Portal: Early Islamic History: Difference between revisions

From WikiIslam, the online resource on Islam
Jump to navigation Jump to search
[checked revision][checked revision]
No edit summary
(21 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<metadesc>Traditional Scholars portal summary</metadesc>
<metadesc>Traditional Scholars portal summary</metadesc>{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Early Islamic History
|title=Early Islamic History
|keywords=Islam, Muhammad, Caliphate, Abbassid, Umayyad, Rashidun, Prophetic
|keywords=Islam, Muhammad, Caliphate, Abbassid, Umayyad, Rashidun, Prophetic
Line 8: Line 7:
}}
}}


The first centuries of the Islamic Hijri calendar, starting in the CE year 622, were the formative years of the religion. Between the first and third Islamic centuries the Qur'an was written down and codified, the prophet lived and died, the great [[hadith]] collections were gathered, the [[sira]] of the prophet was committed to writing, the great schools of Sunni jurisprudence came to be, and the theology of Islam attained its familiar form. The end of the Abassid period saw the "crystallization" of the Islamic tradition around the Sunnah of the prophet and the Qur'an placed in creation before all time and space after the defeat of the Mu'atazilite heresy. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today.  
The first centuries of the Islamic Hijri calendar, starting in the CE year 622, were the formative years of the religion. Between the first and third Islamic centuries the Qur'an was written down and codified, the prophet lived and died, the great [[hadith]] collections were gathered, the [[sira]] of the prophet was committed to writing, the great schools of Sunni jurisprudence came to be, and the theology of Islam attained its familiar form. The end of the Abbasid period saw the "crystallization" of the Islamic tradition around the Sunnah of the prophet and the Qur'an placed in creation before all time and space after the defeat of the Mu'atazilite heresy. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today.


==Career of the Prophet==
==Career of the Prophet==
Line 15: Line 14:
<div class="articleSummaryColumnsWrapper">
<div class="articleSummaryColumnsWrapper">
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">
{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Battle of Badr|summary= The battle of Badr was the prophet's first battle and one of his most successful; Muhammad's success here gave faith, both to himself and the movement, and the tradition sees proof of divine aide both in the Qur'an and the sira account of the battle.|description=}} {{PortalArticle|image=|title=The Massacre of the Banu Qurayza|summary= The massacre of the Jewsih tribe of Banu Qurayzah remains one of the most controversial events of the [[sira]] to this day; a great victory for Muhammad and the Muslims, the mercilessness with which he dealt with his Jewish enemies leaves many questions about the character of the prophet.|description=}}{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Scientific Errors in the Quran|summary= Sunni orthodoxy claims that the Qur'an is infallible when it speaks of matters of science, but a close comparison to the scientific undestanding of the text of the Qur'an to modern science shows many revealing mistakes|description=}}  
{{PortalArticle|image=Battle of Badr.jpg|title=Battle of Badr|summary= The battle of Badr was the prophet's first battle and one of his most successful; Muhammad's success here gave faith, both to himself and the movement, and the tradition sees proof of divine aide both in the Qur'an and the sira account of the battle.|description=}} {{PortalArticle|image=Banu_qurayza_massacre.jpg|title=The Massacre of the Banu Qurayza|summary= The massacre of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayzah remains one of the most controversial events of the [[sira]] to this day; a great victory for Muhammad and the Muslims, the mercilessness with which he dealt with his Jewish enemies leaves many questions about the character of the prophet.|description=}}
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
{{PortalArticle|image=|title=List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad|summary= Muhammad ordered many people who oppossed him or the Muslim movement to be killed.|description=}} {{PortalArticle|image=|title=List of expeditions of Muhammad|summary= The original title of the works of the sira were the maghaazi مغازي or raids; the career of the prophet from the earliest times was defined by his military adventures.|description=}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Poet Killed by the Muslims.jpg|title=List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad|summary= Muhammad ordered many people who oppossed him or the Muslim movement to be killed.|description=}} {{PortalArticle|image=Muhammad Military.jpg|title=List of expeditions of Muhammad|summary= The original title of the works of the sira were the maghaazi مغازي or raids; the career of the prophet from the earliest times was defined by his military adventures.|description=}}


</div>
</div>
Line 28: Line 27:
*[[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]
*[[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]
*[[Medina]]
*[[Medina]]
*[[The Meaning of Consummate]]
*[[Farewell Sermon]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Mecca]]
*[[Mecca]]
*[[Battle of Uhud]]
*[[Battle of Uhud]]
*[[Farewell Sermon]]
*[[Muhammad's Death]]
*[[Muhammad's Death]]
*[[Muhammad in History Outside of the Islamic Tradition]]
*[[Muhammad in History Outside of the Islamic Tradition]]
Line 45: Line 43:
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">


