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{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | ||
[[Aisha]] was Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] | [[Aisha]] was the favorite of Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] wives. He married her when she was six to seven years old and consummated the marriage when she was nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]] old according to the tradition (see "[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha#Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage|Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage]]"), making her Muhammad's youngest bride. Her young age is also seen in the tradition as proof of her pristine virginity at the time of her marriage to the prophet. Muhammad preferred to sleep with and have sex with Aisha above all of his other wives, and according to the tradition he died in her arms. As the favorite wife of the prophet, she was given a pre-eminent place amongst the companions of the prophet and in the [[Isnad|isnads]] of the [[hadith]] she plays a pivotal role as the originator of many traditions. If the Islamic historical narrative is to be believed, she played a key role in the struggle for power within the caliphate after the Arab conquests; during the [[First Fitna]] she lead an army against [[Ali]] to lay claim to the caliphate, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. | ||
==Reasons for the Marriage== | ==Reasons for the Marriage== | ||
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==Abuse== | ==Abuse== | ||
===Abu Bakr struck Aisha=== | ===Abu Bakr struck Aisha=== | ||
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==Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage== | ==Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage== | ||
{{Main|Aisha's Age}} | |||
===Hadith=== | ===Hadith=== | ||
====Sahih Bukhari==== | ====Sahih Bukhari==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|236}}|Narrated Hisham's father: Khadija died three years before the Prophet departed to Medina. He stayed there for two years or so and then '''he married 'Aisha when she was a girl of six years of age, and he consumed that marriage when she was nine years old.'''}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|64}}|Narrated 'Aisha: that '''the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old,''' and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death).}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|65}}|Narrated 'Aisha: that '''the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old.''' Hisham said: I have been informed that 'Aisha remained with the Prophet for nine years (i.e. till his death)." what you know of the Quran (by heart)'}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|88}}|Narrated 'Ursa: '''The Prophet wrote the (marriage contract) with 'Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old''' and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}|Narrated 'Aisha: '''I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me.''' When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me. '''(The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, not yet reached the age of puberty.)''' (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13)}} | |||
=====Incident of the slander (al-ifk)===== | |||
The incident of the slander (al-ifk) almost led to Muhammad divorcing Aisha and is widely reported in Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, as well as Shia sources. Aisha was accused of committing adultery after she was left behind by the caravan. In the narrations of this incident Aisha is referred to as a girl of young age (jariyatun hadithatu s-sinni جَارِيَةٌ حَدِيثَةُ السِّنِّ), twice by herself, and once by her slave-girl, Buraira. Aisha states "At that time I was a young lady", and "I was a young girl and did not have much knowledge of the Quran" (both use the same arabic phrase just mentioned). | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|48|805}}|Narrated Urwa bin Al-Musayyab, Alqama bin Waqqas and Ubaidullah bin Abdullah: About the story of 'Aisha and their narrations were similar attesting each other, when the liars said what they invented about 'Aisha, and the Divine Inspiration was delayed, Allah's Apostle sent for 'Ali and Usama to consult them in divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama said, "Keep your wife, as we know nothing about her except good." Buraira said, "I cannot accuse her of any defect '''except that she is still a young girl''' who sleeps, neglecting her family's dough which the domestic goats come to eat (i.e. she was too simpleminded to deceive her husband)." Allah's Apostle said, "Who can help me to take revenge over the man who has harmed me by defaming the reputation of my family? By Allah, I have not known about my family-anything except good, and they mentioned (i.e. accused) a man about whom I did not know anything except good."}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|48|805}}|Narrated Urwa bin Al-Musayyab, Alqama bin Waqqas and Ubaidullah bin Abdullah: About the story of 'Aisha and their narrations were similar attesting each other, when the liars said what they invented about 'Aisha, and the Divine Inspiration was delayed, Allah's Apostle sent for 'Ali and Usama to consult them in divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama said, "Keep your wife, as we know nothing about her except good." Buraira said, "I cannot accuse her of any defect '''except that she is still a young girl''' who sleeps, neglecting her family's dough which the domestic goats come to eat (i.e. she was too simpleminded to deceive her husband)." Allah's Apostle said, "Who can help me to take revenge over the man who has harmed me by defaming the reputation of my family? By Allah, I have not known about my family-anything except good, and they mentioned (i.e. accused) a man about whom I did not know anything except good."}} | ||
