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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma: Difference between revisions
Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma (view source)
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The "[[Dhimma]]" or "responsibility/protection" is the compact which the Islamic state makes for the "protection" of its non-Muslim subjects. According to British-Egyptian scholar Bat Ye'or <ref> Bat Ye'or, "Terres arabes: terres de 'dhimmitude'", in La Cultura Sefardita, vol. 1, La Rassegna mensile di Israel 44, no. 1-4, 3rd series (1983): 94-102</ref>, the dhimma is the continuation of [[Jihad]], the subjection of a non-Muslim people to the political rule of Islam. As part of the dhimma, the conquered people are humiliated and forced to pay for the very right to live through the [[jizya]]. The subjects of the dhimma or "protection" are the dhimmis, whose lives and religions are tolerated, though the dhimmis themselves are subject to numerous personal restrictions that reduce them to the state of 2nd class citizens, while their religion is neutered of any possible threat it could pose to Islam. The scholars are quite clear, in agreement with the Qur'an, that the dhimmis must feel themselves humiliated and subdued, never equals to Muslims. According to the scholars, it ought to apply to all non-Muslims living under Muslim rule at all times and should be the only choice given to all infidel people in the world besides conversion to Islam or death. As such the dhimma can be seen as an extension of the warlike state of the Islamic polity towards its conquered subjects, a never ending jihad to wipe [[kufr]] and [[shirk]] from the face of the earth. Although ISIS did attempt to bring back the dhimma in Iraq, this proved short-lived as their caliphate. Outside of extremists like ISIS, debate continues to take place in the Islamic scholarly world over the place of jizya and other dhimmi laws in modern Islamic societies. Although most of the injunctions against dhimmis, such as that they always give way to Muslims on the street, that their testimony in criminal court not be entered as evidence against a Muslims, that they wear special clothing, have not been enforced in most Islamic countries for decades (in most of the Middle East this came to a complete end with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the first World War), Islamic scholars to this day do continue their calls for re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad. | |||
==Qur'anic Basis== | |||
===Curse the Kafir=== | ===Curse the Kafir=== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|12|16}}| Allah did aforetime take a covenant from the Children of Israel, and we appointed twelve captains among them. And Allah said: “I am with you: if ye (but) establish regular prayers, practice regular charity, believe in my messengers, honor and assist them, and loan to Allah a beautiful loan, verily I will wipe out from you your evils, and admit you to gardens with rivers flowing beneath; but if any of you, after this, resisteth faith, he hath truly wandered from the path of rectitude.” | |||
But because of their breach of their covenant. We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard; they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was sent them, nor wilt thou cease to find them—barring a few—ever bent on (new) deceits: but forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds): for Allah loveth those who are kind. | |||
From those, too, who call themselves Christians, We did take a covenant, but they forgot a good part of the message that was sent them: so we estranged them, with enmity and hatred between the one and the other, to the day of judgment. And soon will Allah show them what it is they have done. | |||
O People of the Book! There hath come to you our Messenger, revealing to you much that ye used to hide in the Book, and passing over much (that is now unnecessary): There hath come to you from Allah a (new) light and a perspicuous Book, wherewith Allah guideth all who seek His good pleasure to ways of peace and safety, and leadeth them out of darkness, by His will, unto the light, guideth them to a path that is straight}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|2|87|103}}|We gave Moses the Book and followed him up with a succession of messengers; We gave Jesus the son of Mary Clear (Signs) and strengthened him with the holy spirit. Is it that whenever there comes to you a messenger with what ye yourselves desire not, ye are puffed up with pride? Some ye called impostors, and others ye slay! They say, “Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah’s Word: we need no more).” | |||
Nay, Allah’s curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. And when there comes to them a Book from Allah, confirming what is with them, although from of old they had prayed for victory against those without Faith, when there comes to them that which they (should) have recognized, they refuse to believe in it but the curse of Allah is on those without Faith. Miserable is the price for which they have sold their souls, in that they deny (the revelation) which Allah has sent down, in insolent envy that Allah of His Grace should send it to any of His servants He pleases: Thus have they drawn on themselves Wrath upon Wrath. And humiliating is the punishment of those who reject Faith. | |||