{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|summary=Dihya was a Berber queen who fiercely resisted the expanding caliphate to her death. |description=}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Dihya.jpg|title=Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|summary=Dihya was a Berber queen who fiercely resisted the expanding caliphate to her death. |description=}}
{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Khilafah (Caliphate)|summary= The caliphate, or success state to the prophet, in orthodox Sunni Islam is seen as the continuation of the rule of the prophet of Allah by his viceroy on earth, and is a divinely ordained institution.|description=}}
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
</div>
{{PortalArticle|image=Khilafa Map.png|title=Khilafah (Caliphate)|summary= The caliphate, or success state to the prophet, in orthodox Sunni Islam is seen as the continuation of the rule of the prophet of Allah by his viceroy on earth, and is a divinely ordained institution.|description=}}
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn"></div>
</div>
</div>
===Other articles in this section===
===Other articles in this section===
Line 64: Line 62:
{{col-float-end}}
{{col-float-end}}


==The Compilation of the Qur'an==
==The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic==


The Qur'an, and with it the classical Arabic language took place during this period. Before the rise of Islam, Arabic did not have one standardized script or grammar, and various dialects were written in various scripts such as Nabatean Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, and many others. The writing of the Qur'an coincided with the crystallization of the modern Arabic script, and the history of the Arabic and its script are deeply interwoven with the history of the Qur'an.  
The Qur'an, and with it the classical Arabic language took place during this period. Before the rise of Islam, Arabic did not have one standardized script or grammar, and various dialects were written in various scripts such as Nabatean Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, and many others. The writing of the Qur'an coincided with the crystallization of the modern Arabic script, and the history of the Arabic and its script are deeply interwoven with the history of the Qur'an.  
Line 71: Line 69:
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">


{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Textual History of the Qur'an|summary=The Qur'an was never put down to writing during the prophet's lifetime, according to the Islamic sources the impetus to put the Qur'an to writing came from the death of many of the Muslims who had memorized it.|description=}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Ancient Mushaf.jpg|title=Textual History of the Qur'an|summary=The Qur'an was never put down to writing during the prophet's lifetime, according to the Islamic sources the impetus to put the Qur'an to writing came from the death of many of the Muslims who had memorized it.|description=}}
 
</div><div class="articleSummaryColumn">
{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Huruf Muqatta'at (Disjointed Letters in the Qur'an)|summary=Many of the chapters of the Qur'an begin with mysterious combinations of letters whose function remains unclear to this day.|description=}}
{{PortalArticle|image=Huruf Muqta'a.jpg|title=Huruf Muqatta'at (Disjointed Letters in the Qur'an)|summary=Many of the chapters of the Qur'an begin with mysterious combinations of letters whose function remains unclear to this day.|description=}}




Line 84: Line 82:
*[[Arabic letters and diacritics]]
*[[Arabic letters and diacritics]]
*[[Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an]]
*[[Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an]]
*[[Sana'a Manuscript]]
*[[Spelling Inconsistencies in the Quran]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
{{col-float-end}}
{{col-float-end}}
 
[[Category:Portals]]
==Tafsir==
 
The tafsir تفسير literally "explanation" is a genre of Islamic literature which explains the Qur'an, drawing on multiple traditions such as the stories of the Israelis (Israeliyyaat), the hadith and the sira.
 
<div class="articleSummaryColumnsWrapper">
<div class="articleSummaryColumn">
 
{{PortalArticle|image=|title=Tafsir|summary=ِThe tafsir literature is essential to the orthodox Sunni understanding of the Qur'an, and forms a fourth source of scripture for orthodox Sunni Muslims.|description=}}
 