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'''I was a young girl | '''I was a young girl and did not have much knowledge of the Quran'''. I said. 'I know, by Allah, that you have listened to what people are saying and that has been planted in your minds and you have taken it as a truth. Now, if I told you that I am innocent and Allah knows that I am innocent, you would not believe me and if I confessed to you falsely that I am guilty, and Allah knows that I am innocent you would believe me.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|274}}|Narrated Aisha: ...That night I kept on weeping the whole night till the morning. My tears never stopped, nor did I sleep, and morning broke while I was still weeping, Allah's Apostle called 'Ali bin Abi Talib and Usama bin Zaid when the Divine Inspiration delayed, in order to consult them as to the idea of divorcing his wife. Usama bin Zaid told Allah's Apostle of what he knew about the innocence of his wife and of his affection he kept for her. He said, "O Allah's Apostle! She is your wife, and we do not know anything about her except good." But 'Ali bin Abi Talib said, "O Allah's Apostle! Allah does not impose restrictions on you; and there are plenty of women other than her. If you however, ask (her) slave girl, she will tell you the truth." 'Aisha added: So Allah's Apostle called for Barira and said, "O Barira! Did you ever see anything which might have aroused your suspicion? (as regards Aisha). Barira said, "By Allah Who has sent you with the truth, I have never seen anything regarding Aisha which I would blame her for except that '''she is a girl of immature age''' who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough of her family unprotected so that the domestic goats come and eat it." | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|274}}|Narrated Aisha: ...That night I kept on weeping the whole night till the morning. My tears never stopped, nor did I sleep, and morning broke while I was still weeping, Allah's Apostle called 'Ali bin Abi Talib and Usama bin Zaid when the Divine Inspiration delayed, in order to consult them as to the idea of divorcing his wife. Usama bin Zaid told Allah's Apostle of what he knew about the innocence of his wife and of his affection he kept for her. He said, "O Allah's Apostle! She is your wife, and we do not know anything about her except good." But 'Ali bin Abi Talib said, "O Allah's Apostle! Allah does not impose restrictions on you; and there are plenty of women other than her. If you however, ask (her) slave girl, she will tell you the truth." 'Aisha added: So Allah's Apostle called for Barira and said, "O Barira! Did you ever see anything which might have aroused your suspicion? (as regards Aisha). Barira said, "By Allah Who has sent you with the truth, | |||
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She said, "I do not know what to say to Allah's Apostle." '''Still a | She said, "I do not know what to say to Allah's Apostle." '''Still a young girl as I was and though I had little knowledge of Quran''', I said, "By Allah, I know that you heard this story (of the Ifk) so much so that it has been planted in your minds and you have believed it. So now, if I tell you that I am innocent, and Allah knows that I am innocent, you will not believe me; and if I confess something, and Allah knows that I am innocent of it, you will believe me. By Allah, I cannot find of you an example except that of Joseph's father: "}} | ||
The same Arabic phrase meaning girl of young age occurs in narrations about Muhammad screening Aisha with his garment when some Ethiopians were playing: | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|163}}|Narrated 'Aisha: '''The Prophet was screening me with his Rida' (garment covering the upper part of the body)''' while I was looking at the Ethiopians who were playing in the courtyard of the mosque. (I continued watching) till I was satisfied. So you may deduce from this event how '''a little girl (who has not reached the age of puberty) who is eager to enjoy amusement''' should be treated in this respect.}} | |||
One version of a hadith about Aisha experiencing menstruation while on pilgrimage to Mecca too describes her uses the same phrase ({{Muslim|2|2773}}) though the other narrations of that hadith do not include the phrase (one explicitly points out its absense: {{Muslim|7|2774}}). | |||
=====Didn't remember a time before Islam===== | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|245}}|Narrated 'Aisha: (the wife of the Prophet) '''I never remembered my parents believing in any religion other than the true religion (i.e. Islam)''', and (I don't remember) a single day passing without our being visited by Allah’s Apostle in the morning and in the evening."}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|245}}|Narrated 'Aisha: (the wife of the Prophet) '''I never remembered my parents believing in any religion other than the true religion (i.e. Islam)''', and (I don't remember) a single day passing without our being visited by Allah’s Apostle in the morning and in the evening."}} | ||
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===Other Islamic Sources=== | ===Other Islamic Sources=== | ||
====Al Tabari==== | ====Al Tabari==== | ||
{{Quote|Letter from Aisha's nephew 'Urwa b. Zubayr recorded in volume 9 of al-Tabari's History, quoted in Sean Anthony, Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam, Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 114-15|§1. ʿAlī ibn Naṣr related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Ṣamad ibn ʿAbd al-Wārith related to us, and ʿAbd al-Wārith ibn ʿabd al-Ṣamad also related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: Abān al-ʿAṭṭār related to us, saying: Hishām ibn ʿUrwah related to us from ʿUrwah that he wrote to ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān:<BR /> | |||
§2. You have written to me regarding Khadījah bint Khuwaylid and you ask, "When did she pass away?" She passed away before the departure of God's Messenger from Mecca by three years, or thereabouts. He married ʿĀʾishah once Khadījah had passed away. The Messenger of God saw ʿĀʾishah twice [before that] and was told, "She will be your wife." On that day ʿĀʾishah was six years old. Then the Messenger of God consumated his marriage with ʿĀʾishah after he had gone to Medina, and the day he consummated his marriage with her she was nine years old.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|Year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=7}}<BR> | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|Year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=7}}<BR> | ||