When it is said to them. “Believe in what Allah Hath sent down,” they say, “We believe in what was sent down to us”: yet they reject all besides, even if it be Truth confirming what is with them. Say: “Why then have ye slain the prophets of Allah in times gone by. if ye did indeed believe?” | |||
There came to you Moses with clear (Signs); yet ye worshipped the calf (even) after that, and ye did behave wrongfully. And remember We took your covenant and We raised above you (the towering height) of Mount (Sinai), (saying): “Hold firmly to what We have given you, and hearken (to the Law).” They said: “We hear, and we disobey.” And they had to drink into their hearts (of the taint) of the calf because of their Faithlessness. Say: “Vile indeed are the behests of your Faith if ye have any faith!”. . . | |||
Say: Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel—for he brings down the (revelation) to thy heart by Allah’s will, a confirmation of what went before, and guidance and glad tidings for those who believe—whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith. We have sent down to thee Manifest Signs (ayat); and none reject them but those who are perverse. Is it not (the case) that every time they make a covenant, some party among them throw it aside? Nay. Most of them are faithless. And when there came to them a messenger from Allah, confirming what was with them, a party of the people of the Book threw away the Book of Allah behind their backs, as if (it had been something) they did not know! … If they had kept their Faith and guarded themselves from evil, far better had been the reward from their Lord, if they but knew!}} | |||
===The Place of the Dhimmi in Islamic Society=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}} | |||
==Preferential Treatment of Muslims== | ==Preferential Treatment of Muslims== | ||
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Allaah Knows best.}} | Allaah Knows best.}} | ||
==Jizya Tax == | ==Jizya Tax== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}} | ||
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims}} | ||
==Treatment of Dhimmis == | ==Treatment of Dhimmis== | ||
===Jews and Christians=== | ===Jews and Christians=== | ||
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This is because they say: The fire shall not touch us but for a few days; and what they have forged deceives them in the matter of their religion.}} | This is because they say: The fire shall not touch us but for a few days; and what they have forged deceives them in the matter of their religion.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|49}}|Lo! the hypocrites say, and those in whose hearts is a disease: '''"These people,- their religion has misled them."''' But if any trust in Allah, behold! Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. }} | {{Quote|{{Quran|8|49}}|Lo! the hypocrites say, and those in whose hearts is a disease: '''"These people,- their religion has misled them."''' But if any trust in Allah, behold! Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. }} | ||
====Death is Ordained for Apostates==== | ====Death is Ordained for Apostates==== | ||
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'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists. | '''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists. | ||
==Mocking | ==Mocking Kufar== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4997}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to setup a pulpit in the mosque for Hassan who would stand on it and satirise those who spoke against the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would say: The spirit of holiness (i.e. Gabriel) is with Hassan so long as he speaks in defence of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him).}} | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4997}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to setup a pulpit in the mosque for Hassan who would stand on it and satirise those who spoke against the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would say: The spirit of holiness (i.e. Gabriel) is with Hassan so long as he speaks in defence of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him).}} | ||
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'''Abu Dawud Volume 1 Book 2:''' At Banu al-Najjar the Muslims took over the land and dug up the graves of unbelievers looking for treasure. | '''Abu Dawud Volume 1 Book 2:''' At Banu al-Najjar the Muslims took over the land and dug up the graves of unbelievers looking for treasure. | ||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||
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[[Category:QHS]] | [[Category:QHS]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Dhimma]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic Law]] | [[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]] | ||
[[Category:Human rights]] | [[Category:Human rights]] | ||
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]] | |||
[[Category:People of the Book]] | |||
[[Category:Jihad]] | |||
[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_الذمة]] | |||