NATVRAE MIRABILIS ORIGINISQVE DIVINAE GEORGICAE VERGILII|Georgics: Miracles in the Qur'an?]]
*[[A Qur’anic Understanding of the Universe]]
*[[The Miracle of 19]]
*[[Geocentrism and the Quran|Geocentrism and the Qur'an]]
*[[Flat Earth and the Qur'an]]
*[[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Controversy]]
*[[Embryology in the Qur'an]]
*[[Embryology in the Qur'an]]
*[[Science and the Seven Earths]]
*[[The Islamic Whale]]
*[[Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs]]
*[[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]
*[[Qur'an and the Big Bang]]
*[[Geocentrism and the Quran]]
*[[I. A. Ibrahim]], [[Harun Yahya]] & [[Zakir Naik]]  
*[[Cosmology of the Quran]]
 
</div>
<!-- Start Muhammad -->
}} {{PortalArticle|image=Muslim-usa.jpg|title=Portal: Islam and Human Rights|summary=The conflict between modern human rights doctrine and Islamic law can, for the most part, be understood as a product of their extreme historical and contextual distance. Whereas Islamic law was formulated in the harsh, unpredictable, and austere environment of 7th-9th century Arabia, modern Human rights doctrine is generally traced back to the European Enlightenment. |description=
|-
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
! <div style="margin:0;background:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Prophet Muhammad</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
|-
*[[Portal: Islam and Human Rights#Women|Women]]
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Portal: Islam and Human Rights#Religious Minorities|Religious Minorities]]
*[[The Timeline of Muhammad]]
*[[Portal: Islam and Human Rights#Freedom of Conscience|Freedom of Conscience]]
*[[Portal: Islam and Human Rights#Corporal punishment|Corporal punishment]]
*[[Portal: Islam and Human Rights#Modern movements and events|Modern movements and events]]</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Islam and Women]]
*[[Hijab#Revelation_of_the_Hijab_Verses|Revelation of the Hijab Verses]]
*[[Rape in Islamic Law]]
*[[Child Marriage in Islamic Law]]
</div>}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Maome.jpeg|title=Portal: Muhammad|summary=Muhammad, the founder of Islam, is one of the most vigorously revered men to have ever lived. His legacy has meant many different things to many different people throughout history. Information on his life comes almost exclusively through oral reports (hadiths) compiled, for the most part, more than a hundred and fifty years after his death.  |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Muhammad#Personal life|Personal life]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad#Military life|Military life]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad#Religious life|Religious life]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad#In doctrine|In doctrine]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad#In history|In history]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad#In recent times|In recent times]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]
*[[Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)]]
*[[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]]
*[[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]]
*[[The Farewell Sermon]]
*[[Prophecies in the Hadith]]
*[[Muhammad and History's 100 Most Influential People]]
</div>
'''Muhammad's Wives'''
}}
*[[List of Muhammads Wives and Concubines|List of Muhammad's Wives and Concubines]]
{{PortalArticle|image=Aisha.png|title=Portal: Muhammad’s Wives and Consorts|summary=The wives of the prophet are described as "أمهات المؤمنين" or "mothers of the believers." As such the prophetic example is considered instructive for all Muslim households. How the prophet interacted with his wives, and how they obeyed him, is a framework for how Muslim husbands and wives ought to interact, as well as how men should interact with their own female slaves. |description=
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Portal: Muhammad’s Wives and Consorts#Aisha|Aisha]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad’s Wives and Consorts#Muhammad's Other Wives and Consorts|Muhammad's Other Wives and Consorts]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*[[Ages of Muhammads Wives at Marriage|Ages of Muhammad's Wives at Marriage]]
*[[Ages of Muhammads Wives at Marriage|Ages of Muhammad's Wives at Marriage]]
*[[Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aishas Age|Refutation of Modern Apologetics Against Aisha's Age]]
*[[Aisha's Age]]
*[[Muhammads Marriages and Poor Widows|Muhammad's Marriages and Poor Widows‎]]
*[[Aisha]]
 
*[[Safiyah]]
<!-- Start Non-Muslims-->
</div>
|-
}}
! <div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Non-Muslims</div>
{{PortalArticle|image=Sahabah.png|title=Portal: Muhammad's Companions and Contemporaries|summary=Muhammad's contemporaries, companions, and successors play an elevated role in the lore of Islam. It is against many of his contemporaries that Muhammad defined his movement, it is through his companions that his tradition was passed forth, and it is by his immediate successors that his legacy was interpreted and formalized. |description=
|-
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Sections'''</div>
|style="color:#000"|
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
'''Apostasy'''
*[[Portal: Muhammad's Companions and Contemporaries#Male companions|Male companions]]
*[[People Who Left Islam]] (''testimonies'')
*[[Portal: Muhammad's Companions and Contemporaries#Female companions|Female companions]]
*[[Notable Former Muslims]]
*[[Portal: Muhammad's Companions and Contemporaries#Opponents|Opponents]]
'''Islamic Persecution'''
*[[Portal: Muhammad's Companions and Contemporaries#Others|Others]]
*[[Persecution of Ex-Muslims]]
*[[Persecution of Non-Muslims]]
*[[Persecution of Homosexuals]]
*[[Honor Killing Index]]
'''Jihad and Terrorism'''
*[[Lesser vs Greater Jihad]]
*[[Converts to Islam]]
*[[Invitations to Islam Prior to Violence]]
*[[Are Judaism and Christianity as Violent as Islam?]]
*[[The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations|Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations]]


<!-- Start Women-->
|-
! <div style="margin:0;background:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Women</div>
|-
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Revelation of the Hijab]]
*[[Health Effects of Islamic Dress]]
*[[Rape in Islam]]
*[[72 Virgins]]
*[[Purpose of the Mahr]]
*[[The Meaning of Nikah]]