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====Ibn Ishaq==== | ====Ibn Ishaq==== | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=792}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت طه عبد الرؤوف سعد|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah0|volume=vol.2 |page= | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=792}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت طه عبد الرؤوف سعد|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah0|volume=vol.2 |page=644}} | ||
|'''He married ‘A’isha in Mecca when she was a child of seven and lived with her in Medina when she was nine or ten.''' She was the only virgin that he married. Her father, Abu Bakr, married her to him and the apostle gave her four hundred dirhams}} | |'''He married ‘A’isha in Mecca when she was a child of seven and lived with her in Medina when she was nine or ten.''' She was the only virgin that he married. Her father, Abu Bakr, married her to him and the apostle gave her four hundred dirhams}} | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=682}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت طه عبد الرؤوف سعد|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah0|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2 |page= | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=682}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت طه عبد الرؤوف سعد|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah0|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2 |page=655}} | ||
|Yahya b. Abbad b. Abdullah b. al-Zubayr from his father told me that he heard Aisha say: "The apostle died in my bosom during my turn: I had wronged none in regard to him. It was due to''' my ignorance and extreme youth''' that the apostle died in my arms.}} | |Yahya b. Abbad b. Abdullah b. al-Zubayr from his father told me that he heard Aisha say: "The apostle died in my bosom during my turn: I had wronged none in regard to him. It was due to''' my ignorance and extreme youth''' that the apostle died in my arms.}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|4|233}}|Narrated 'Aisha: I used to wash the semen off the clothes of the Prophet and even then I used to notice one or more spots on them.}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|4|233}}|Narrated 'Aisha: I used to wash the semen off the clothes of the Prophet and even then I used to notice one or more spots on them.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|2|572}}|Abdullah b. Shihab al-Khaulani reported: I stayed in the house of 'A'isha and had a wet dream (and perceived its effect on my garment), so (in the morning) I dipped both (the clothes) in water. This (act of mine) was watched by a maid-servant of A'isha and she informed her. She (Hadrat A'isha) sent me a message: What prompted you to act like this with your clothes? He (the narrator) said: I told that I saw in a dream what a sleeper sees. She said: Did you find (any mark of the fluid) on your clothes? I said: No. She said: Had you found anything you should have washed it. '''In case I found that (semen) on the garment of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) dried up, I scraped it off with my nails.'''|See Also {{Muslim|2|566}}, {{Muslim|2|567}}, {{Muslim|2|568}}, {{Muslim|2|569}}, {{Muslim|2|570}}, {{Muslim|2|571}}}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|2|572}}|Abdullah b. Shihab al-Khaulani reported: I stayed in the house of 'A'isha and had a wet dream (and perceived its effect on my garment), so (in the morning) I dipped both (the clothes) in water. This (act of mine) was watched by a maid-servant of A'isha and she informed her. She (Hadrat A'isha) sent me a message: What prompted you to act like this with your clothes? He (the narrator) said: I told that I saw in a dream what a sleeper sees. She said: Did you find (any mark of the fluid) on your clothes? I said: No. She said: Had you found anything you should have washed it. '''In case I found that (semen) on the garment of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) dried up, I scraped it off with my nails.'''|See Also {{Muslim|2|566}}, {{Muslim|2|567}}, {{Muslim|2|568}}, {{Muslim|2|569}}, {{Muslim|2|570}}, {{Muslim|2|571}}}} | ||
====Thighing menstruating wives==== | ====Thighing menstruating wives==== | ||
{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92051|title= Meaning of Mufaakhathah|publisher= Islamweb|series=Fatwa No: 92051|author= |date= April 5, 2006|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Femainpage%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshowfatwa%26Option%3DFatwaId%26Id%3D92051&date=2014-04-01|deadurl=no}}| | {{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92051|title= Meaning of Mufaakhathah|publisher= Islamweb|series=Fatwa No: 92051|author= |date= April 5, 2006|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Femainpage%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshowfatwa%26Option%3DFatwaId%26Id%3D92051&date=2014-04-01|deadurl=no}}| | ||
The term Mufaakhathah means to have foreplay with the wife in between her thighs. It is reported in one narration that when ''the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) wanted to enjoy one of his wives who was in menstruation, he would put a piece of cloth on her vagina (i.e. cover it).'' [Ibn Maajah]. | The term Mufaakhathah means to have foreplay with the wife in between her thighs. It is reported in one narration that when ''the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) wanted to enjoy one of his wives who was in menstruation, he would put a piece of cloth on her vagina (i.e. cover it).'' [Ibn Maajah]. | ||
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that '''when Saudah bint Zam'ah grew old, she gave her day to 'Aishah''', and the Messenger of Allah went to 'Aishah on Saudah's day. (Sahih)}} | that '''when Saudah bint Zam'ah grew old, she gave her day to 'Aishah''', and the Messenger of Allah went to 'Aishah on Saudah's day. (Sahih)}} | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
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[[Category:Muhammad's wives and concubines]] | [[Category:Muhammad's wives and concubines]] | ||
[[Category:Muhammad's contemporaries]] | [[Category:Muhammad's contemporaries]] | ||
[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_عائشة]] |