==The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic==
</div>
</div>
 
==All Articles==
 
{{col-float|width=25em}}
*[[Al-Nurayn and Al-Wilaya]]
*[[Word Count Miracles in the Qur'an]]
*[[The Meaning of Qatal]]
*[[The Meaning of Islam]]
*[[The Meaning of Consummate]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Asbab al-Nuzul (Revelational Circumstances of the Quran)]]
*[[Swears and Oaths in the Qur'an and Hadith]]
*[[Tadmeen]]
*[[Surah]]
*[[Contradictions in the Quran]]
*[[Convenient Revelations]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Scientific Miracles in the Quran]]
*[[Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an]]
*[[Revelation]]
*[[Iltifat]]
*[[Huruf Muqatta'at (Disjointed Letters in the Qur'an)]]
*[[Prophecies in the Quran]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Qur'anic Christology]]
*[[Jibreel (Gabriel) and al-Ruh al-Qudus (the Holy Spirit) in the Qur'an]]
*[[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an]]
*[[Qur'an]]
*[[Naskh (Abrogation)]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Zakah and blessing word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Word Count Miracles in the Qur'an]]
*[[Tongue and sermon word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Sun and light word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Shaytan and angel word count in the Qur'an]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Dunya and akhira word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Iman and kufr word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Land to water ratio miracle in the Qur'an]]
*[[Man and woman word count in the Qur'an]]
*[[Palindrome in the Quran Sura 74:3]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Word Count Miracles in the Qur'an]]
*[[Chronological Order of the Qur'an]]
*[[Contradictions in the Hadith]]
*[[Sahih_Muslim]]
*[[Prophecies in the Hadith]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]
*[[Mawdu' (Fabricated Hadith)]]
*[[Contradictions in the Hadith]]
*[[Sahih_Muslim]]
*[[Prophecies in the Hadith]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
*[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]
*[[Mawdu' (Fabricated Hadith)]]
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
{{col-float-break|width=25em}}
{{col-float-end}}

Revision as of 21:33, 19 March 2021


The first centuries of the Islamic Hijri calendar, starting in the CE year 622, were the formative years of the religion. Between the first and third Islamic centuries the Qur'an was written down and codified, the prophet lived and died, the great hadith collections were gathered, the sira of the prophet was committed to writing, the great schools of Sunni jurisprudence came to be, and the theology of Islam attained its familiar form. The end of the Abbasid period saw the "crystallization" of the Islamic tradition around the Sunnah of the prophet and the Qur'an placed in creation before all time and space after the defeat of the Mu'atazilite heresy. These years thus can be said to cover the formation of the religion of Islam as we know it today.

Career of the Prophet

The career of the prophet forms the basis of his Sunnah, as such his doings are of utmost importance to the latter generations of believers. Muhammad also shows up in the non-Islamic history of the region, though surprisingly not where we might expect him to be from the Islamic narrative.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The battle of Badr was the prophet's first battle and one of his most successful; Muhammad's success here gave faith, both to himself and the movement, and the tradition sees proof of divine aide both in the Qur'an and the sira account of the battle.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The massacre of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayzah remains one of the most controversial events of the sira to this day; a great victory for Muhammad and the Muslims, the mercilessness with which he dealt with his Jewish enemies leaves many questions about the character of the prophet.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Muhammad ordered many people who oppossed him or the Muslim movement to be killed.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The original title of the works of the sira were the maghaazi مغازي or raids; the career of the prophet from the earliest times was defined by his military adventures.


Other articles in this section

The Early Caliphates

Although not technically part of the "holy history" of Islam which ends with the death of the prophet and the sealing of the holy prophetic example, the years of the Rashidun Caliphs, the Umayyads and the Abassids were absolutely instrumental in the formation of Islam as we now know it. It was during this time that the Uthmanic rescencion of the Qur'an was canonized and all other versions were annihilated; it was in the early years of the Rashidun caliphs that the word "Muslim" came to define the movement as opposseed to the earlier "believer", and it was under the Umayyads and Abassids that the doctrine of the prophetic example was formulated, the Sunnah was assembled and the place of the caliph in the ummah was finally fixed.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Dihya was a Berber queen who fiercely resisted the expanding caliphate to her death.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The caliphate, or success state to the prophet, in orthodox Sunni Islam is seen as the continuation of the rule of the prophet of Allah by his viceroy on earth, and is a divinely ordained institution.

Other articles in this section

The Formation of the Qur'an and Classical Arabic

The Qur'an, and with it the classical Arabic language took place during this period. Before the rise of Islam, Arabic did not have one standardized script or grammar, and various dialects were written in various scripts such as Nabatean Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, and many others. The writing of the Qur'an coincided with the crystallization of the modern Arabic script, and the history of the Arabic and its script are deeply interwoven with the history of the Qur'an.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The Qur'an was never put down to writing during the prophet's lifetime, according to the Islamic sources the impetus to put the Qur'an to writing came from the death of many of the Muslims who had memorized it.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Many of the chapters of the Qur'an begin with mysterious combinations of letters whose function remains unclear to this day.


Other articles in this section