<!-- Start Series/Studies-->
</div>
|-
<div style="padding: 4px;padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px;background: #283763; border: 1px solid #DEB330; color:#ffffff; font-size: 1.2em;">'''Popular Articles'''</div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
! <div style="margin:0;background:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Series/Studies</div>
*[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]
|-
*[[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]
|style="color:#000"|
*[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
*[[Translations of Arabic/Islamic Media]]
*[[Umm Qirfa]]
*[[Muslim Statistics]]
*[[The Islamic Ruling on Music and Singing]]
*[[Join the Caravan]]  
*[[Defence of the Muslim Lands]]
*[[Islamic Prophecies]]
*[[Islam and the Psychology of the Musulman|Psychology of the Musulman]]
*[[The Turkish Genocides]]
*[[Fatwa on Coke and Soft Drinks]]
*[[Factual Persuasion - Changing the Minds of Islams Supporters|Factual Persuasion]]
*[[Fake Conversions]] '''-''' [[Michael Jackson (Conversion to Islam)|Michael Jackson]]
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{{PortalArticle|image=Mary In the Quran.PNG|title=Portal: Islam and the Judeo-Christian Tradition|summary=The Qur'an and Sunnah make constant reference to stories from the Judeao-Christian tradition. The audience for the Qur’an was clearly well-acquainted with these stories and the Qur'an itself says that it is a "reminder" (73:19) of the message which came before. The stories referenced are not only from the Bible, but come from a wide variety of literary traditions from within ancient near east Christianity and Judaism. |description=
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*[[Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Quran]]
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*[[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance]]
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*[[Quotations on Islam from Notable Non-Muslims]]
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Revision as of 21:52, 5 October 2022

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The first centuries of the Islamic Hijri calendar, starting in the CE year 622, were the formative years of the religion. Between the first and third Islamic centuries the Qur'an was written down and codified, the prophet lived and died, the great hadith collections were gathered, the sira of the prophet was committed to writing, the great schools of Sunni jurisprudence came to be, and the theology of Islam attained its familiar form. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today.

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Islam arose in 7th century Arabia, and as such its appearance bears the markings of its ancient Arab and Near East milieu.

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The Qur'an, Hadith, Scripture pages are a special category of pages here at WikiIslam. Rather than being encyclopedia articles, these pages bring together a unique collection of Quranic verses, hadith, sira traditions, tafsir, writings of classical scholars and rulings of contemporary Islamic sheikhs and ulemaa. These pages are organized by theme to assist the student, searcher or researcher.

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The idea of scripture is central to Islam; above all else, Islam's own scriptures tell of how Allah has periodically given his followers books throughout the ages, and refers to Islam's co-abrahamic religionists as People of the Book. The central scripture of Islam is above all the Qur'an, which orthodox Sunni and Shi'i Islam see as the literal word of Allah through his messenger Muhammad.

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Islamic law, or the Shariah, is held to comprise the specific rulings intended by Allah for all of mankind in all times and places and delivered through Islamic scriptures (namely, the Quran and hadith). Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence, comprises the legal and interpretive theories through which these rulings are derived from the Quran and hadith. Norms observed and prescribed by Muhammad in these scriptures are, as a rule, taken literally and considered binding.

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There is much in Islamic scripture that is not of direct legal relevance and which can be understood as constituting doctrine. The Arabic word aqeedah, or creed, has generally been understood to encompass a more limited range of ideas than what, to a modern person, would appear as Islamic doctrine.


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Among the many and diverse matters discussed in or touched upon by Islamic scriptures are topics of direct or indirect scientific interest. These topics include reproductive science, embryology, cosmology, and medicine, among others.

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The conflict between modern human rights doctrine and Islamic law can, for the most part, be understood as a product of their extreme historical and contextual distance. Whereas Islamic law was formulated in the harsh, unpredictable, and austere environment of 7th-9th century Arabia, modern Human rights doctrine is generally traced back to the European Enlightenment.

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Muhammad, the founder of Islam, is one of the most vigorously revered men to have ever lived. His legacy has meant many different things to many different people throughout history. Information on his life comes almost exclusively through oral reports (hadiths) compiled, for the most part, more than a hundred and fifty years after his death.

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The wives of the prophet are described as "أمهات المؤمنين" or "mothers of the believers." As such the prophetic example is considered instructive for all Muslim households. How the prophet interacted with his wives, and how they obeyed him, is a framework for how Muslim husbands and wives ought to interact, as well as how men should interact with their own female slaves.

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Muhammad's contemporaries, companions, and successors play an elevated role in the lore of Islam. It is against many of his contemporaries that Muhammad defined his movement, it is through his companions that his tradition was passed forth, and it is by his immediate successors that his legacy was interpreted and formalized.

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The Qur'an and Sunnah make constant reference to stories from the Judeao-Christian tradition. The audience for the Qur’an was clearly well-acquainted with these stories and the Qur'an itself says that it is a "reminder" (73:19) of the message which came before. The stories referenced are not only from the Bible, but come from a wide variety of literary traditions from within ancient near east Christianity and Judaism.

Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Quran
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The Qur'anic story of the "Companions of the Cave" has traditionally been explained by the Islamic narrative as proof of Allah's divine power whereby he miraculously caused 7 youths to fall asleep and awaken after more than 300 years. Yet comparison with the literary milieu of the Qur'an, 7th century Chrisian culture in the Middle East, reveals parallels to the 7 Sleepers of Ephesus, a Christian legend dating from the 5th century which tells the story of Christian youths being persecuted by the pagan Roman Emperor Decius in the 3rd century. (read more)